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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

評安地瓜控告美國禁止網路賭博案---以服務貿易特定承諾與一般例外規定之關係為中心

黃渝清 Unknown Date (has links)
安地瓜於2003年3月13日以美國採取全面禁止網路賭博服務之措施為由提起訴訟,小組報告於2004年11月10日出爐,美國與安地瓜均不服小組裁決分別提起上訴,上訴機構於2005年4月7日做出裁決。 上訴機構報告認定美國已對網路賭博服務做出承諾,且因美國並未於其特定承諾表中填寫市場開放及國民待遇之限制,因而美國所採全面禁止網路賭博服務之措施違反GATS第十六條第一項規定。美國接著援引GATS第十四條規定作為抗辯,後雖因其國內州際賽馬法(Interstate Horseracing Act)規定允許國內服務提供者提供網路賭博服務,而被上訴機構認定系爭措施違反第十四條前言之要求,然上訴機構最後肯認美國得採行全面禁止網路賭博之措施乃係本案最終關鍵。 為了談判結果之確定性、穩定性,及未來服務貿易談判之持續進行,是否允許會員在做出市場開放之承諾後,再援引第十四條規定改變其承諾範圍,因而影響其他會員對其開放市場之期待,並使援引第十四條規定之會員躲避其原依GATS第二十一條規定所應負之責任?而在得出會員無法援引第十四條規定改變其承諾範圍之結論後,美國在本案中是否得援引其他規定作為正當化其措施之主張?及第十四條與第六條、第十六條、第十七條間之關聯性?係本文主要探討之問題。 此案為第一個會員援引GATS第十四條作為抗辯之例子,可以預見此例對後續案件之影響,而上訴機構於本案中所得出結論是否妥適,則值得深思。 / Antigua and Barbuda sued the United States for its total prohibition of the cross-border supply of gambling and betting services on March 13, 2003. The WTO panel report was issued on November 10, 2004. Both Antigua and the United States appealed and the ruling of the Appellate Body came out on April 7, 2005. The Appellate Body held that the United States has made full market access and national treatment commitments for gambling and betting services, so the measures to prohibit the cross-border supply of gambling and betting services violated Article XVI:1 of the GATS. As a result, the United States cited Article XIV of the GATS to contradict. The Appellate Body ruled that the alleged measures violated the preamble of Article XIV because the Interstate Horseracing Act of the United States permits domestic service suppliers to provide Internet gambling and betting services. However, the Appellate Body’s recognition of the United States’ total prohibition of cross-border supply of gambling and betting services is a critical issue of this case. In order to make sure the certainty and the stability of negotiation outcomes, and keep negotiations on trade in services moving, would the WTO members be allowed to cite Article XIV to change the coverage of their commitments after having made market access commitments and to escape the obligation under Article XXI? After concluding that the members could not cite Article XIV to change the coverage of the commitments, could the United States cite other articles to justify the alleged measures? Furthermore, how are the connection between Article XIV, Article VI, Article XVI and Article XVII? All above are the main questions this thesis focuses on. This case is the first one that members cite Article XIV to contradict, and the influence on subsequent cases is foreseeable. Would such a conclusion of this case be appropriate? We might need to contemplate further.
12

中国法における独禁法に違反する契約の効力論

叶, 周侠 23 March 2021 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第22942号 / 法博第262号 / 新制||法||172(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 潮見 佳男, 教授 横山 美夏, 教授 吉政 知広 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM
13

環境犯罪基本問題研究 =Research on essential issues of environmental crimes / Research on essential issues of environmental crimes

王佶騰 January 2018 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Law
14

2.中学コート自由化運動 : 生徒の自主的な活動の試みとして

斉藤, 真子, 飯島, 幸久, 川田, 基生, 山田, 孝, 大口, 悦子, 高比良, 幸治, 横地, 武, 持山, 育央 16 October 1995 (has links)
国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。
15

非營利組織一般公認會計原則探討與我國私立大專院校會計制度現況分析

張瑜, Chang, Yu Unknown Date (has links)
有鑑於國內非營利組織財務報表未公開,資源提供者、主管機關無法透過財務報表監督管理當局是否將資源作有效的運用,亦無法判斷非營利組織營運成果良窳及持續營運的能力。因此國內亟需制訂財務會計準則以公開財務報表,遂引發本研究參考美國非營利組織一般公認會計原則之第一項動機,國內非營利組織目前無一般公認會計原則,而由各主管機關制訂會計制度,或組織自訂會計制度,甚至無任何制度,國內私立大專院校由教育部定有會計制度規範,但其實施至今尚有多項疑義,究竟與美國之規範有何不同,遂成為本研究第二項研究動機。 本研究分成兩部分,第一部份整理美國非營利組織一般公認會計原則,並介紹美國財務會計準則委員會針對非營利組織訂定四號公報—第93號、第116號、第117號及第124號。第二部份為將國內私立大專院校會計制度與美國私立大專院校會計制度所遵守之一般公認會計原則作一整理、分析與比較,以了解國內私立大專院校會計處理的現況與可能存在的問題,並透過問卷來彙整私立大專院校可能存在的問題。 由整理非營利組織一般公認會計原則可得到三項啟示:(1)非營利組織財務會計理論為制訂財務會計準則的基礎,(2)非營利組織會計原則有三項來源,第一個來源為一般會計處理,大部分與營利組織適用相同的會計處理準則,第二個來源為財務會計準則委員會針對特定會計處理制訂之會計準則,第三個來源為資產負債表、損益表與作業活動表應適用的會計原則,(3)為增進財務報表作為績效評估工具的用途,而引進服務努力成就指標的觀念。 本研究問卷對象為會計主任、會計師與教育部官員,其中會計主任發出85份,問卷回收率為37.64%,會計師發出67份,問卷回收率為34.32%,而教育部官員發出59份,問卷回收率為33.9%,因此整體回收率為35.55%。 實證結果彙總如下:(1)受試者皆贊成固定資產應平時提列折舊,(2)目前受限於學校施行細則第43條之規定,投資之會計處理無法採行成本與市價孰低法或市價法,(3)財務報表表達資訊品質三者看法不一致,(4)非營利組織亟需制定一般公認會計原則,(5)教育部應建立成本會計制度以計算學生單位成本。 根據實證結果與美國非營利組織一般公認會計原則之整理,本研究建議(1)參考美國制訂一般公認會計準則的模式訂定國內非營利組織一般公認會計原則,(2)改進財務報表表達方式,(3)私立大專院校會計相關法令合理性探討,(4)國內會計人員與資訊使用者重視非營利組織財務資訊。
16

アメリカ環境法における救済法理 / アメリカ カンキョウ ホウ ニオケル キュウサイ ホウリ / アメリカ カンキョウホウ ニ オケル キュウサイ ホウリ

村越(米谷) 壽代, 村越 壽代, 米谷 壽代, Hisayo Murakoshi (Maitani), Hisayo Murakoshi, Hisayo Maitani 17 September 2015 (has links)
本論文では、日米両国の環境法における理論状況が法体系の性質からも大いに異なることを前提とした上で、米国において1970年代以降に制定された様々な環境法をめぐる議論を取り上げ、各種救済の態様について、事後救済、事前予防の両面から検証を行った。具体的には、我が国で検討の不十分な環境市民訴訟規定適用の根拠および要件と救済の機能、各種環境規制の導入において生じる収用をめぐる議論の検討を行った。 / This research examined the remedies of U.S. environmental law after 1970s. While their legal systems are quite different, the argument in U.S. could be helpful that of Japanese. The focus point of research is on the ground of citizen suits provisions and on the case when the plaintiff made consent decree. Environmental land use regulations and taking clause matter were also examined in this context since the private property rights is a crucial factor for environmental regulations to protect environmental injury. / 博士(法学) / Doctor of Laws / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University
17

析論歐盟優惠性原產地規則及其對台灣成鞋廠商國際投資之影響 / Analyze and research on EU preferential rule of origin and its impact on international investment of Taiwanese footwear producers

廖唯宸, Liao, Wei Chen Unknown Date (has links)
歐盟廣泛地與世界各國簽訂優惠貿易協定,透過優惠貿易待遇的給予來促進與各國間政治與經貿的緊密連繫。而對於生產者而言,要適用這些貿易優惠的前提就是透過遵循歐盟優惠性原產地規則而使產品取得原產產品身分,無論是以完全取得或是經過充分作業或加工而產生實質轉型的方式。 本論文主要的研究目的,在於分析個別歐盟優惠貿易協定下關於累積規定、微量條款、出口退稅禁止等關鍵條文,與附錄清單就產品「實質轉型」標準規定的法律義涵,以及其隱含的政經意義;並就該意義進一步推衍出對於台灣的生產者,在眾多的歐盟優惠性協定法律架構下,存在個別規則適用難易程度具有差別且該差別將對生產成本有所影響之事實。而本論文另一重點則是就法規與生產稟賦搭配後得推衍出原則性之評估方法來評比出個別優惠性原產地規則在適用上之優劣順序,以協助台灣廠商未來考慮使用此項貿易優惠來進軍歐盟市場時,在國際投資之佈局上可以納入考量或作為參考,以選擇出最有利的受惠國或區域作為生產資源配置之基礎。 為使法律層面與實務上之運作加以結合,本論文進一步以台灣的成鞋廠商做為研究觀察之對象,檢視其是否會因為適用歐盟優惠性原產地規則而改變投資模式,另亦將與鞋廠商實際訪談所得之結論與推演出原則性評估方法加以比較,進一步檢討該評估方法之適用能力與情形,並提出應隨不同情況而加以修正相關假設之注意。 關鍵詞:歐盟優惠性原產地規則;原產地規則;原產產品;實質轉型;累積規定;微量條款;出口退稅禁止;附錄清單;生產稟賦;國際投資;成鞋。 / Europe Union (EU) broadly sign the preferential trade agreements with the other countries in the globe, and through the conferring of the preferential trade treatments, EU attempts to build up the tight political and economic bonds worldwide. The premise for producers who want to enjoy these trade preferences is to make sure that their product are qualified and recognized as “original product” in those beneficiary countries either by following the regulation of standard of “wholly obtained” or “sufficiently working or processing” stipulated in each preferential Rule of Origin (ROO). The main subject of this thesis is to analyze the legal meaning and the underlined policy purpose of the critical provisions in each EU preferential ROO, such as “cumulation”, “general tolerance rule”, “no-drawback rule”, and the standard of “sufficiently working or processing” of a product (substantial transformation) stipulated in the List Rules (in the Annex part) attached in each preferential trade agreement. And from those meaning Author reasons out the fact that the level of difficulty concerning applying and using these preferential ROO are different and the difference has its influence on cost of producing. Author also infers the basic method to assess the level of difficulty of these ROO while combining analyzing the ROO provisions and endowment in the beneficiary countries. This method is to assist those Taiwanese producers who have willing to use the EU preferential ROO to make their product qualified as “original product” with the minimized producing cost when entering into EU market, that is, to help producers cherry pick the beneficial countries (or area) for making investments distribution and deploying concerned producing resources and still have their the products entitled as “original product”. To combine the legal dimension and the producer’s operation in practice, Author further chooses Taiwanese footwear producers as observed subject of using the ROO and see if they would change their mode of investment thereafter. Author compares the conclusion derived from interviewing footwear producers with the basic assessment method, and further examines the applicability of the method and the potential correction of hypothesis under certained situations. Key words: EU preferential Rule of Origin, Rule of Origin, original product, substantial transformation, cumulation, general tolerance rule, no-drawback rule, List Rules, endowment, international investment, footwear.
18

方式規定之突破--以誠實信用原則為中心

張明智 Unknown Date (has links)
在當代,債權契約法定方式的本質,原則上已由法律行為本身的體現轉變為一定目的的追求。在此轉變下,法定方式欠缺的法律效果,亦應對應各該具體要式規定的方式目的,在制定法上直接明確作出合理的效力評價。現行法以無效(民法第七十三條前段)作為單一核心評價,但在很多情形下,此一模式並未合理反映法定方式欠缺與方式目的間應有的效力對應關係,致使方式規定屢屢遭到質疑。對此,我國學說實務嘗試提出各種解決方案,但各該解決方案均或多或少存在困境,且彼此間的關係亦顯得相當凌亂、不一致。另一方面,最近幾年,部分要式立法直接在各該方式規定採取其他的效力評價模式(例如治癒規定),但這些新興的模式亦存在一些待解的疑團。 本論文透過比較法的研究,分析德國法上的治癒規定、誠實信用原則對方式規定嚴格性之突破,以及英美法上的部分履行原則與禁反言原則在方式規定的運用,並藉由此比較法研究,對我國法上述方式規定的問題,提出以誠實信用原則作為解決途徑的見解。 關鍵詞:方式目的、法定方式、法定方式欠缺、無效、消費者保護、目的解釋、治癒規定、比較法、誠實信用原則(Treu und Glauben)、矛盾行為禁止原則(Ver bot desVenire contra factum proprium)、信賴保護、防止詐欺條例 (Statute ofFrauds)、部分履行原則(part performance)、禁反言原則(estoppel)、產權禁反言原則(propietary estoppel)。

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