京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24600号 / 工博第5106号 / 新制||工||1977(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 平井 康宏, 教授 米田 稔, 教授 高岡 昌輝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:試験研究(B) 課題番号:05556021 研究代表者:大澤 俊彦 研究期間:1993-1995年度

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(2) 課題番号:10044148 研究代表者:飯田 孝夫 研究期間:1998-1999年度

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第12491号 / 論工博第4045号 / 新制||工||1503(附属図書館) / 28241 / (主査)教授 小尻 利治, 教授 椎葉 充晴, 教授 堀 智晴 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当

今 (2008) 年，全球規模排名前三大的電腦展，從1月開始美國拉斯維加斯的CES展、3月的德國漢諾威的CeBiT展，到6月在台北的Computex展，數千家之參展廠商，數十萬之買主與參觀人士，不約而同，大家的主訴求都是「綠色」與「節能」。向來，三大電腦展都是未來產品的風向球，加上從美國前副總統高爾的紀錄片「不願面對的真相」看到地球暖化現象日益嚴重，石油價格也不斷再創歷史新高，的確讓人感到這個世界將變得更為綠色，當人們愈來愈重視自己居住的這個環境與資源，也宣告「綠色產品、綠色消費」的時代正式來臨。 近年來一波波的綠色浪潮，如同過去十餘年間的網路興起，所產生巨大的改變一般。全球環保意識覺醒，尤以歐盟一向以高環保標準為最，陸續在2005年8月起推行的三大環保指令：WEEE(回收化)、RoHS(無毒化)、EuP(節能化)，超過80％的環境衝擊都跟產品設計有緊密關聯；是故，整合環境考量因素而成綠色產品的生態化設計作法，將會是企業最有效的方法。 上述WEEE 及RoHS兩項已於2006 年7月1日後，正式對輸出到歐盟各國的產品中全面實施管制，而日本、韓國、中國等國及美國(部分州)等，亦在2007年初立法通過並已實施，此股全球化之綠潮，已是勢不可擋；第三項的EuP (Energe using Product)「耗能使用產品之生態化設計指令」，歐盟各國已大多立法制定完成，部分國家還一併通過違規罰則，預計在2009年第一季起開始啟用，屆時勢必又將再度啟動第三回合的環保大挑戰。 我國對歐盟之貿易額佔了總體的比重極大，於2007年，我國出口到歐盟各國之電機、電子產品等金額超過逾NT$3,000億，企業也決不容忽視這廣大的市場商機。本研究的個案公司向來對環保意識相當重視，亦積極地關注在永續發展與環保議題上，所設計製造的綠色產品也行銷全球；現今的設計趨勢都以綠色、節能為導向，身處電子、電機產業的一員，面臨這項嚴峻之挑戰，更需即早因應，通過這些環保規範檢測，才能確保產品順利銷往歐盟。 本研究乃透過個案公司於過去三、四年中，利用 6 Sigma 的DMAIC循環改善手法，搭配ISO 9000/14000品質/環境管理系統以有效整合，組成專案團隊運作，成功導入6 Sigma WEEE / RoHS等專案，且比2006年7月1日的法定實施期限日，提早一季的時間完成歐盟WEEE及RoHS所有綠色產品之設計，並在符合法定時程/品質要求/客戶滿意等情況下順利出貨。 爰此，以綠色設計為整體考量因素，建置成一套標準化的流程機制，應用到EuP新環保規範中，進行產品節能、生命週期等多項評估，提升生態化設計能力。EuP雖與RoHS/WEEE的指令訴求內容互異，但本著6 Sigma RoHS過去分析及改善等手法，藉由嫻熟運作之科學管理模式，來縮短研發時程；目標為：提早一季時間完成產品設計，且品質符合環保規範驗證之出貨準備；期間雖會遭遇諸多問題與困難，但以6 Sigma經驗豐富之優秀成員組成的團隊，將採絕佳默契、合作無間的精神，順利於今年底達成任務，也為個案公司大幅提升環保戰力之全球競爭優勢。 關鍵字：限用有害物質指令、耗能使用產品指令、生態設計、國際標準組織、六標準差專案管理。 / In the world’s top three exhibitions of the electronic industry this year - namely CES of Las Vegas in January, CeBIT of Hanover in March, and Computex of Taipei in June, the main theme is the same: Green Technology and Energy Saving Products. Mr. Al Gore’s ‘Inconvenient Truth’ has unfolded future disasters caused by global warming, together with recent oil price hikes over US$140 a barrel, all these environmental and energy crisis have hastily ushered in the ‘Green Product Epoch.’ The European Union led the wave of Green Products by issuing the WEEE (Waste Electrical Electronic Equipment) directives in August 2005 which aimed at reducing E/E waste disposal through reuse, recycle and recovery, followed by the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substance) directives enforced on July 1, 2007. EuP (Energy using Product) is the latest set of directives which will be implemented in 2009. Since more environmental impacts relate to product design, the green product ecological design incorporating environmental factors is most effective method. These regulations will greatly affect members of global E.E product supply. Taiwan had a big trade count with EU in the past time, so it will be caused more impacted as well. Therefore, many countries have regulated new national standards, many Taiwanese firms are making great efforts on the issues of Eco Design for energy saving to meet the trend on environment protection as earlier as possible and to provide operational producers for the business toward green global supply chain. For enterprises to implement environmental management system and to establish green product design and production by ISO9000 / ISO 14000 systems, and there are many procedures, validation and testing need to by 6 Sigma DMAIC improvement methodology. This case study proposes a model to include the RoHS green product into quality system successfully in 2 years ago, next case is provided to verify the model and justify how a firm can efficiently use the proposed model and empirical experience to meet product certification requirement into the system. The findings of this research can support other enterprises to implement appropriate model to integrate green product with framework of ISO9000/14000 quality/environment management system by 6 Sigma process. This is also suitable for a firm to upgrade its management system to meet various green requirements as WEEE, RoHS and EuP. The study is still enphasised many Taiwan manufacturers are tempted by the success of 6 Sigma in the western world and are now in the process of introducing 6 Sigma into their organizations. The push to further reduce costs has urged the firms to use 6 Sigma to regain their competitive positions in the global economy. Keywords: RoHS, EuP, Eco Design, ISO, 6 Sigma Managment

本文從社會、經濟、物質、科技、文化交流等層面探討鐘錶自十六世紀起傳入中國，並逐漸在中國社會中流傳和普及的情形，並藉此討論明清時期中國人的時間觀念和日常生活是否因鐘錶傳入而有所改變。

當代哲學家紀傑克以他對於政治與文化現象的拉岡式解讀而聞名，但他哲學中的核心母題是什麼？對紀傑克而言，哲學不是使人「安然棲身」的論述，而是跟陌生感與他異性更緊密相關。所以，在紀傑克的眼中，哲學家的工作，不在於提供具體的解決方案，而是在於「新問題的創造」，重塑爭論的框架本身。 　　這篇研究中，筆者使用「系統與他者」這組概念，來彰顯紀傑克的兩大核心母題，其一，便是在有限性的範圍之內主張的自由，其二，則是他對新穎與變化的追索。「他者」使得系統能夠不斷重新定向，並向根本的變化保持開放。 　　「脫節狀態」是紀傑克用以描述主體之基本自由的概念。主體活動不被自然或文化的任一方決定；於是，所有主體所作的系統整合，都是一種與他者建立暫態平衡的嘗試，而所有用以整合的意指活動，都是一種對於他異性的回應，一種安身立命的奠基姿態。 　　簡言之，所謂「象徵界與實在界的不協調性」，在紀傑克的術語中不是消極的意涵，而是積極的意涵：它使得意義建構得以開始，並且是人類自由的根源。透過「系統」與「他者」的互動，思想總是有能力重新定向，藉此維持其鮮活與彈性，而這正是紀傑克式主體在現今政治情境中所致力實現的。 / Contemporary philosopher Slavoj Žižek is well-known for his Lacanian reading on political and cultural phenomena, but what is the central motif of his philosophy? For Žižek, philosophy is not some discourse to make people feel “being at home”, but rather something more related to foreignness and otherness. In Žižek’s eyes, What a philosopher really does is not providing substantial solutions, but rather “inventing new problems”, reshaping the framework of argumentation itself. 　　In this thesis, ”System and other” is the term I introduce to thematize two central motifs in Žižek’s philosophy: the first motif is his tireless assertion of freedom within the realm of finitude, and the second one is his relentless seeking for innovations and changes. “Other” is what enables the system to continuously re-orientate itself, and keep the system open to fundamental changes. 　　Žižek uses “Out-of-jointedness” to describe the fundamental freedom of the subject, neither nature nor culture can determine the subject. Every system organized by the subject is an attempt to create a transient balance with the other, and every totalizing signification is s a response to the otherness, the founding gesture of situating the subject itself into a meaningful context. 　　To sum up, Žižek does not use “Inconsistency between the Symbolic and the Real” as a negative term, but rather a positive term, it is the very starting point of meaning construction, and the ground for human freedom. Through the interaction between ”system and other”, the thought is always ready for re-orientation, therefore the thought is kept alive and flexible, and this is exactly what a Žižekian subject wants to accomplish in the present political situations.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(C) 課題番号:05660116 研究代表者:大澤 俊彦 研究期間:1993-1994年度

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:07680528 研究代表者:青山 隆彦 研究期間:1995-1996年度

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-09T18:16:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SANDRO MARTINS DOLGHI - DISSERTAÇÃO PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 1349252 bytes, checksum: 7e20e2840dc2a5d2e873cd9b77ed0100 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T18:16:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SANDRO MARTINS DOLGHI - DISSERTAÇÃO PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 1349252 bytes, checksum: 7e20e2840dc2a5d2e873cd9b77ed0100 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-19 / O culto à beleza está em evidência no Brasil e no mundo, levando ao crescente aumento de técnicas e procedimentos para corrigir defeitos estéticos e minimizar os efeitos do envelhecimento. Diversas substâncias preenchedoras com fluidos de alta viscosidade ou partículas de polímeros em suspensão têm sido utilizadas em larga escala em procedimentos cosméticos e correção de lipodistrofia de pacientes HIV positivos, submetidos à terapia antirretroviral de alta atividade. O uso de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) como substância de preenchimento dérmico tem crescido vertiginosamente, assim como o número de reações adversas decorrentes de seu uso. O PMMA vem sendo utilizado, amplamente como matéria prima na fabricação de diversos dispositivos e produtos médicos desde a década de 40, especialmente em função de sua biocompatibilidade, entretanto, ainda há carência de informações e estudos sobre migração e resposta inflamatória das substâncias comercializadas no Brasil para fins de preenchimento dérmico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físico-químicas de implantes de PMMA comercializados no Brasil para procedimentos de bioplastia, em três apresentações comerciais do produto com diferentes concentrações, visando delimitar limites aceitáveis para fins de registro destes produtos na Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), com foco na segurança sanitária. As amostras foram caracterizadas por Difração de Raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDS), análise de Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), caracterização por Microscopia Óptica (MO). A técnica de DRX mostrou comportamento semicristalino do PMMA. Com a técnica de FTIR constatou-se os grupos funcionais presentes nos implantes. Por meio das técnicas de MO e MEV foi possível perceber a não homogeneidade em relação ao tamanho das microesferas de PMMA. Pôde-se concluir com os resultados de DSC que o pico endotérmico aumentou de acordo com as variações de concentração do PMMA. A partir dos dados obtidos neste trabalho constata-se que o consumidor está sujeito a riscos, visto que a irregularidade das superfícies e variações nos tamanhos das microesferas pode ocasionar reações adversas, em função da fagocitose das microesferas com tamanho inferior a 20 μm. O crescente uso das técnicas de preenchimento com implantes de PMMA, bem como sua indicação para uso em demais especialidades da medicina, o coloca como material a ser ainda amplamente estudado nas mais diversas aplicações do produto na área médica. / The cult of beauty is in evidence in Brazil and in the world, leading to increasing techniques and procedures to correct aesthetic defects and minimize the effects of aging. Several dermal fillers with high viscosity or polymer particles in suspension fluids have been used in large scale in cosmetic procedures and lipodystrophy correction of HIV-positive patients undergoing HAART activity. The use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as dermal filler substance has grown dramatically, and the number of adverse reactions arising from its use. PMMA has been used widely as a raw material in manufacturing various medical devices and products since the 40s, especially due to its biocompatibility, however, there is still a lack of information and studies on migration and inflammatory response of substances marketed in Brazil dermal filler purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of PMMA implants sold in Brazil for bioplasty procedures in three commercial presentations of the product with different concentrations, in order to delimit acceptable limits for registration of these products at ANVISA, with focus on security health. The samples were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Spectroscopy Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), characterized by Optical Microscopy (OM). The XRD technique showed semi-crystalline behavior of PMMA. FTIR technique found the functional groups present on the implants. Through OM and SEM techniques we saw the inhomogeneity relative to the size of the PMMA microspheres. One can conclude from the results of the DSC endothermic peak increased in accordance with changes in the concentration of PMMA. From the data obtained in this study it appears that the consumer is subject to risks as uneven surfaces and variations in size of the microspheres can cause adverse reactions, depending on the phagocytosis of microspheres with size less than 20 microns. The increasing use of technical fill with PMMA implants, as well as indications for use in other specialties of medicine, places it as material to be still widely studied in various product applications in the medical field.