政府推動IC金融卡業務已近八年，然其成效仍十分有限。國內金融機構為區隔消費市場，以IC金融卡延伸之應用功能，結合校園識別證件、圖書證、學生證、停車證…等功能，與各大學院校共同發行校園智慧卡，並以IC金融卡之電子錢、預付電話等功能作為校園內各項支付之工具。民國86年政大智慧卡率先發行，迄今已有二、三十家大學院校發行校園智慧卡，累積發卡量達近百萬張，惟其刷卡消費之實績一直未如預期，且發卡量亦呈趨緩之趨勢，這與金融機構積極推展校園卡，由年輕族群帶動消費市場、改變國人消費習性之理想有所違背。本研究即針對國內IC金融卡之推廣瓶頸、及金融機構推廣校園智慧卡所遭遇之問題進行探討與分析，自財金資訊公司蒐集國內金融機構IC金融卡發卡量與營運量統計資料，以探索性研究方法，進行次級資料分析，以期發現校園智慧卡在推動過程中所遭遇的問題，並提出改善之建議，使校園智慧卡達到多卡合一之功效，同時對未來政府推動各類多功能智慧卡提出建議方案。 / The government implements the IC Card business for almost eight years, but the effects are very limited. To segment consumer market, financial institutions and some universities in Taiwan co-issue Campus Smart Cards. This card has extensible functions of IC Card and can be used as campus identification card, including library ID, student ID, parking ID, etc. Furthermore, Campus Smart Card provides some functions of IC Card that can be used as payment tools on campus, such as electronic money and prepaid phone. In 1997, National Chengchi University took the lead to issue smart cards. To date, about 30 universities have issued Campus Smart Cards for almost million people. However, the total expenditure of Campus Smart Cards is not so good as expected earlier, and the volume of card issue declines. At the beginning, financial institutions issued Campus Smart Cards aggressively to let young people stimulate consumer market and to change consumers' behavior. But the situation doesn't achieve the goal. This paper discusses and analyzes the bottleneck of IC Card issue and the problems that financial institutions face when they push Campus Smart Cards. The research data are collected from FISC (Financial Information Service Co., Ltd.), including volume of card issue and card operation for IC Card. A discovery research method is used to do secondary data analysis. The purposes of this research are listed below: To find out problems during the implementation of Campus Smart Card and provide suggestions. Secondly, try to let Campus Smart Card be a popular multi-function card. Also, provide workable suggestions for the government to implement multi-function Smart Cards in the future.

「擴散理論」的探討一直是行銷領域中很重要的一項課題，而「電子貨幣」是近幾年來新興的一項產業，本論文主要結合這兩項，以實務的電子貨幣，做理論上的印證。 實務上的電子貨幣，本論文選擇了國內目前存在的五個電子貨幣做探討，即金資電子錢、捷運悠遊卡、Mondex電子現金、百視達加值卡以及東元數碼通，並且加上香港甚為成功的「八達通卡」和行之有年的「VISA信用卡」，以其特性和現行運作狀況做一探討，而理論上的「擴散理論」則從四個構面進行分析與比較，分別是外部環境、擴散因子、擴散管道和擴散族群，最後研究發現提出了電子貨幣的特性、擴散特徵的比較、四構面的分析、保齡球道理論以及未來電子貨幣面臨的問題等，嘗試從多個角度看此電子貨幣產業。 / The diffusion model and theory always was an important topics at marketing field，and the Electric cash(E-cash) was a new industry and payment tool at Taiwan local market，this thesis combined the diffusion theory and practical E-cash to research their relationship and some topics. Objectives This thesis try to investigate the growth of e-cash，include the five kinds of currently e-cash at Taiwan，such as Mondex、MRT yo-yo card、FISC e-cash、Blockbuster value-add card, and NETS. Survey the diffusion of distinguish at customers，the model of each different products the same or not. The furthermore，this thesis still try to establish the common diffusion model of E-cash. The main of object of this thesis are: 1. The Characteristic of E-cash. 2. The advantage of e-cash compare to traditional cash. 3. The Influence of product reformation，diffusion channels and environment on the diffusion of divisive customers. 4. The Bowling theory and niche market. 5. The future problem of E-cash to be met.

支付系統是經濟體系中經濟金融交易的基礎，隨著電子資金移轉技術的成熟，以及消費者消費習慣之改變，在可預見的未來，電子貨幣將代領人類邁入無現金的社會。由於電子支付系統的快速發展，若未針對相關制度事先做好配套措施，可能危及整體支付系統及金融體系的穩定。本文建議應仿效歐盟之方式，採事先管制之方式，在電子貨幣的發展初期，即擬定完善管理架構，以期在促進經濟效率的同時，維持一穩定之金融環境。 我國目前對於硬體式電子貨幣僅有「銀行發行現金儲值卡許可及管理辦法」可資規範，且適用上產生許多疑義，因此，本文針對電子貨幣之定義、現金儲值卡之定義，現金儲值卡交易關係中各個當事人之角色定位及法律關係，以及我國目前發展現金儲值卡及現行「銀行發行現金儲值卡許可及管理辦法」產生之疑義作一分析。就我國現行法規適用上之疑義，本文建議應釐清現金儲值卡之本質、規範現金儲值卡之發行機構、並應釐清現行「銀行發行現金儲值卡許可及管理辦法」所謂「多用途」之定義、修正現金儲值卡之法律定義、明定結算及清算機構、釐清儲值卡內之資金之性質、提昇「非銀行不得發行現金儲值卡」規範之法律位階、針對發卡機構之資產品質控管、加強消費者保護之相關規範並訂定現金儲值卡定型化契約範本，以完善我國現行之管理規範。

虛擬通路中的交易市場，如網路購物、電視購物、傳真購物、網路ATM、及網路銀行的交易量逐年成長，消費者對虛擬通路的交易安全越來越重視，而銀行業者或商家也運用一些安控機制，如SSL安全機制、晶片卡讀卡機、或動態密碼讀卡機等來降低交易的風險，而目前大部分的虛擬通路金流都是透過智慧卡來完成，如信用卡或金融卡，但其交易模式及交易安全機制存在許多缺點及限制。 本研究探討智慧卡結合新興軟性電子技術，所產生的新應用智慧顯示卡，產製動態密碼，用來改善及取代現有智慧卡的交易模式及安全機制，為虛擬通路交易安全性、及使用便利性等帶來效益。本研究也針對智慧顯示卡應用於虛擬通路交易市場中設計新的交易流程，以提升交易安全，及降低交易的風險，如避免資料遭冒用或遭木馬程式攻擊所可能造成的交易損失。並透過智慧顯示卡的應用，整合及取代虛擬通路交易市場中許多不同的安控機制，且讓消費者使用上更便利。

隨著科技的進步，智慧卡的種類漸增，功能也愈趨完善，生活中需要使用到智慧卡的時機也愈來愈頻繁，與之相對的，其安全性也愈加受到重視，尤其在卡片遺失的情形下，必須做到卡片中留存的資料就算被有心人士竊取，也無法從中得出使用者密碼(password)，藉以偽冒成合法使用者，如此才能確保卡片使用者的安全。為了達到此一目的，許多學者在智慧卡的安全機制上做了許多的研究，如：2012年學者Cheng等人提出了一個基於智慧卡的遠端使用者登錄認證機制。同一時期，學者Li等人也提出了多伺服器網路中，基於密碼驗證的智慧卡認證機制。本研究中，我們發現Cheng等人及Li等人所自訂之智慧卡認證協議，在智慧卡遺失的情況下，並未提供完整的保密環境，導致其使用者與伺服器雙方所建立的秘鑰與會議金鑰可能被破解而無法得知。因此，我們提出了改良版的基於邏輯運算的智慧卡身分驗證機制，加入Diffie-Hellman密鑰交換，以達到更具安全性的目標。 / With advances in technology, different types and functions of smart cards have become more popular and perfect in recent years. We use smart cards in daily life more and more frequent, so smart card security has become a very important issue, especially in the case of smart-card-loss. We have to ensure that if our card is lost and someone steals the sensitive data in our card, he/she cannot use it to guess or get user’s password. To achieve the goal, many researchers have done a lot of work in smart card security. In 2012 Cheng et al. proposed a smart card based authentication scheme for remote user login and verification. During the same period, Li et al. proposed a password and smart card based user authentication mechanism for multi-server environments. In this thesis, we first pointed out the security flaws of Cheng et al.’s and Li et al.’s mechanism. We found that Cheng et al.’s and Li et al.’s mechanism cannot be secure under offline-dictionary attack in the smart-card-loss case. This enables adversaries to guess user’s password and session keys. Secondly, we introduced an improved version of smart card based authentication mechanism using Diffie-Hellman key exchange to overcome the above mentioned problems

政治代表著一種權威性的價值分配，政府的工作便是在制訂與執行這些價值分配的政策，其間必然牽涉到權力的形成、分配與運用，而菁英往往比一般人更有權力，因此菁英如何影響政策制訂是一個值得關注的問題。 而「國民身分健保合一智慧卡（簡稱國民卡）計畫」，從相關的報導中，筆者發現國民卡一案的決策過程乃是以菁英決策的方式出現，主要涉及行政菁英、立法菁英、知識菁英與企業菁英間的互動，因而希望藉由國民卡個案的探討，進一步對菁英理論如何應用於政策制訂過程有較為深入的了解。 本文係採文獻探討法與深度訪談法，首先對政策制訂過程與菁英理論進行探討，並將菁英分為行政菁英、立法菁英、知識菁英與企業菁英四類，進而就其角色、影響政策的策略進行說明，在獲得菁英理論如何應用於政策制訂過程的大致輪廓後，接著對國民卡政策制訂過程進行說明，並對國民卡方案中各類菁英運用策略進行分析，最後作出結論。 本文研究發現如下：一、國民卡方案的制訂，深受菁英理念之影響；二、社會大眾對國民卡方案制訂之影響有限；三、少數菁英對於政策有重大影響；四、權力由一元轉為多元。 在研究建議方面，本文除對菁英理論作出建議外，對於實務上亦提供相關政策建議，包括：一、政策綠皮書的公布；二、建立完善諮詢制度，善用吸納策略；三、採取漸進策略；四、強化政黨協商，適度滿足各方需求；五、健全資訊政策相關立法。

我國施行健保IC卡建置計畫至今已近十年，這段時間中，IC智慧卡之各種技術與應用蓬勃發展，在醫療、金融、交通等應用領域都已有長足進步。除健保卡外，舉凡悠遊卡、金融卡、門禁卡、學生證等，IC智慧卡的應用比比皆是，客觀環境有利於健保IC卡之功能再作提升。 　　本研究以文獻探討及專家訪談的方式，研究整合過程中可能面臨的各種技術、整合方式、未來運作模式與可能遭遇之困難，以及相關的因應措施，作為未來產業界之合作基礎。 　　研究期間共訪談學界與業界人士八次、訪談行政單位五次，並舉辦專家業者焦點座談會一場。從醫療、金融、交通及其他服務等角度，分析目前健保卡尚需改善或新增之功能；也探討發展健保IC卡多功能用途，在晶片卡之規格、介面及儲位規劃等關鍵成功因素。 　　而在可能營運方案上，健保IC卡多功能用途的實施將對社會帶來極大影響，本研究以現行法令之鬆綁與否區分為短期建議及長期建議，短期內可能之營運方案有：(1)健保局獨立運作發卡(2)健保局與相關單位成立聯合發卡小組以及(3)由健保局訂定卡片標準格式與儲位空間，由各發卡公司預留空間提供使用者至健保局寫入健保相關資料；倘在未來修法後，健保卡可在健保局核可情況下委由他人發行，那麼(4)訂定需求規範以標案方式委託外包廠商營運及(5)訂定標準後由各發卡單位申請核准後營運，此兩種方案亦可納入考量。 　　預期效益除多卡合一、方便攜帶外，IC智慧卡結合憑證帶來的高安全性與保密性也能降低卡片盜刷、資料外洩等情事發生。若有更多的公民營企業願意將現有各自獨立發放的卡片整合進來，對後台系統的整合將有革命性的進步，電子憑證的功能也將對系統安全的提升帶來極大幫助，多功能卡的高發行量也將為合作對象帶來商機，達成政府、產業界與民眾多贏的局面。

隨著IC卡的使用，它正深深地影響著我們的未來生活方式，其應用發展趨勢也是值得我們重視的課題。本研究主要從「IC智慧卡成為主流的資訊載具」、「我國內政部、衛生署、交通部及財政部等中央各部，對IC卡之應用發展各擁管轄範圍且各自發展」、「民間業者各自引進或發行電子現金儲值卡」等三方面，說明其可能造成的結果及相關重要課題，以作為本研究之動機。 本研究從我國IC卡應用發展相關文獻中，搜集和本研究主題較相關者，提出IC卡票證整合、IC卡安全整合機制及IC卡規模經濟等值得研究課題，以作為進行IC卡應用發展趨勢研究之參考。 對於IC卡目前應用發展現況，本研究主要說明政府推動國民卡的沿革、政府推動自然人憑證的沿革、政府推動健保IC卡沿革及交通IC票卡目前應用發展，以利了解我國IC卡目前應用發展現況。 針對交通IC票卡，本研究說明北、中、南各地區電子票證IC智慧卡應用發展，包括悠遊卡、台中ｅ卡通、Taiwan Money Card等，後續說明IC票卡規格發展及交通IC票卡系統架構發展，以更深入了解交通IC票卡目前應用發展現況。 本研究針對IC卡應用發展問題，進行更深入的分析，主要論述面向，包括技術面(IC卡規格、IC卡系統架構) 、法令面(IC卡法令規定)、經營管理面(含IC卡管理組織、發行、經營模式)等方面，以發掘問題，分析問題及提出解決策略。 本研究針對所提出之解決策略，予以聚焦，以提出更關鍵的解決策略，包括：(一)技術面：1.建立IC卡共同憑證。2.建立IC卡安全認證。3.建立IC卡整合架構。(二)法律面：1.修改銀行法及交通運輸相關法規中不合IC卡現有運作之規定。2.增訂電子票證法規。(三)經營管理面：1.建立規模經濟發卡量。2.建立IC卡發卡機構經營模式。 3.建立憑證認證機構公信力。4.建立IC卡資訊交換中心。 本研究針對三個構面，提出核心解決策略為「一卡通用」及其整體解決架構及實施步驟，且對整體解決策略之構想方案，提出IC卡卡片規格整合矩陣架構圖，以找出更為適當的IC卡規格方案，該矩陣架構圖，以「共同憑證一卡整合」及「多憑證一卡整合」二構面為縱軸，及「IC卡規格中不存放各類別資料」和「IC卡規格中存放各類別資料」二構面為橫軸，提出四種IC卡片規格整合架構，並列出其優缺點，經研析後，本研究建議初期以具有共同憑證及各類別憑證但不存放各類別資料之架構，作為一卡通用整合規格初期架構，稱為「IC卡共同多憑證不存放各類別資料一卡整合」，最後本研究提出長期一卡通用願景，以「IC卡共同憑證不存放各類別資料一卡整合」為目標。 本研究之結論為：1.我國各類別IC卡規格各行其道，未有整合前瞻性。2.各產業IC卡系統運作架構未整合，導致我們卡滿為患。3.IC卡應用發展於法律面應積極訂定「交通運輸業電子票證法」。4.「非銀行不得發行現金儲值卡」已超越母法規定應修法。5.IC票卡發行機構透過銀行發卡可享有發卡權利金等商機。6.建立IC票卡資訊中心作為全台IC票卡整合運作中心。7.IC票卡業者透過整合可增加發卡量，共創雙贏。8.IC卡於技術面應發展整合技術，以達成一卡通用目標。9.IC卡一卡通用宜建立IC卡資訊交換中心及憑證整合認證中心。10.IC卡一卡通用宜建立整體解決架構之實施步驟。11.IC卡一卡通用卡片規格整合可建立矩陣架構圖，以利分析。12.IC卡一卡通用共同憑證之運作於技術上為可行方案。 最後建議未來可持續探討之課題：1.IC卡一卡通用宜建立認證API(Application Programming Interface)程式介面及標準作業程序。2.IC卡一卡通用宜建立憑證整合認證中心及資訊中心之經營模式。3.IC卡一卡通用宜評估對IC卡產業及憑證認證產業之衝擊。 / A study of trends in the applications and developments of IC cards The IC card is being used widely and it will deeply affect our future living mode. Therefore, trends in its applications and developments have become important subjects of study. This research explores the possible outcome and related important subjects for the utilization of IC card, based on the following three propositions. 1. The IC card is one of the modern world’s primary information media. 2. Government units such as the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, the Ministry of Finance ROC, the Department of Health and the Executive Yuan ROC all have jurisdiction over the development and control of development and potential applications of the IC card. 3. Private enterprises have introduced or developed electronic cash-stored cards. The information related to the research subject was collected from the relevant literatures in regard to the applications and developments of IC card in Taiwan, presenting the current safety and integration mechanism of IC ticket cards and the economical magnitude of IC card use, which are both topics that should be taken into consideration in the study of the applications and developments of IC cards. Based on the current situation of the applications and developments for IC cards, the main purpose of this research is to show the evolution of IC cards promoted by the our government, including National Card, Citizen Digital Certificate IC Card, National Health Insurance IC Card, as well as current applications and developments of the Transportation IC Card, in order to help understand the current situation for the applications and developments for existing IC cards in Taiwan. In the Transportation sector, this research shows the applications and developments of various IC smart cards in north, central and south Taiwan, i.e. Easy Card, Taichung e-Cartoon Ticket Card and Taiwan Money Card. It also shows the development of the specification for IC Ticket Cards as well as the development of Transportation IC Cards’ systematic infrastructure, in order to help understand the present situation for the applications and developments of a Transportation IC Card. This research is an analysis of IC card’s applications and developments, covering technical issues (specification and systematic framework of IC card), legislation issues (laws and regulations for IC Card), management issues (operation and administration, release and business model for IC cards), so as to discover and analyze the possible problems as well as propose solutions. Focusing on strategies for finding solutions, presenting more critical strategies for IC Cards, consisting of: 1. Technical: (1) To establish a common certificate (2) To establish safety authentication (3) To establish integration infrastructure 2. Legislation: (1) To revise the Banking Law as well as the laws and regulations relating to public transportation, which are not suitable for the existing operations (2) To revise and augment the laws and regulations for electronic tickets 3. Management: (1) To establish an economic circulation of scale (2) To establish the management pattern for card-issuing organization (3) To establish public credibility for a certificate authentication organization (4) To establish information interchange center To consolidate the above-mentioned three areas, this research proposes a core strategic solution – the concept of “one card for common use (All-in-One Card)” along with integrated solution scheme and operation steps. In addition, for an overall solution strategic plan, in this research it also presents a matrix composition for the integration of specifications to discover a more applicable specification scheme for the IC card. The matrix composition is proposed in four types of framework of specification integration with a file of advantages/disadvantages, based on the concept of X, Y coordinate system – X axis being “One Card integrated with Common Certificate” and “One Card integrated with Multi-Certificates”, Y axis being “No data deposited in the IC card specification” and “All sorts of data deposited in the IC the card specification”. Through detailed research and analysis, it is suggested that at the primary stage, to create the “One card for common use” with an integration of “Common Certificate and Multi-Certificates but no data depositing in the IC card specification”, which is called “One card with common and multi-certificates but no any data deposited in the specification.” The long-term goal will be to achieve “One card with common certificate only and no data deposited in the card specification” for long-term use. Conclusions: 1. In this country, various IC cards have their own specifications and there is still no prospect for integration. 2. The IC card system being used by different industries is still not being integrated, so the market is full of different IC cards. 3. The enactment of the “law on electronic tickets” should be pursued more vigorously for the IC card applications and developments. 4. The stipulation of “A non-bank may not issue a stored value card” might have overtaken the stipulation of “Banking Act”. It should be amended. 5. So long as the IC Ticket Card agency issues IC cards through a bank, the agency will possess the business opportunity of charging the bank a card-issuing fee. 6. To establish an IC Ticket Card information center to integrate the operation of the many IC ticket cards using in Taiwan area. 7. It will be a win-win situation, if IC ticket card operations can be integrated, and this will increase card-issuing quantity as well. 8. On the technical front, integration technology for IC cards should be developed in order to achieve the goal of an “All-in-One Card”. 9. An “IC Card Information Interchange Center” and an “Authentication Center of Certificate Integration” for the “All-in-One Card” should be established. 10. A standardized operational procedure should be established for an overall solution to the “All-in-One IC Card”. 11. The integration of the specifications of the “All-in-One IC Card” can be done through a matrix composition to assist analysis. 12. Technically, an “All-in-One IC Card” with “Common Certificate” is a feasible plan. In the end, this research also offers suggestion on valuable topics that can be the subject of continued discussion in the future: 1. “All-in-One IC Cards” should have an authentication with API (Application Programming Interface) program as well as a standard operational procedure. 2. A business model for “IC Card Information Center” and “Authentication Center of Certificate Integration” should be established. 3. An evaluation of the impact on the IC card industry and the certificate authentication industry should be made.