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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

大陸配偶面談機制改善之研究 / On the Improvement of Mainland-Spouses-Interview mochanism

姚綺蘭 Unknown Date (has links)
各國移民政策基於政治、經濟情勢及社會安全之考量皆訂定許多管制措施,我國亦不例外,為防杜大陸人士利用虛偽婚姻入台,2003年9月1日起實施大陸配偶面談機制,此機制是我國對大陸配偶諸多管制項目之一,其為維護國境移入安全的第一道重要關卡。實施以來,如何在人權與國權兩相競合間取得平衡,一直是政府、民意機關、民間團體、學者專家及利害關係當事人共同關切之重要議題。因此,本文以大陸配偶來台面談機制為探討主軸,秉持戴明理論「持續不斷改善」之核心價值,希冀經由文獻及訪談資料之歸納,對此機制未來目標有所助益。本文論述重點如下: 壹、研究內涵 一、面談機制運作概況及缺失 二、面談權益之宣導 三、面談品質之改善 四、面談處分之行政救濟 五、面談輔助機制 六、面談正面效益與負面效應 貳、未來目標 一、符合國際人權公約之內涵 二、建立面談機制輔助方案 三、實施境外面談 四、簡化面談流程 伍、重視公民參與
2

會計師對受查者虛偽銷貨風險之管理─個案研析

嚴奕奇 Unknown Date (has links)
近年國內企業發生財務報表不實的舞弊,大多先涉及虛偽銷貨,爾後再透過各種手法加以掩飾。過去學者的研究指出,當財務報表舞弊為虛偽交易類型時,會計師被告之機會較大。當受查者的交易型態變得複雜,會計師查核財務報表之外在不確定性增加,審計失敗的機會增加;會計師面臨的審計風險變高,會計師事務所之營業風險提高。 因此,本研究為降低會計師未來因虛偽銷貨而冒之法律風險而分析我國上市櫃公司虛偽銷貨舞弊之手法及警訊,俾助會計師得評估虛偽銷貨之風險,規劃可偵出虛偽銷貨之查核程序。 本研究透過個案分析及問卷調查,歸納出以下結論: 1.目前企業進行虛偽銷貨之手法,皆以關係人為銷貨對象,可能以同一批貨在關係人間買賣(如勁永),或以假冒之商品出貨(如博達),亦可能根本沒出貨,以虛假之發票及資金的流動製造銷貨之假象(如皇統)。 2.企業於舞弊期間之警訊,則以營業項目及融資項目之變化最為明顯。前者包含企業於舞弊期間銷貨予關係人之比率異常增加,或外銷比率或外銷地區經年改變,亦可能主要客戶及供應商交易情形(如銷貨金額占總銷貨淨額百分比)變化大;後者則包含公司規模小,卻發行ECB,且發行條件異常(如閉鎖期過短),或該公司於舞弊期間之海外存款之比率異常增加。 3.針對虛偽銷貨會計師查核程序之規劃,則應先辨認出關係人,再規劃辨認異常物流狀況之查核程序。 / In recent years, management fraud in financial statements has been occurred in Taiwan. These reporting frauds were often related to fictitious sales, and then covered the frauds in other ways. Prior studies examined that auditors have higher risk of litigation when the fraud type is fictitious transactions. Auditors are more likely to be sued when the financial statement frauds are of a common variety, and then higher risk of managing the firms. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the patterns of fraud schemes used by management to perpetrate and conceal fraud and finds out the proper audit procedure of fictitious sales to decline the risk of litigation. After a series case-by-case analysis and questionnaire investigation, it can be concluded as follows: 1.The patterns of fraud schemes in fictitious sales used by management are selling the inventories to related parties. For instance, managements may transact the same inventories between related parties(勁永), sell the fake products(博達), or they might create fake documents such as fake purchase orders, fake invoices and fake shipping documents to conceal fictitious sales(皇統). 2.The most common implication of financial statement fraud is operating and financing activities. The former includes the increasing rate of transaction between the management and related party or varieties of overseas sales and areas with sales aboard; the latter contains the small-sized-firms issued ECB with abnormal conditions, and abnormal increasing ratio of overseas deposit during the fraud. 3.The audit procedure of fictitious sales, we should find out the related parties, and then draw up the audit procedure of indentifying abnormal transaction.
3

共同正犯之未遂

李進榮 Unknown Date (has links)
一、數人共同實施犯罪,例如甲乙丙三人計畫搶劫銀行,約定甲乙持槍衝入,甲先控制行員及顧客,乙搜括財物後,通知在銀行外車上待命兼把風之丙駛來接應,三人乘車逃離現場前開,如成功,三人依我國實務用語(如69年台上字第695號判例)有「犯意聯絡」及「行為分擔」,符合我國刑法第二十八條「共同實施」要件,皆論以共同正犯,但如失敗,特別有同夥尚無任何舉動時,其「行為分擔」或「共同實施」何在?三人能否論以(未遂的)共同正犯?此涉及共同正犯之歸責原理。如觀察前述強盜銀行案:甲本身僅實施「強制行為」,乙係「取走行為」,丙則稱不上構成要件行為,然三人最後卻均須對整個強盜結果負責,這之間歸責究係如何發生? 對此,我國及德國實務學說可大別下列三說: 1.)「團體說」:視數共同實施之人為一個「團體」,犯罪乃由該「團體」實施,有似一人實施般,該團體成員(縱僅一人)所實施者,即屬團體行為,其他成員自應一同負責。 2.)「相互歸責說」:稱正犯者,須符合刑法構成要件所有要素,共同正犯亦不例外,惟每一共同正犯通常僅實施部分構成要件,甚或與構成要件無關,因此,同夥間行為貢獻之相互歸責,始能圓滿說明每個共同正犯須對整體結果負責之理由,亦即,共同行為人不再融入團體中,而是化身為其他同夥。 3.)「個人本位說」:每個共同正犯之所以應對整體結果負責,毋須間接藉由「團體」或牽涉其他同夥,乃因其與整體結果間直接具有某種關係,例如支配即得說明。 二、從前述「既遂」歸責原理出發,則於探討共同正犯「未遂」如採「團體說」或「相互歸責說」,即一人所為屬團體行為,或應歸責其他同夥,則其他同夥有何舉動在所不問。準此,前述甲拔槍衝入銀行,已屬加重強盜罪之著手,雖立刻遭制伏,乙丙雖尚無舉動,三人均成立強盜未遂罪。反之,採「個人本位說」,不論其他同夥,僅針對自己本身所為,可否認與犯罪結果具有某種關係,如此,甲得論以加重強盜未遂罪,固無疑義,然無任何舉動之乙丙恐難構成未遂。 三、德國學說因前述歸責原理及未遂理論差異,逐漸對共同正犯未遂之成立形成三觀點:「一人著手,全體論以未遂」;「至少須著手於自己行為分擔」及介於兩者之間「著手於整體行為」,Schilling稱前者為「整體模式」(Gesamtl□sung),後者為「個別模式」「Einzelll□sung」,吾人稱第三者為「折衷模式」。 四、本文認為,關於共同正犯歸責,「團體本位」與「行為歸責論」均不足採,應直接經由共同正犯本身行為與犯罪結果間之關聯求得,亦即應從「個人本位」與「行為直接歸責」角度出發,Roxin之「功能性支配」及以此為歸責基礎之「個別模式」符合前開要求,本文採之。另「共謀共同正犯」僅參與謀議者亦得論以共同正犯,有處罰思想之虞。又僅參與謀議者本不為罪,卻因同夥著手,卻突然一躍成為正犯,其責任完全取決另一人之任意,淪為「正犯從屬性」。再者,承認「共謀共同正犯」使實務於認定罪刑時偏重自白之取得,與刑事訴訟法降低自白之證據原則背道而馳。 五、德國聯邦法院自1986年起接連出現三判決,其共同點係數人外觀上似擬實施某犯罪,然著手實施之人(稱為虛偽共同正犯)根本欠缺犯罪意思,其他同夥則尚未開始行動,此問題對「整體模式」(一人著手,全體未遂)最大挑戰在於該「一人」如屬虛偽,「整體模式」仍否適用?如何適用?聯邦法院各庭對此不僅見解歧異,更吸引多達十餘位學者在期刊、紀念論文集爭鳴,各具特點,令人目眩,為德國刑法史從有未之奇觀,此涉及共同正犯之歸責原理。 六、數人共同實施犯罪時,難免有人心生異念,或因恐懼,或與同夥不合,而起意退出,此際就脫離者本身而言亦屬「未遂」(中途退出,未完成犯罪),如其他同夥未受影響,仍繼續完成原定犯罪,則脫離者應如何論罪?能否構成未遂中止?此亦與共同正犯歸責原理亦相關。 七、在「整體模式」下,一人著手,全體論以未遂,但如該著手之人發生錯誤,致犯罪無從既遂,因依通說構成要件等價之客體錯誤(殺人罪之客體為人,茍認識其為人而實施殺害,則其人之為甲或乙,不因之有所歧異),不影響刑責,則「整體模式」能否適用?特別當發生錯誤之客體係其他同夥時,問題更形複雜。德國聯邦法院在六O年代曾出現「誤擊同夥案」,判決理由不僅當時引發學者激烈討論,迄今仍餘波蕩漾,為一檢視「共同正犯歸責原理」及「整體模式」之佳例。
4

論自白信用性之分析與審查標準-以江國慶案為例 / 無

陳先成 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要是陳述自白濫用之困境與解決途徑。過去法院在審理案件時,相當重視犯人的自白,然而過份強調自白容易違反無罪推定原則及公平法院原則,且易造成誤判。自白信用性應如何確定,一直是刑事法學及偵審實務上最具爭議且影響事實認定之重大的課題,但深入探討此議題的文獻有限。在台灣最著名的冤案之一就是江國慶案,其冤案成因,主要是法院與偵查機關過度依賴江國慶的自白,研究者為監察院調查官,於民國92年奉命調查此案,調查期間因案件需要,遂開始研究此議題。拉丁法諺明確說明「自白是證據之王」。過去常見使用非任意性自白作為裁判基礎,但對於如何獲取自白方式較不被重視,使用酷刑取得非任意性自白很常見。雖然現代社會使用拷問及酷刑方式取得非任意性自白並不多見,但法官與檢察官仍十分重視自白,因與其他證據相較,自白較容易勾畫犯罪事實之全貌,具有較優勢的地位。雖然自白之取得縱未經強暴、脅迫、利誘、詐欺或其他不正方法,然仍有許多案件顯示有虛偽自白情形。到底是何種原因產生虛偽自白,應該用何種分析方式與審查標準評價該自白,首先必須探討國家機關獲取自白之方式與過程對於犯罪嫌疑人心理影響,始能明瞭自白內容其實是偵訊者透過訊問與犯罪嫌疑人溝通互動之產物,存有偵訊者主觀的意念。因此,本研究之目的主要是藉由江國慶案件深入分析自白信用性,並訂定出審查標準。 本文引用日本有關自白信用性之學說、研究結果以及現行實務,配合我國實務現狀,再藉由江國慶案卷證,描繪自白信用性審查標準。江國慶案因受限軍事審判法規定,不得上述上訴最高法院審酌,其中有關江國慶自白部分具有相當疑義,包括自白之成立係在高壓偵訊環境中所生, 自白與證物不一致等。本案為密室偵訊之典型案例,其中雖自白任意性之爭議極大,但因任意性舉證極為困難,導致歷審軍事法院均三言兩語駁回被告有關任意性之調查證據之聲請,此即為自白任意性在實務操作最大的問題;就自白信用性部分,歷審法院認定方式較無標準,這也是我國實務上之通病。綜合文獻及實務,研究者認為在審查自白信用性的標準應包括:(1)自白成立過程 (2)自白內容變動之合理性 (3)體驗供述之陳述 (4)秘密的暴露 (5)自白與客觀證據之一致性 (6)可供證實之物證不存在與欠缺相關情況證據 (7)犯罪嫌疑人對犯行前後偵訊者以外之人言行與被告的辯解等7項標準。 希望藉由本研究所訂定之標準,提供從事司法實務者在審判審案件時有一清晰客觀的標準,以達成維護公共福祉與保障人權。 / The focus of this study was to describe the dilemma regarding the abusive use of confessions and its solution. In the past, a great emphasis has been placed in course on the confessions of the accused. However, an overemphasis on confessions may violate the principles of presumption of innocence and just court, resulting in miscarriage of justice. Determining the credibility of confessions has been one of the most controversial issues in the criminal law and in the investigation and trial practice. However, limited studies have explored on this issue. In Taiwan, one of the most well-known cases of injustice is the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching. The primary reason for the injustice was the over-reliance of the court and investigation agency on the confession of Chiang Kuo-Ching. As an inquisitor at the Control Yuan, the researcher was involved in the investigation of the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching in 2003. During the investigation, the researcher began a more in-depth study on the issue of abusive use of confessions. Latin law principles proclaim that “confession is the king of evidence”. Involuntary confessions have been commonly used in the past as a foundation for judicial judgment. However, the strategies for acquiring confessions were not stressed. Torture was used in the past for the acquisition of involuntary confessions, while it is not a current practice. Currently, judges and prosecutors greatly value confessions due to their greater capacity of providing an overall picture of the criminal facts, as compared to other strategies. In many cases, false confessions are commonly present. To understand the causes of false confessions and to develop standardized determining criteria for false confessions, it is critical to explore the psychological impacts of the processes and strategies of acquiring confessions on the criminal suspects. Such exploration will provide an understanding that a confession is the product of the interactive communications between the investigator and the suspect, involving the subjectivity of the investigator. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the credibility of confessions and to develop an evaluation criteria based on an analysis of the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching. A Japanese theory of credibility of confessions, research findings, current practice in Taiwan and the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching were used to develop credible evaluation criteria for confessions. Due to the restriction from the military trail law placed on the case of Chiang Kuo-Ching, appeal to the Supreme Court was not permitted. Several elements of the confession of Chiang Kuo-Ching were questionable, such as the highly stressful interrogation environment for the confession, and the inconsistency between the confession and evidences. The case of Chiang Kuo-Ching is a typical case of secret interrogation, which generates great controversial on the voluntary nature of confessions. Due to the difficulties in obtaining evidences for voluntary confessions, the requests to acquire evidence for voluntary confessions were denied by the military court. This is the greatest problem related to the practical operation of voluntary confessions. Currently, there are no standardized evaluation criteria to review the credibility of confessions, which has been a common issue in the practical judicial operation. Derived on the literature and practice experiences, the researcher proposed the application of seven criterions in the evaluation of the credibility of confessions: (1) process of acquiring confessions, (2) rationality of changes in the contents of confessions, (3) existence of criminal experiences, (4) exposure of secrets, (5) consistency between the confessions and objective evidences, (6) lack of evidence to proof the crime of the accused, and (7) the words and actions of the suspect toward the individuals other than the investigators before and after the crime, and the argument of the defendant. The finding of this study will provide an objective and standardized criteria for judicial practice for the purposes of protecting public welfare and human right.
5

從我國證券市場監理法制論財務報表不實之法律責任

周秀美 Unknown Date (has links)
當今社會經濟資源的流通體系中,證券市場是十分重要之機制,當投資人於證券市場將其資金挹注於經營體質良好之公司,所產生的連動效果將有助於整體經濟的蓬勃發展。被投資公司之財務報表以及財務報表衍生的各類分析,是投資人決策過程中極為重要的參考資訊,亦是被投資公司檢視自我財務狀況及經營成果的主要依據,從而產生由會計師進行查核簽證等需求,期藉由會計師之獨立性及專業審核,合理確認財務報表是否允當表達。  然而近年來國內外接連發生多起重大財務舞弊案件,廣大投資人及債權人直接蒙受其害,財務報表編製者、公司高階主管與簽證會計師之專業能力和職業道德備受質疑,尤其是位居專家立場,為財務報表之允當表達與否背書的會計師,更是成為眾矢之的,主管機關亦即刻就證券交易法、會計師法等相關法令進行修正,加重會計師法律責任成為報章雜誌一再出現的主題。   關於財務報表真實性之確保,會計師之簽證職能雖被賦予極高的期待,惟財務報表供應鍊整體尚包括公司管理階層、監察人、準則制定者、主管機關等,倘能就所有環節進行個別審視檢討,進而就供應鍊整體加以綜合規劃,對於建立證券市場健全的資訊公開體系,當能提供更完整而根本之助益。   本文首先說明財務報表於證券市場資訊公開體系中之定位,包括財務報表之主要內容與功能,以及進行編製、查核簽證時所應遵循之法令規範;次則就財務報表不實之意義及案例、法院判決進行探討,並介紹相關研究報告之主要內容;接著說明證券市場監理法制對於財務報表不實之防制體系,包括自律與他律機制對於確保財務資訊真實性之規範,其中由於會計師簽證係證券市場監理法制中,確保財務資訊真實性之最基本要求與第一道防線,因而另以會計師為法律責任探討主體,下分行政責任、對投資人以及委託查核客戶之民事責任、刑事責任、對受查公司追究法律責任之可行性等,依序說明現行規範及新近修法概況;最後關於財務報表內容存在不實情事時,現行法令中已納入規範之責任主體,包括有價證券發行人、證券商、發行人之職員、主辦會計人員、會計師及其他專門技術人員等,就其所應負之行政、民事、刑事責任本文以表格方式整理列示,期就財務報表不實法律責任之現行法令構成體系,作一整體檢視,並試加探討建議。
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借名登記契約—以不動產物權為中心

王柏淨 Unknown Date (has links)
借名登記於清代就已經出現,亦普遍存在於現今台灣社會,惟現行法未針對借名登記作出明確的規範,因此就借名登記相關爭議問題的處理上甚為棘手,我國實務和學說見解對此爭議問題,目前還是處於各持己見,尚無統一定論的階段。 特別是在借名登記契約之效力認定上,以及若肯認借名登記契約之效力,而出名人違約處分標的財產時,該處分行為之效力為何此二部分,實務及學說見解甚為歧異,本文希冀藉由整理分析各項實務及學說見解,建立統一的判斷流程,增強借名登記契約法律效果的明確性,進而使當事人於涉訟時對於判決結果能有較高的預見可能性。

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