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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

社會語言學在華語教學中的應用:以「稱謂語」為例 / Application of sociolinguistics in teaching Mandarin Chinese address forms

曹嘉珍, Tsao, Chia Chen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探究將語言功能教學納入華語教學中之可行性,並選取華語稱謂語作為研究之對象。為達成研究目的,本研究以問卷調查方式以及訪談做為研究工具,有效問卷共計24份,透過問卷調取語料及配合訪談,進一步分析華語母語者在不同情境下對於稱謂語的擇用是否有規律可循。問卷調查以場合正式性、熟悉程度、階級、輩分與性別五項社會因素為主,檢測此五項社會因素個別如何宰制其對華語稱謂語的擇用,當其交乘時又會如何相互牽制與競爭。   經過研究實施與資料分析,在35個稱謂語中,只有7種形式使用頻率較高,包括「(名字 你)」、「您」、「職稱({你,您})」、「姓氏+職稱({你,您})」、「(姓氏)職稱({你,您})」、「姓氏+先生({你,您})」、「全名+你」。在社會變相方面,發現性別對稱謂語的擇用不具顯著影響力。因此就場合正式性、熟悉程度、階級與輩分四項社會因素進行分析,歸結研究結果如下:(一)受試者在公開場合與私底下之首選均為併式「(名字 你)」。研究結果顯示場合正式性的高低對首選的指稱形式的選擇並無直接影響。換言之,場合正式性對於稱謂語不具識別性。(二)在很熟、不大熟與不認識三種情形下,「名字」或「你」使用頻率均很高,凸顯現在社會價值體系的走向仍偏向協和關係,且其已超越權勢的強度。因此,當需要標示社會差距時會使用「職稱」。換言之,熟悉程度對於稱謂語的擇用具影響力,並依此分列為兩大系統,以「名字」與「你」指稱熟悉度高的對象,以「職稱」指稱熟悉度低的對象。(三)指涉對象為上司時多選用有「職稱」者;指涉同事與下屬則偏向使用「(名字 你)」;「您」則少用於指涉下屬。另外,原先假設「階級」可分為上司、同事與下屬三種程度,然根據調查結果可重新切割為「上司」以及「非上司」(即同事與下屬)兩階即可。(四)在對象輩分高於自己的情況下傾向以「職稱」標示雙方社會距離,而在面對平輩或是晚輩時則不適用。選用「您」的情形在面對長輩或是平輩時較為頻繁,對晚輩則不使用。「名字」以及「你」的稱謂指涉則不分輩分高低,顯示這兩種語言形式基本上不受到輩分高低的控制。(五)綜合以上,發現四項社會因素個別對稱謂語之影響力的優先順序為:{熟悉程度,階級}>輩分>場合正式性;交乘考量時,對稱謂語之影響力的優先順序為:熟悉程度>階級>輩分>場合正式性。無論是對於單獨或複合的稱謂形式,熟悉程度與階級的宰制均較強,影響力皆較大;而輩分與場合正式性的宰制較弱,影響力不明顯,可見與聽話者之間的關係才是主宰稱謂語擇用的主因。   最後本研究根據上述研究結果,對華語教學提出相關建議,並提出語言功能教學在華語教學實務上的應用與設計,希望能夠培養學習者建立對語言功能的意識與認識以及語言結構的使用能力,提升華語學習者的學習成效,達成語碼形式的正確性與使用之適切性兼具的成功溝通。
12

環保議題融入中高級華語課程設計與實踐 / Environmental Issues in CSL Curriculum Design and Implementation for Intermediate-High Level Learners

林芝逸, Lin, Chih Yi Unknown Date (has links)
本研究期望能設計以環境保護為主題的華語課程,使中高級華語學習者在學習語言的同時,亦能了解相關環保知識,並透過共同討論現實世界所面臨的問題提升其環保意識。 研究目的為:一、了解中高級華語學習者之學習需求。二、提供環保議題融入華語教學課程設計參考模式。三、評估具體教學成效。在課程設計前,透過文獻分析釐清本課程適合的教學方法、教學目標訂定方式以及教學材料的選取、編寫準則,主要以主題式教學法(Theme-Based Language Instruction)、溝通式教學法(Communicative Language Teaching)、美國外語教學學會(ACTFL)之5C準則(5C Standards)及貝爾格勒憲章(The Belgrade Charter)中的六項環境教育目標為本研究之教學理念,並參考英語教學之經驗,思考環境議題融入語言課程可行方式。亦透過需求分析,向中高級學習者與教師發放問卷,了解「教」與「學」兩方對於環保主題課程的態度及看法。綜合文獻與需求分析結果為本研究課程設計總體方向,依此進行課程發展設計,並實際進行兩次課程實施以評估學習成就及整體課程設計,提出改進之道及後續研究建議。 本文主要研究方法為發展研究法、問卷及訪談調查法。發展研究法提供本研究可參照之設計流程,包含分析、設計發展、課程實施、成效評估、修正等階段。問卷調查用於課程設計前之學習需求分析、課程實施後之課程滿意度調查;訪談則用於課程實施後,了解學習者對本課程的想法、心得與建議,進一步回饋至修正建議。 透過教學實施,學習者對於本課程皆給予正面評價,認為本課程有意思且實用,不僅能使語言技能進步,亦能關心、討論環境議題,也讓平常少有機會接觸時事的學生更了解台灣社會與文化。本研究根據教學成效提出幾點教學建議:一、在教學內容選取上,現實議題探討能加強學習者之社會語言能力,且符合學習興趣,使學習者能更了解所處的社會環境。議題以真實材料或非真實材料呈現皆有其須注意之處。二、在環境教育目標於華語課程之實踐上,教師須於課堂提供察覺、認識之契機,透過引導,學習者能自行運用其技能與評估能力,最後發展出個人觀點與態度。三、在課堂活動規劃上,輸入、輸出型活動須搭配且循序運用。筆者並於篇末提出後續研究建議。 / This study examines the design of a Chinese language curriculum focused on environmental protection, and aims to enhance students’ language skills while increasing awareness about environmental issues. There are three purposes of this study; the first is to analyze the learning needs of intermediate-high CSL students, the second is to provide a design model for an environmentally themed CSL curriculum, and the third is to evaluate the effectiveness of its implementation. Also included is a review of previous studies that highlights appropriate methods of developing objectives, editing materials, and teaching. The instructional philosophy of this study is based on theme-based language instruction, communicative language teaching, the 5 C’s language teaching standards (ACTFL) , and the six objectives of environmental education in the Belgrade Charter. A learning needs questionnaire is also given to both teachers and students in order to survey their opinions on teaching and learning. The results of this needs analysis and extensive review of existing literature provide the main guiding principles behind the curriculum’s development. The results of two terms of implementations are presented, as well as potential further improvements. The main research method of this study is developmental research; surveys and interviews are used to as supplemental methods. The developmental research method provides a model for curriculum design, and calls for various phases of analysis, design (development), implementation, and evaluation. Survey research is then used to forecast learning needs before the design phase, and also to gather students’ feedback after the completion of the class. Interviews are used after each complete implementation to gather more information and impressions from students. After two complete implementations of the curriculum, the interview results show that students find the course practical and interesting, as they can not only enhance their language skills, but also raise their awareness of environmental issues through class discussion. In addition, they felt the class increased their understanding of Taiwan society and culture via discussion of current events. The main findings are as follows: 1) Content relating to social issues can simultaneously improve students’ sociolinguistic competence and also meet their learning needs. The contents can be provided in authentic or inauthentic contexts, but should follow certain design principles. 2) To fulfill the six objectives of environmental education in a CSL curriculum, the instructor needs to help students understand environmental issues first, and then guide students to use their analysis skills to evaluate current events. Afterwards, students will develop their own perspective and attitude. 3) To develop an effective course, the input and output activities should be arranged in sequence.
13

華語語言功能教學的學習成效研究 / Teaching language functions to learners of Mandarin as a second language

陳惠芳, Chen, Hui Fang Unknown Date (has links)
傳統的語言教學,著重於語言技能的學習成效,忽略語言功能的重要性,對於新興學科華語教學而言此一現象尤為明顯。為使華語學習者使用目標語時,其正確性與適切性能獲得均衡的提升,因此本研究以語言功能理論為基礎,進行語言功能教學實驗,並預期其語言功能學習成效將對華語/華人的態度帶來正向改變。 本研究以2011年寒假華裔青年短期語文班的11名學員為對象,進行研究與教學實驗,學員來自紐澳,均以英語為第一語,華語能力為該營隊次高級程度。教學分實驗組與對照組,兩組語言形式教學的部分由該語文班同一名教師進行教學;語言功能部分由研究者對實驗組進行教學。教學實驗內容以影響語言風格之不同正式程度的語碼形式為切入點,運用歸納法引導學生發現5種語碼形式的規律,並運用演繹法教授擇用的原則。 本研究共設計4份問卷,以調取研究所需之資料。包括受試者的基本資料、對華語/華人的態度、華語學習成效(含功能與形式)以及華語學習動機。其中針對態度與學習成效進行前後測。 經數據統計分析,本研究大部分的假設都獲得了驗證,包括:(1)語言功能的觀念可以透過課堂學習獲得;(2)語言功能教學可提升受試者對語言功能的注意;(3)語言功能的學習成效高,其語言形式的學習成效也提升;(4)受試者的華語功能學習成效、華語使用頻率、華人文化背景為正相關。至於受試者的華語功能學習成效與華語學習動機之間的關係則未獲驗證。但是透過個別訪談,實驗組學生都對此次教學活動持肯定態度。 本研究的結論是語言功能可以透過堂內系統化的方式進行教學,教學後改善了對華語/華人的語言態度,足證語言功能教學的必要性。此外本研究為語言功能教學建立了可用的教學設計,並對華裔的背景與其華語學習情況有更具體的了解:(1)華裔青年使用華語的頻率在對象、地點與話題的範疇中,以對象為主導;(2)華裔青年與華人傳統文化之間的關係是疏遠的;(3)華裔青年的華語能力與華語使用頻率、華語能力與對華人文化的理解、華人文化的理解與華人態度成正相關。 本研究在第四章中也對華裔華語教學提出各種具體建議,大致可歸納為:(1)教學設計應考量華裔在不同範疇中使用華語的頻率;(2)將節慶儀式操演納入教學,並重視清明節的介紹;(3)除了教材內的書面語/口語語碼形式的對照,也可由學生蒐集真實語境中的書面語語料進行補充教學。
14

聲調標記與詞彙熟悉度對華語學習者閱讀影響之眼動研究 / The influence of tone marker and word familiarity on reading of Chinese learners : An eye-tracking study

許宇萱, Hsu, Yu Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
對華語學習者而言,漢字的諸多特性使漢字閱讀成為學習者面臨的難點之一,而華語聲調也是許多學習者在聽和說上的難點。閱讀為連結字形與字音,再對應至字義的過程,因此本文以華語學習者為對象,嘗試找出漢字閱讀與華語聲調之間的關係,以不同形式的聲調標記(tone marker)作為視覺提示及不同熟悉度(word familiarity)的詞彙作為操弄變項,使用眼動儀(eye-tracker)為實驗工具,設計閱讀理解作業,了解聲調標記及詞彙熟悉度對閱讀程度不同的華語學習者在閱讀時的影響。 實驗採完全受試者內設計,操弄三種聲調標記(聲調輪廓、聲調數字及中性刺激)的實驗句呈現方式與實驗句中的目標詞熟悉程度(高、低),記錄閱讀實驗句的眼動資料。實驗共分三階段進行,每一階段受試者需閱讀具相同聲調標記的實驗句,並回答隨機出現的理解題;研究同時輔以中文年級認字量表、LEAP-Q問卷及目標詞理解程度問卷三項工具來評定受試者客觀及主觀上的中文閱讀程度差異,以及主觀對操弄目標詞的理解程度。眼動資料包含整體性、區域性及以實驗句中每個詞為單位分析的三種眼動表現,並以閱讀能力為分析變項,比較閱讀能力高、低兩組眼動表現的異同。 研究發現無論學習者閱讀程度為何,皆可以穩定地看到熟悉度的效果,閱讀高熟悉度詞彙的速度較快,顯示熟悉度影響了閱讀歷程。而聲調標記的效果較不明顯,但是聲調標記對低程度組的影響較大,且在閱讀高熟悉度詞彙時,添加帶有較多資訊的聲調輪廓標記可能是一種干擾,反之在閱讀低熟悉度詞彙時,可以幫助學習者辨識字詞。而在中文年級認字量表的結果中,有部分學習者容易將字唸為含有該字雙字詞的另一個字(蝶唸為蝴),這可能與學習者傾向以詞彙為單位記憶有關,因此本文也在最後進行詞素教學的相關討論,並針對華語學習者提出教學建議。
15

桌上遊戲融入華語文教學複習活動─以「驢橋」為例 / Reviewing activities of teaching Chinese as a second language integrated with tabletop games– the case of Eselsbrücke

劉鈺琪, Liu, Yu Chi Unknown Date (has links)
課堂遊戲活動是語言教室裡重要的一環,透過遊戲不僅可降低學習者壓力、提升學習動機、增加學生互動,更能刺激高層次的思考,對華語教師而言也是不可或缺的語言練習。然而,目前華語教學關於遊戲活動的相關研究尚在發展階段,在教學現場,華語老師也受限於難以自行設計遊戲或製作道具等因素,因而降低使用課堂遊戲活動的意願和頻率。 本研究將桌上遊戲元素加入華語文課堂中,透過適度更動桌上遊戲「驢橋」的部分規則和道具,盼學生在帶有競爭性質的規則中歡樂且積極地練習所學生詞,證明桌上遊戲作為華語教學複習活動的可行性。 此次實驗過程中讓受試學生實地操作「驢橋」,實驗過程中同時錄音,實驗結束後請所有受試學生填寫問卷,並徵求自願者進行一對一訪談,最後綜合實驗觀察紀錄、問卷與訪談以觀察探究學生對「驢橋」的反應。根據研究結果,「驢橋」作為華語課堂的遊戲活動時,可引起學生注意力,積極將所學應用於遊戲中,提升生詞學習的自信心,華語教師在遊戲中可鼓勵增強學生的滿足感,扮演給予學生回饋的重要角色,「驢橋」為學生接受程度高的華語課堂教學複習遊戲活動。此次研究證明桌上遊戲「驢橋」改編為華語教學課堂複習活動可提升學生學習動機,學生反應熱烈,未來可推廣更多樣化的桌上遊戲進入華語教學課堂,讓華語教學的活動更豐富多彩。 / Class games play an important role in language class. The advantages of games include: lower the learning pressure, strengthen the learning motivation, enhance the interaction between students, and stimulate higher-order thinking ability. Games are also a necessary practice for language learning. However, related research in the field of teaching Chinese as a second language is still developing. Also, due to the difficulty of designing the games and preparing the props, Chinese teachers would hesitate to use the games or reduce the frequency of language games in the classroom. The topic of this research is teaching Chinese as a second language class integrated with tabletop games factors. By amending some rules and props of the board game Eselsbrücke, students would be expected to practice the learned vocabularies actively and delightfully in this game. Also, this research could prove the feasibility of tabletop games as the reviewing activity of teaching Chinese as second language. In the research, subjects would operate Eselsbrücke directly, and all their response would be observed through recording. After the research, students filled in the questionnaire, and volunteers would accept the interview. According to the research result, as a game in Chinese class, Eselsbrücke can arouse student’s attention, review what they have learned, makes students more confident in learning vocabularies. Chinese teachers play an important role that not only encourages students to achieve higher sense of satisfaction, but also feedbacks to students immediately. Combining the fun of game and the effective language practice, Eselsbrücke is a reviewing activity which is easy for students to accept in teaching Chinese as a second language class. This research proves that tabletop game Eselsbrücke shows positive effect to students as a Chinese class reviewing activity. In the future, we may promote tabletop games in teaching Chinese as a second language class, to create more and more interesting and attractive Chinese teaching activities.
16

阿根廷華語文學習者的需求分析與教學建議 / Analysis and Suggestions for Chinese Teaching Materials in Argentina

郭恩光, Kuo, Silvia Luz Unknown Date (has links)
在過去幾十年的時間,西方國家逐漸興起華文熱。拉丁美洲則到2000年代才漸漸開始看到越來越多的華語課程,因此如今華語教學在此地區仍處於一個不斷變化的階段。在阿根廷,由於華語教師以及華語教材的需求日益增長,當地的華語教師經常必須自備教材或是遷就於不適合的教材。筆者在阿根廷實際從事過華語職業教師數年,於此時期內發現當地使用的對外華語教學教材之理念與教學的實際做法之間存在明顯的差異性。筆者在教學中發現阿根廷學習者具有獨特的語言學習需求與習慣,因此教學法應該迎合學習者的特色與需求。如今阿根廷的華語教學界裡所面臨的問題涉及以下三方面:一是要如何滿足學員的需求、再者是要如何迎合當地學員的語言學習習慣與當地華語教師所使用的教學法、三是要如何突破教目前所使用的教材之無相關性和無效性。目前阿根廷的華語學習者所使用的教材中,有一半是以英語編寫,主要對象是以英語為母語者。另一半是來自中華人民共和國,並以西班牙文編寫的教材。在2009年間,當地的教師出版了一本號稱針對拉丁美洲華語學習者所寫得教材,但是本教材在教學品質及內容相關性皆有缺失。雖然這些教材在阿根廷被廣泛使用,然而對於當地學習者而言卻稱不上是最理想的教材。阿根廷目前所使用的教材主要的缺失,首先在於議題和語言內容與學習者的生活毫無相關。再者,此類教材的設計與教學法不符合當地學習者的需求。最後,教材所採用的練習題無法激勵學習者的思考和溝通能力。本研究的目的為初步分析阿根廷目前所使用的華語教材,並探討其實用性(或有效性)及相關性。藉由了解學習者的需求和當地教師們對於教材的意見,筆者將提出較有效的教學法和相稱的教材。本論文結合了筆者本人在阿根廷教學的實務經驗和當地學習者之意見。在經過教材分析後,筆者以最適合當地華語學習者的溝通教學法(特別採用溝通性教學法)設計出一個課程單元教案,希冀能提升往後西班牙語為母語者的華語學習效果,並對推動區域化華語文教材的編制能有些許貢獻。 / In the past decade, most countries of the Western hemisphere witnessed the surge of the “Chinese Language Fever”. Such a wave arrived in Latin America in mid 2000, with the emergence of Chinese language courses. At present, the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language in this part of the world is still at an early stage of development. In Argentina, the need for qualified Chinese teachers as well as adequate teaching materials is nowadays most urgent, as local teachers find themselves having to adjust to available teaching materials, or in need of preparing additional teaching material to compensate for the shortcomings of currently used course books. During my years as a teacher of Chinese in Argentina, I realized that the underpinnings of the Chinese pedagogical materials are in stark contrast with the practices in the actual classroom. Through my teaching it became apparent that Argentine learners possess distinctive language learning habits and needs, which had to be catered for by means of a suitable teaching methodology. In order to improve the current situation, teachers of Chinese in Argentina must seriously address the following three questions: How should learners’ needs be addressed? How should we reconcile the discrepancy between teaching methodologies and students’ language learning habits? And lastly, how should we reconcile the lack of relevance and effectiveness of Chinese teaching materials? At the moment, half of the materials used by local learners are written in English, i.e. with an English speaking learner in mind. The other half is published in the People’s Republic of China with explanations and instructions written in Spanish. Although circa 2009 a book published by local teachers emerged claiming to be designed specifically for the Latin American learner, the pedagogical quality and relevance of the content are highly questionable. Although these materials are widely used in Argentina, they are far from being ideal for the local learner. The main flaws of Chinese teaching materials currently used in Argentina are namely, the lack of relevance of the themes and linguistic content with respect to the learner’s world experience, and last, but not least, the failure of the practice activities to encourage significant intellectual processes and the development of communicational skills. The aim of this research is, therefore, to analyze the pedagogical materials currently in use in Argentina, in order to evaluate their effectiveness and relevance. In view of the needs revealed by local learners and the opinions of Chinese teachers in said country, I intend to propose a more adequate methodology, as well as a set of sample materials. Thus the present paper is the result of my personal experience as a teacher of Chinese in Argentina and the integration of the opinions of local Chinese language learners. After having analyzed the materials currently available, I will present a set of sample materials, in the hope that it will contribute to the improvement of the quality of the Chinese learning process for Spanish speakers, as well as to promote the future development of localized Chinese teaching materials.

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