由帶領處理三件銀行作業疏失看作業風險 / The initial idea to this paper is from the experience of leading the taskforces in real operating losses which included a series of plans in root cause identification, control gaps assessment, financial impact analysis, and corrective actions implementation. Secondly, a snapshot on the recent famous scandals in the world to prove the control breakage is from the similar factors but might be with different combinations. The similar factors could be concluded due to the definition of Operational Risk is clearly provided by the Basel. Thirdly, from the viewpoint of new regulation to highline the environment did change to affect the competition by different capital reserve. Finally, try to provide a comprehensive internal framework in a Bank. The content is organized to descript below per chapter. Chapter 1 is the object and approach to this paper. Chapter 2 is to brief from environment overview to highline the impact of capital charge requirement for operating risk and effect of internal control on financial reporting. Chapter 3, outlook in the recent scandals to echo the importance of internal control as well as operating risk. In chapter 4, three significant incidents from taking a lead to conduct a series of investigation taskforces, an overall picture from inside out to address the failure in operating error, the financial impact, and corrective actions plan. In chapter 5, it is to provide a design of the internal control framework, as well as the implementation in daily operation from end to end. Finally in chapter 6, making a conclusion and recommendation to wish more feedback in strengthen the control of operation risk.

本研究係以國家賠償法制改革之動態分析為研究課題，有關國家賠償法制之建置沿革、國家賠償責任理論演進及構成要件分析等基本法理並非探討核心，不擬分析論述。故於本章直接分析兩岸之國家賠償法修法草案，並就異同之處提出比較。 其次，將歸納整理目前國家賠償法理上之爭點，台灣部分如：何謂「行使公權力」、「怠於執行職務」之定義及「公有公共設施」之範圍等；大陸部分如：單一歸責原則之檢討、賠償範圍之界定及賠償程序之改進等。以上皆為重要爭點，除可反映兩岸國家賠償法適用之現狀，並以資檢討修法草案是否正視渠等來自學界之建議，可否解決相關問題。 再次，係以國家賠償相關判決之整理與分析為主要內容，遴選對象即以述之各項爭點為主，逐項檢視實務界對學界之回應，俾利檢討實務與學理之落差，進而分析修法草案統合雙方見解之程度。 最後，藉由修法草案之介紹、學理爭點之分析及相關判決之整理，大體呈現出兩岸國家賠償制度之不同面貌與各自亟待解決之問題。然台灣地區之修法草案是否真能反映現行運作上之癥結，是否足以解決相關問題，將承續前揭論述，深入檢討台灣修法草案之優劣，並擬提出修法建議。

從現今社會的進步與發展，可以發現人們的生活品質不斷提升且生活型態逐 漸改變，生活型態的改變使得疾病的型態隨之改變，從過去的傳染病演變成現今 的社會文明病─ 慢性疾病。近年來的社會繁榮與經濟進步，使國人有更良好的 飲食營養，且工商進步使得應酬喝酒的機會增加，逐漸使肥胖、血脂過高、糖尿 病的國人越來越多，因此有脂肪肝的人也越來越多，幾乎高達三分之一。脂肪肝 盛行所帶來的健康問題使國人不得不更注意身體的健康，更擴展到疾病預防的概 念，希望能透過及早發現與及早治療來促進健康並省下龐大的醫療費用。因此醫 療照護需求更廣更高。在科技的進步下使得醫學界使用越來越多的資訊科技來輔 助疾病診斷、進行健康管理，另外，醫學界亦越來越注重預防醫學的概念用以面 對龐大的慢性疾病患者，故疾病預測的概念更加被醫學界所關注，不論是在醫療 的前中後期，都依賴著資訊科技輔助其管理與診斷。 　　目前大多數醫院的健康檢查僅提供檢查報告的數值並隨報告附上正常標準 值的對照資訊，用以提供給健檢者做為建議與自我健康管理的參考。但是對於僅 進行最基本健康檢查的健檢者，如：員工、校園新生等，透過健檢報告的數值來 提供個人化疾病資訊建議的情況較為少見，故本研究希望能透過案例式推理脂肪 肝預測模型來給予患者透過健康檢查報告的數值與日常健康行為的問卷，進行脂 肪肝疾病的預測，幫助健檢者提升對於健檢報告與疾病關係的瞭解，加強健檢者 的自我健康管理，期望幫助未進行完整付費健康檢查的健檢者也能夠透過簡單的 脂肪肝預測模型來初步評估自我健康情況，並作為是否進一步就醫的參考依據； 並提供許多相似案例給醫生從更宏觀的角度去診斷病患，幫助降低診斷錯誤且改 善醫療品質及醫療治療的成效，以達到更完善的自我健康管理及降低個人、社會 醫療成本的負擔。

abstract: 当前，民营企业已成为中国重要支撑力量，而未来5到10年，约有300多万家民营企业面临传承困境。但学术研究领域在传承整体框架、配套机制建设方面有完整论述、有成功案例的所见不多。首先，针对以上民营企业的传承现状，本文将研究、回答五个问题：1、成功传承的标准和要素是什么？2、传承模式有哪几种，每种模式配套的传承机制是什么，该如何建立？3、民营企业应选择何种传承模式，如何选择？4、民营企业的整套传承方案如何落地搭建？5、是否有普适性的、可借鉴的民营企业传承模型，包含哪些要素？ 其次，本文主要使用文献研究、案例研究、实证分析，选取中、美、德、日四家不同传承阶段、不同传承模式的知名民营企业，对其传承情况进行深入研究。在此基础上，归纳总结出传承的关键要素，对前述五个问题进行系统解答。同时，本文创新性地结合理论研究、案例研究及企业实践，提出适合我国大部分民营企业的传承全周期管理框架。 最后，根据以上研究，本文总结出关于中国民营企业传承的八大结论及建议：1、本质：权力的交接和义务的传递；2、两大风险：继任风险（继任人的能力要求）、代理风险（继任人对企业核心理念的意愿/忠诚度）；3、降低风险的四大机制：领袖锻造、人才梯队、管控治理、激励机制；4、两大成功要素：“选领袖”和“建机制”；5、四大机制是并行推进、相辅相成的，要尽早构建、持续优化；6、三大模式：家族成员继承、内生培养经理人、外聘职业经理人；7、民营企业传承模型包含七大要素、五大步骤；8、民营企业在制定传承方案时，除了要注意传承模型中的要素，还要注意其他关键要素。 / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2020

專家系統自1965年發展至今，其發展是與日遽增，在邁入二十一世紀這個新紀元，傳統的專家系統遭遇到不同以往的問題，不僅處理的問題複雜度提高之外，在建置系統的過程中需要更多專家提供其寶貴的意見，以期讓系統在處理問題的層面能更加寬廣及增進其彈性和效用。因此，多專家系統能夠解決傳統上單一專家先天上的限制。Gaines和Shaw於1989年在其論著中指出，利用一群專家的知識來發展專家系統其效益比單一專家來的更好。 然而，在多專家的專家系統中會產生案例選取的衝突，過去大都依賴人為的經驗法則判斷。如此一來，不僅在處理的時間成本上產生耗損，其選取案例的公信力亦容易令人產生存疑。此外在相關的研究上，絕大多數都未對於此一衝突提出另外一套較具公正性的解決辦法。 針對此一現象，本研究發現欲解決其中之案例衝突，可以藉由群體決策和多評準決策領域中尋求解決之辦法，透過本研究一連串的文獻蒐集與探討，得到Nemawashi決策模式可以加以導入應用，因此，本研究嘗試引用案例式推論（Case-Base Reasoning）、Nemawashi 決策模式，提出一個整合多專家的意見和解決其案例產生衝突的方法。 / Expert system has been in speeding development since 1965. With the advent of the 21st century, the traditional expert system is encountering problems different from the past. With the rising complexity of nowadays problems, it requires valuable opinions from more professionals in the construction of expert system. The multi-expert knowledge can not only broaden the scope in which the system handles problems, but also enhance the system’s flexibility and efficiency. Thus, multi-expert system outsmarts the conventional expert system which is restricted by the voice of a single expert. Gaines and Shaw in 1989 commented that the expert system was better quipped with a group of experts than with one single expert. Nevertheless, multi-expert system contains the problem of case conflict. To undermine the conflict, it is common for people to resort to experts’ judgments and their personal experiences. Consequently, the multi-expert system has the disadvantage of consuming time in the process of case selection. Moreover, the case selected out of this process may be unconvincing due to its overdependence on human decisions. As to the problem of case conflict, most of the researches related to multi-expert system do not propose other more objective solutions. Focus on the problem mentioned above, this study tends to solve case conflict through the use of Group Decision and Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM). After the collection and analysis of data, the study finds out that Nemawashi Decisions are effective in handling the problem of case conflict. Thus, this study attempts to apply Nemawashi Decisions in Case-Base Reasoning in order to combine opinions from different experts and to solve the case conflict in the multi-expert system.

網路的發達使得數位內容的流通更加的便利，數位內容擁有者為了避免資料被任意散播，而採用DRM(Digital Rights Management)系統來保護自身的權利。然而DRM系統是採用限制的方式來控管資料的使用，並沒有考量到合理使用的設計，其中主要的原因在於合理使用的規範難以設計且用電腦落實，時常會有一些情況需視個案而定。 本研究希望透過結合本體論推論與案例式比對的來解決合理使用規範難以制定的問題，利用本體論與規則語言進行推論做合理使用判斷，當本體論與規則語言無法判斷時再進行案例式比對，經由案例庫中的合理使用案例，我們可以明確的給予使用者在對數位內容操作上是否為合理使用的依歸，若沒有相符的案例，依舊可以給予使用者一個迫近預期的合理使用建議。 / Thanks to the development of network, it is much more convenient to spread digital contents; nevertheless, digital content owners can only use DRM (Digital Rights Management) system to protect their personal data from unapproved spreading. However, the fair use design is barely taken into consideration in the DRM system since it only uses limit principles to control data-spreading. The main reason is that fair use policy is not only hard to design but also hard to be universally practiced on computers. Furthermore, there are always rooms for fair use cases beyond a general model description. This research aims to combine the advantages of ontology reasoning and case-based reasoning (CBR) to solve the problem of defining and enforcing fair use policy. Applying ontology and the rule language is the first approach to infer fair use decision; following is the CBR. This means that if ontology is not able to infer a fair use through its enforceable policy, then we apply CBR technique by compared with previous fair use cases established in our case base. Therefore, we can always derive a fair use or not fair use decision. Otherwise, we propose a recommendation for how to achieve a fair use or avoid not a fair use.

老人居家照護是近來愈趨重視的議題，過去ㄧ直以來主要著重在老人生理狀態的偵測及相關居家醫療儀器的研究，但除了生理上訊號所顯現的不適之外，尚有其它的問題困擾著老人的生活。對於在老人身上所產生的許多不適，最直接的就是反映在老人的情緒上，若是能針對老人目前所處的環境狀態分析出造成老人情緒狀態轉變的因素，將有助於提升老人的生活品質。本研究所採用的替換調適模式之案例式推理，有別於一般案例式推理的應用，一般案例式推理需要對於應用領域的知識有相當了解才能達到有效地案例調適，因此在發展案例式推理的應用時，需要經過相當長的資訊收集，而替換調適模式運用一些已經存在的案例，從中萃取出案例間的關聯性，並藉由案例的不斷累積來自動化的調適案例庫中的知識，因此將使得推理的結果更符合老人過去的生活習性，因此能針對老人的情緒狀態找出形成的因素，而找出改變情緒的形成因素之後，將有機會的進一步解決老人目前所遭遇的生活難題，最終本研究期望能藉此達成提升老人生活品質的目的。 / e-Care for aging has become an increasingly important research topic in recent years. Most research focus on the detection of Physiological state or the study of the e-Care medical devices. Nevertheless, there are still other problems tormenting an aging’s life besides physiological discomfort detected from physiological signals. For instance, it is often the case that the discomfort comes from the aging's atypical mood status. In other words, causes behind the change of the aging’s mood status would help improve the quality of the aging’s life. Accordingly, this paper presents a substitution-based case adaptation CBR to analyze the causes of effecting the change of the aging’s mood status. Substitution-based case adaptation CBR differs from general CBR in lean adaptation knowledge required. Most existing CBR systems rely on an enormous amount of built-in adaptation knowledge in the form of adaptation rules (that require a deep analysis of the domain). Substitution-based case adaptation can make use of a limited number of cases to extract the relations between the cases and reach automatic adaptation. With the accumulation of cases in the case library, the result of inference fit in line with the habit of the aging’s life would be improved based on this automatic adaptation. The contribution of our method aims at reaching the e-Care goal of improving the aging’s life quality from the mental perspective.

abstract: 区块链技术应用（DApp）最早出现在数字货币交易上，也有部分DApp涉及游戏、音乐、教育、出行等场景，但是由于前几年DApp还属于新生事物，多数社会大众对其了解程度不高，加之多数DApp开发和优化的水平有限，用户体验较差，因此并没有良好的市场表现。 尽管如此， 2017年11月一款叫CryptoKitties的区块链游戏正式上线，并且在短时间之内引爆了整个区块链，游戏交易量在1个月内暴涨至1.7万。随后风险资本不断进入区块链行业，并且催生出一大批区块链DApp出来，涉及的应用场景进一步拓展到游戏、赌博、社交、金融、市场、保险、健康等领域。如何设计一套有效的治理机制，从而实现用户留存高、项目前景好，成为多数区块链DApp最为关注的问题。 本文选择CryptoKitties、Mycryptohero、Steemit和NeoWorld这四款区块链DApp作为案例研究对象，通过归纳总结发现这四款DApp都将游戏性、通证经济、社群生态和网络效应作为共同的治理方式。基于这四方面，本文对四款DApp的异同进行了跨案例比较，发现NeoWorld要比其他三款DApp在治理手段上更加丰富和合理。最后，利用136份NeoWorld玩家调查问卷数据，对游戏性、通证经济、社群生态和网络效应对其治理绩效的影响进行了实证检验，结果发现除了社群生态之外，其他三个因素都能提升NeoWorld的治理绩效。 本研究的最大创新是选择在区块链场景应用中具有代表性的4个DApp项目作为案例研究对象，通过归纳总结发现各自在治理手段上的共同之处（影响因素），并根据问卷调查数据对不同影响因素对特定Dapp治理绩效的影响程度进行实证检验，丰富了平台治理相关研究成果，也为社会各界深化认识DApp治理方式和成效，推动DApp行业生态健康有序发展提供参考和借鉴。 关键词：通证经济；社群生态；网络效应；跨案例研究；回归分析 / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2020

在重視集體智慧、重視服務、且需要因應環境快速變遷的年代，傳統的系統開發方法論雖然有其不可磨滅的價值，但已經顯露出其不足之處。為了順應時代的潮流，方法論必須指引企業去聆聽大眾的心聲，以期確保系統提供優質的服務，方法論也必須指引資訊人員運用有異於以往的手法與步驟，與其他部門和大眾共同合作，來持續不斷地維護系統，使得系統得以注入新的生命力而不斷演進。 為了提出一套不斷吸納使用者的新需求來規劃系統演進的功能需求分析方法論，本研究以哲學詮釋學為基礎，並佐以軟體工程相關文獻，將持續吸納新需求來促進系統演進的抽象概念，化為具體可執行的步驟。本需求分析方法論是針對使用者提議的需求進行初步分析與確認，可分為兩個主要部分：需求形成流程、與衝突處理流程。需求形成流程是分析使用者所提出之功能性需求的主要方式，其中包含了提出新需求、分析新需求在商業活動與科技層次的影響、估計新需求的成本效益來決定是否實作、排序實作的優先權、並且了解新功能的釋出時間的期望。而衝突解決流程是為了解決各方人馬的歧見所造成的爭端，衝突解決的方式包含了自行協商、第三方中間人介入協調、以及高層決策小組的裁決。 為了讓企業外界的大眾提議新需求，本研究發展了一套以部落格為基礎的新需求提議工具，讓網友可在部落格上提出自己對新功能的想法。此外，為了協助企業判斷新需求是否會觸發衝突解決流程，本研究根據哲學詮釋學，將使用案例（Use cases）加以延伸修改，提出一套後設模型，並輔以知識本體，據此來提出一套規則，讓本工具能自動偵測新需求與系統既有設計之間是否有所抵觸，而規則亦可進一步應用在新需求間的衝突上。 為了初步瞭解本研究所提之方法論與工具的優缺點，本研究與中時電子報和民視購物網合作，來試用此方法論與工具。透過試用之後的訪談得知，本方法論與工具有其價值，而也獲得了不少寶貴的試用意見。最後，本研究根據試用的諸多意見，對方法論與工具的改善上，提出了具體的改良作法與方向。 / Nowadays, companies have to respect collective knowledge and improve service quality for adapt their rapidly changing environment. Traditional systems development methodologies may be still valuable but have shortcomings. To accommodate customer-driven trend, new methodologies must guide enterprises to listen to customers for ensuring high-quality system services. New methodologies also have to guide developers to carry out cross-department and customer-centered collaboration in new ways for maintaining systems cyclically. This research proposes a user requirements analysis methodology according on philosophical hermeneutics and software engineering literature. The proposed methodology includes requirements formation and conflict resolution. Requirements formation process involves new user requirement proposition, commercial and technical impact analysis, cost benefit estimation, coding prioritization, and new version release scheduling. Conflict resolution process involves negotiation, mediation, and arbitration. Besides the proposed methodology, this research also develops a blog-based tool for collecting user requirements on Internet. This research extends and modifies use cases diagram and use philosophical hermeneutics as a foundation to propose a meta-model. This research also proposes a set of rules for conflict detection. Base on the proposed meta-model, ontologies, and the proposed rules, the blog-based tool can automatically detect conflicts between new requirements and existing design. These proposed rules also can apply to detect conflicts among new requirements. An online newspaper company and an online shopping mall try to use this methodology and the blog-based tool. In the interviews, they confirm this methodology’s and tool’s values and give several suggestions for improving the methodology and the tool. Finally, this research discusses the improvements and future research directions according to these suggestions.

本文是以調解案例從實體裁判從程序制度來觀察，探討如何有效銜接法院裁判與民事調解，有檢討法律規範之不夠週全處，亦有探求調解制度功能之不明處。惟不涉足地方派系涉不涉入調解委員會對其人事功能之影響，亦不考量其政治、社會或經濟利益之獲取效應。 期以鄉鎮市調解委員會成立伊始公斷說和、息紛止爭之初衷，輔以調解委員個案正義觸煤角色功能之發揮，切實扮演賦予當事人有優先選擇係爭程序利益（達成迅速而經濟之裁判）之機會，而不僅賦予當事人有優先選擇追求係爭實體利益（達成慎重而正確之裁判）之機會而已，最終能達成疏減法院訟源，提昇國人法治素質之理想目標 / This article is based on mediation cases to observe from entity verdicts and process systems, discusses how to effectively link courthouse verdicts and civil mediations, includes to discuss the incomprehensive parts of the legal regulations, and to discover the ambiguous parts of the comprehensive system, but neither involves with the affections whether the local factions would involve with the mediation committee regarding to the personnel functions, nor involve with acquisition affects of its politics, society or economic benefits. Hope to achieve the original intentions of establishing township mediation committees to arbitrate and reconcile, discontinue disputations , to help the mediation committee to develop its contactor functions on individual case justices, to actually play the role of giving the litigators the priority opportunity to choose procedural benefits (can complete quickly and economically), but not only giving the litigators the priority opportunity to choose substantive benefits (can achieve prudent and correct verdicts), finally can achieve to reduce the courthouse’s litigation sources, reach the goal of enhancing the quality of people’s rule of law.