轉譯後修飾作用 (post-translational modifications) 包含甲基化 (methylation)、磷酸化 (phosphorylation)、泛素化 (ubiquitination)、類小泛素 化修飾 (sumoylation) 等。過去有研究指出類小泛素化修飾可以調節目標蛋白 質的穩定度，進而調節許多細胞內反應，例如：細胞核運輸作用、 DNA 複 製、調節轉錄作用、染色體分離、訊息傳遞、細胞週期調控、DNA 修補作用等 現象。類小泛素化修飾是藉由一系列的酵素，使類小泛素這個蛋白質能夠修飾 目標蛋白質的 lysine 殘基。 類小泛素化修飾是一個可逆性動態修飾過程，類 小泛素化修飾連結途徑包含有三個主要的步驟： 活化 (activation)，結合 (conjugation)，連接 (ligation)，它們分別是藉由 E1、E2 和 E3 這三種不同的 酵素催化的。本篇研究主要是藉由類小泛素 E3 連接酶 PIAS1 進行修飾作用， 我們發現 Hairy and Enhancer of split 1 (Hes-1) 蛋白質可被類小泛素修飾。若 將類小泛素 E3 連接酶 PIAS1 突變，就無法讓野生型 Hes-1 進行類小泛素修 飾化，證實 PIAS1 的參與對於類小泛素化修飾扮演重要的角色。除此之外， 將類小泛素目標蛋白質 Hes-1 序列上第八個位置的 lysine 突變，會抑制 Hes-1 進行類小泛素化修飾。因此，透過 PIAS1 所進行的類小泛素化修飾可以 使目標蛋白質 Hes-1 蛋白質更為穩定。之後更進一步探討在空間學習與記憶 中，Hes-1 進行類小泛素化修飾與 GluR1 蛋白質表現的關係。實驗結果顯示， Hes-1 進行類小泛素化修飾使空間學習與記憶變差並使 GluR1 蛋白質表現下 降。 / There are several post-translational modifications including methylation、 phosphorylation、ubiquitination、sumoylation, etc. Previously studies indicated that sumoylation can regulate target protein stability. Sumoylation also modulates many cellular processes, including nuclear transport, DNA replication, transcription, chromosome segregation, signal transduction, cell cycle and DNA repair. Sumoylation is a process mediated by SUMOs which are attached to specific lysine residues of target proteins by the action of a series of enzymes. Sumoylation is a dynamically reversible process. Sumoylation consists of three steps：activation, conjugation and ligation, which are respectively mediated by E1, E2 and E3 ligase. This study focuses on SUMO modification by E3 ligase. Here, we identified a new target protein, Hairy and Enhancer of split 1 (Hes-1), for SUMO conjugation. The E3 ligase deficient mutant of PIAS1 that leads to failure of Hes-1 protein sumoylation. We demonstrared that PIAS1 is involved in SUMO modification of Hes-1. In addition mutantion of Hes-1 protein on lysine 8 residue that inhibits the sumoylation of Hes-1. Therefore, sumoylation of Hes-1 regulates the protein stability of Hes-1. Further study of the relationship between sumoylation of Hes-1 and GluR1 in spatial memory formation indicated that spatial memory is impaired and GluR1 protein expression is decreased upon sumoylation of Hes-1.

保險為具有持續性及高度社會性之經濟制度，且與國家經濟有密切關係，台灣壽險業近年來快速成長，社會大眾的資金也大舉流入保險公司，因而保險公司的經營穩定度不但影響消費大眾的權益，也影響台灣經濟的穩定性。 本研究以HHM實證模型，將這一些不容易讓人看得懂的財務數據，轉換為一種容易瞭解的經營穩定度評等，利用台灣壽險業89年至98年的財務業務資料，主要以89年至98年期間進行logistic迴歸分析，並再細分為89年至93年及94年至98年等2個子期間進行實證，發現影響台灣壽險業經營穩定度的一致性主要因素為公司規模、投資績效、營業淨利、保險槓桿等四個變數，而且都是正向影響。另89年至98年之10年期間logistic迴歸分析結果較2個子期間更為顯著，代表10年較長觀察期間所得到的結果，優於5年觀察期間的結果，且過去會顯著影響壽險公司經營穩定度的變數，在未來未必仍持續有顯著影響。 根據本文實證發現，建議主管機關未來於修正「人身保險業辦理資訊公開管理辦法」時，能於財務業務指標中納入投資績效、營業淨利、保險槓桿等3項財務性指標，並考慮要求壽險業將辦理財務再保險的相關資訊及對財務報表的影響予以公開揭露，以利消費大眾瞭解壽險公司真實的財務狀況。 / Taiwan’s life insurance industry has experienced a rapid growth and numerous premiums flowed into life insurance companies during recent years. Therefore, the operating stability of life insurance companies affects not only the interests of policyholders but also the economic stability of Taiwan. For a better understanding of financial reports to general public, this study adopts HHM model to transfer financial data of life insurance companies to a rating regarding operating stability. The empirical financial data of Taiwan’s life insurance industry are mainly from 2000 to 2009 and we arrange a whole period as well as two sub-periods for logistic regression analysis. We find that, the factors that significantly and positively affect Taiwan life insurers’ operating stability are firm size, investment performance, operating margin and insurance leverage. With respect to logistic regression analysis, we also find that, the results of a whole period are more significant than those of two sub-periods. According to our empirical findings and toward a fully disclose to general public, we suggest that the competent authority bring investment performance, operating margin and insurance leverage into financial ratios, and ask life insurance companies disclose their transaction information and financial impact of any financial reinsurance by amending the “Regulations Governing Public Disclosure of Information by Life Insurance Enterprises”.

我國中央層級分立政府成因之初探研究 摘 要 邇來，行政部門與立法部門分屬不同政黨所掌控的「分立政府」（divided government）似乎逐漸成為台灣地區縣市政府的常態。我國自2000年總統大選過後，中央層級政府亦首度呈現分立政府型態。鑑於分立政府之意涵及其對我國實際政治運作具有相當的重要性，本論文嘗試探討造成我國中央層級分立政府的成因。分立政府的形成主要源自選民的「分裂投票行為」（split-ticket voting），儘管諸多研究者試圖運用各種學說，加以解釋選民為何採取分裂投票行為，但迄今仍莫衷一是，無法對其成因提供周延的解釋。本論文嘗試回顧相關文獻著作，綜合各家觀點，為其整理出研究脈絡，以作為探討我國中央層級分立政府之基礎。本論文嘗試藉由「2001年台灣選舉與民主化調查研究：民國九十年立法委員選舉全國大型民意調查研究」所釋出的資料，針對選民「分立政府」心理認知與投票行為進行分析。在影響因素方面，本文認為選民的制衡觀念、多重政黨認同、投票習性，以及憲政制度的規範等因素，可能是形成我國中央層級分立政府的重要變數。 關鍵詞：分立政府、分裂投票、投票穩定度、分權制衡、政黨認同

由於目前政治版圖的研究仍停留在資料描述的階段，描述選票在地理區域差異的程度，較缺乏定性與定量以及理論建構的研究。所以本文打算從政治版圖分析出發，借由一些探索性的研究，嘗試將政治版圖的概念操作化，並嘗試去解釋影響政治版圖變動的因素。本文想要探索的目標有三個，第一：政治版圖的定義，包含的面向，以及測量的方法。第二：嘗試結合目前國內由總體資料從事選舉研究的兩種分析方法－集群分析以及區位推論模型(Ecological Inference Model)。第三：嘗試結合個體資料以及總體資料研究途徑，藉由個體資料研究途徑中投票行為研究所累積的研究發現，解釋政治版圖這個現象。 本文從政治版圖的強度與穩定度兩個面向出發，以台北縣三次立委選舉(1995、1998、2001)為例，分析各政黨政治版圖的變動。並以投票行為研究中影響選民投票決定的三個主要因素：政黨認同、議題取向、候選人評價等因素來解釋政黨政治版圖的強弱以及穩定與變遷。

本研究以日本國內產物保險公司作為研究對象，研究期間為1986年至2010年，共25個年度。本研究應用固定效果之GMM（一般化動差法）模型，以Lerner index衡量市場獨占力（競爭度），檢驗對日本產險公司之市場獨占力（競爭度）對於公司的財務穩定度以及各種風險之影響，包括總風險、核保風險以及投資風險。本研究發現日本國內產險公司獨占力與各風險大多存在負相關：越高獨占力（越低競爭度）的公司其總風險及核保風險越低。然而，越高獨占力（越低競爭度）的公司容易面對越高的投資風險。本研究結果亦顯示，獨占力對於風險之影響於1997至2010之研究期間有顯著效果，惟其於1986至1996之研究期間效果不顯著。 / This paper chooses Japanese domestic general insurance company as the objective and the research period is from 1986 to 2010, 25 sample years in total. We apply fixed-effect in the GMM (Generalized method of moments) to examine the impact of the market power (Lerner index) specifically in insurance market on financial stability and different risks of insurance company, including total risk, underwriting risk and investment risk. The result suggests in general, negative relation exist between market power and risks in Japanese domestic general insurance industry: We find that the higher the market power (the lower competition), the lower the total risk and underwriting risk. On the other hand, higher marker power (lower competition) leads to higher investment risk. Our finding also shows that market power has an impact in the period 1997-2010 but not for the period of 1986-1996, which confirms that Japanese financial reform in 1996 might have influence on risks and financial stability.

本研究之研究目的旨在：(一) 探討友情、愛情與親情三種情感關係的共同性；(二) 探討友情、愛情與親情三種情感關係的獨特性；(三) 探討友情、愛情與親情三種情感關係之共同性與情感關係滿意度的關係；(四) 探討友情與愛情二種情感關係之共同性與情感關係穩定度的關係；(五) 探討友情關係中的性別差異。 研究者為690位大學生與研究生進行人際關係量表施測，分友情、愛情與親情三組樣本，各為230人；回收之有效問卷共617份，其中友情為203份、愛情為206份、親情為208份。調查結果透過描述統計、獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數分析、積差相關分析、簡單迴歸分析與多元迴歸分析進行研究分析工作 研究主要發現如下： 一、友情、愛情與親情三種情感關係有共同性存在。 二、愛情關係與親情關係有獨特性存在。 三、三種情感關係之共同性與情感關係滿意度有顯著正相關。 四、三種情感關係之共同性僅與友情關係穩定度有顯著正相關。 五、友情關係中，女性對「親密感」的重視顯著高於男性。 六、異性友誼中之「愛情成份」顯著高於同性友誼。 七、友情階段至愛情階段存在著漸變的光譜特質。 / The main purposes of this study are to explore: (a) the commonality of friendship, romantic relationship, and parent-child relationship, (b) the uniqueness of friendship, romantic relationship, and parent-child relationship, (c) the relationship between commonality and satisfaction of friendship, romantic relationship, and parent-child relationship, (d) the relationship between commonality and stability of friendship and romantic relationship, (e) the gender differences in friendship. A total of 690 undergraduate and postgraduate students participated in the study. The participants are then separated into three equal groups with 230 students in each group. The survey on the interpersonal relationship scale was then administered to each group regarding a unique relationship such as friendship, romantic relationship, and parent-child relationship. Total valid questionnaires are 617; among them are 203 regarding friendship, 206 regarding romantic relationship, and 208 regarding the parent-child relationship. Data were collected, processed, and analyzed using the following statistic methods: descriptive statistics, t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson's product-moment correlation, simple regression analysis, and simultaneous multiple regression analysis. Major findings are summarized as follows: 1.There are commonalities found among friendship, romantic relationship, and parent-child relationship. 2. There is uniqueness between romantic relationship and parent-child relationship. 3. There are significant positive correlations between the commonality and satisfaction of friendship, romantic relationship, and parent-child relationship. 4. There are significant positive correlations between the stability of friendship and the commonality of friendship, romantic relationship, and parent-child relationship. 5. Female students pay much attention to closeness than male students in friendship. 6. The romantic in opposite sex friendship shows significant positive correlation than in the same sex. 7. The gradual change of spectrum last in the stage of friendship to romantic stage.

研究目的：本研究的目的，是以縱貫研究的方式探討自閉症類疾患兒童自學齡前期至學齡期的臨床診斷穩定度、自閉症狀嚴重度變化、適應行為型態與其變化、內外化行為。 研究方法：本研究納入28名自閉症類疾患與18位非自閉症類疾患，於三個時間點進行評估：時間點一平均生理年齡為2歲半、時間點二為4歲、時間點三為9歲半。本研究分析三個時間點之臨床診斷穩定度以及後兩個時間點之評估資料。症狀嚴重度方面，以自閉症診斷會談問卷修訂版之晤談評估；適應行為方面，以文蘭適應行為量表第二版評估；認知功能方面，時間點二時以穆林發展量表評估，時間點三時使用魏氏兒童智力量表第四版評估；內外化行為方面，時間點三時以阿肯巴克實證衡鑑系統中的兒童行為檢核表評估。 研究結果：本研究結果顯示，自閉症類疾患從學齡前期至學齡期的臨床診斷穩定度高，若分亞型來看，自閉性疾患的診斷穩定度比其他未註明之廣泛性發展疾患高。症狀嚴重度方面，學齡期時自閉症類疾患兒童的溝通、侷限及重複刻板行為有顯著改善，社交行為亦有改善趨勢。適應行為方面，學齡前期及學齡期皆未發現自閉症類疾患與非自閉症類疾患之表現型態有差異，兩組在社會化領域的表現皆較其他領域來得差。自閉症類疾患的適應行為於學齡期時，年齡當量顯著增加，但社會化適應行為標準分數反而退步；進一步以認知功能分組檢視，則發現高功能自閉症類疾患在日常生活技巧與社會化領域的進步幅度顯著較多。內外化行為方面，學齡期時自閉症類疾患個案的退縮/憂鬱分量尺與社會問題分量尺之分數高於非自閉症類疾患，且自閉症類疾患在退縮/憂鬱、社會問題、注意力問題等三個分量尺上，皆有超過一半的個案達到邊緣範圍以上之分數；未發現內外化行為與自閉症狀嚴重度之間的相關。 結論：自閉症類疾患兒童到了學齡期大部分仍維持臨床診斷，顯示其自閉特徵仍然穩定存在，不過症狀嚴重度的整體趨勢會隨著年紀改善；但若以個體差異來看，每位個案進步的程度呈現高異質性，每位個案症狀改變的程度可能不同。自閉症類兒童的社會化適應行為從學齡前期至學齡期皆為其弱項，雖適應行為會隨著年齡進步，但社會化適應行為仍追不上同儕程度；高功能自閉症類疾患兒童的適應行為在日常生活技巧與社會化領域的進步幅度顯著較多，可能與認知功能有關。內外化行為方面，自閉症類疾患兒童的退縮/憂鬱問題、社會問題、注意力問題較多，但與症狀嚴重度無關。 / Purposes: The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the stability of clinical diagnosis, symptom severity, adaptive function and enternal/external behavior from toddler to school age in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Methods: Twenty eight children diagnosed with ASDs and eighteen children with Non-ASDs participated at time 1 (mean chronological age was 2.5 years old), and then followed at time 2 (mean chronological age was 4 years old) and at time 3 (mean chronological age was 9.5 years old). This study examines the stability of clinical diagnosis from time 1 to time 3, and analyze the measurement data between time 2 and time 3. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) was used to measure autistic symptom severity at time 2 and time 3; Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II (VABS-II) was used to measure daily adaptive behavior at time 2 and time 3; Mullen Scale of Early Learning (MSEL) or Wechsler intelligence scale for children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) was used to measure cognitive function at two time points; Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6-18 (CBCL/6-18) was used to measure enternal and external behavior at time 3. Results: The stability of clinical diagnosis was high from toddler age to school age, and the stability of Autistic Disorder was higher than Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. The ADI-R scores of communication domain, repetitive and stereotyped behavior domain were decreased at school age, while reciprocal social interaction domain was also declined but no significant difference. All domains of VABS-II standard score were no significant difference between ASDs and Non-ASDs at two time point, and the score of social domain was worst in both two groups. The VABS-II standard score of social domain was reduced although the age equivalent was increased at school age, and the standard score of other domains were no significant difference between the two time points but all age equivalents were improved at school age. Dividing ASDs to high-function ASDs and low-function ASDs to analyze the growth rate of adaption behaviors, the results indicated that the growth rate of adaption behaviors were higher in high-function ASDs at daily skill domain and social domain. Children with ASDs had significant higher scores on Withdrawn/Depressed scale and Social Problem scale than Non-ASDs in CBCL, and over 50 percent of ASDs scored above the borderline range at Withdrawn/Depressed scale, Social Problem scale and Attention Problem scale. In addition, there were no significant correlations between CBCL and ADI-R. Conclusions: In summary, the study showed that most of ASDs sustained the clinical diagnosis from preschool age to school age, however, the autistic symptom severity was declined. Additionally, the improvement of symptom severity of individual ASDs was high variability. The social adaptive behavior was worst in both toddler age and school age in ASDs. Although these children with ASD developed some of adaptive behaviors in the school age, the magnitude of improvement couldn’t equal to the change of their chronological age, especially in socialization domain. The growth rate of daily skill domain and social domain were higher in high-function ASDs than low-function ASDs, might associated with cognitive function. More Children with ASDs had withdrawn/depressed problem, social problem and attention problem, but there were not related to autistic symptom severity.