過去認為書寫是人思想的具體化，而書寫介面只是為人所用的工具。自從電腦及網路的誕生後，利用電腦/網路進行的書寫行為受理論家所矚目，因為電腦提供的功能與寫作的方式與紙筆寫作迥異。工具除了協助人之外，是否其實更決定了書寫的形式、內容、與我們的思維走向？ 在人文主義的工具透明觀點，與科技決定論之間，過去有Haas進行電腦如何影響寫作的研究，也有Michael Heim討論電腦寫作於存有論上的意義。研究者欲將此落實到網路田野。因為網路讓電腦書寫文本突破時空限制，進一步挑戰了以單一個人為主導的書寫概念。一個含有工具意義的網路書寫理論如何可能？ 研究者以參與觀察和深度訪談法面對八位網路書寫者。發現在網路介面當中，人與工具協力書寫的痕跡。書寫者無論是靈感的發想，思考與書寫的過程，甚至書寫之後與讀者的互動都和網路書寫介面密切相結合。書寫介面不單是為人所用的工具，也是人思考的環境和一同書寫的伙伴。 / Writing is considered the embodiment of human thought, and writing interface is merely a tool. Since the birth of computer and Internet, online writing has attracted academic attention because computers offer entirely different functions and ways of writing from pen and paper. Can tools, besides assisting, to some extent, decide the form and content of writing and, perhaps, direct our thoughts？ Between humanist’s transparent tool point of view and technology determinism, we have Haas conducting research on how computer affects writing, and Michael Heim discusses the meaning of computer-generated text from ontology. I would like to take what they have accomplished and put it into the field of internet. Because Internet has made the computer-generated text break through the boundary of time and space, and further challenged the concepts that writing is a single person behavior. So, is it possible to develop an internet writing theory which take tool into consideration？ Researcher has observed and interviewed eight internet writers. I found within the internet interface the traces of man and tool writing together. Writers, from inspiration to the process of thinking and writing, even the interaction with readers after writing, have closely connected to internet writing interface. Internet writing interface is not just a tool, but an environment for thinking and a partner we write with.

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電子商務近年來快速發展，並徹底改變了商業環境。電子商務能為企業帶來諸多好處，例如：降低交易成本、增加營收、改善流程等等，這些好處使得透過電子商務進行商業活動已經成為不可避免的趨勢了。在眾多電子商務工具中，又以B2B電子商務平台的重要性為最高，因為B2B電子商務平台扮演著媒合全球買家與賣家的腳色，並且創造了非常龐大的交易量。 近年來，探究電子商務的文獻愈趨增加，然而多從科技角度切入探討，較少由策略管理面著手；此外，在主題選擇上，大多為影響採用電子商務與否、以及轉為進階使用兩方面原因和結果，對於採用速度的差異鮮少有文獻加以琢磨；在研究樣本選定上，又以單一國家、已開發國家為多，然而開發中國家近年來的興起、電子商務市場發展潛能卻是不可忽略的；最後則是在探討的變數部分，環境相關議題，尤以制度和文化兩方面為最重要，但卻少有文獻詳細談討。因此本文從策略管理角度著手，並以新興市場和B2B電子商務平台為主軸，探究企業採納B2B電子商務平台速度快慢之原因，以及不同採用速度對於績效是否有不同影響。 本文以216間有採用全球最大B2B電子商務平台阿里巴巴的中國大陸中小企業為研究對象，並以科技、組織、環境的架構來建設模型，最後以路徑分析的量化方法檢視所建構之模型適配度、以及變數間的因果關係。 研究結果顯示，在科技與組織兩個構面中，企業若擁有較少的科技能力、或管理經驗與能力相對較低，反而會更快採用B2B電子商務平台，因為這些企業將沒有多餘人力和技術自行架設網站，同時也缺乏現有行銷通路而轉向採用成本相對較低之B2B電子商務平台，反之，則相對會訴諸現有的行銷管道、或出現科技排擠效果。在環境構面中，企業若位處於國內制度發展較佳的省份，也會因為競爭加劇、提升溝通能力等原因，傾向快速採用B2B平台。最後也發現早期採用B2B電子商務平台，能在短期刺激銷售額提升、並透過內部流程改善降低成本，而使成長率提升。 / With e-commerce, the whole business environment has been fundamentally changed. It has become an inevitable trend that enterprises conduct businesses through e-commerce because it brings benefits as reducing transaction costs or generating new revenues. Among all e-commerce, the importance of B2B e-market is the most significant due to its role as the ”hub” for both buyers and sellers and the huge trade volume it has made. There is growing number of studies on e-commerce related issues. It is found that most literatures are conducted from the perspective of IT innovations, while rather few are discussed from strategic management domain. As for the topics, there are lots of literatures on the drives of pre- or post e-commerce adoption, while few on how rapidly enterprises may adopt e-commerce. Examining the countries of studies, most are conducted on one single developed country. Studies on developing markets call for more research. As for factors incorporated in studies, the environmental factors are often neglected. As a result, this study bridges these gaps and makes discussion on the drives and performance outcomes of the speed of B2B e-markets adoption. 216 samples of Chinese enterprises are selected from the biggest e-markets in the world, Alibaba.com. The TOE framework is used to construct the model and path analysis is adopted to examine the relationships. The results show that with less technology capability and managerial competence, firms tend to adopt e-commerce more rapidly due to lack of existing websites or marketing channel. It also shows that with higher development in domestic institutional environment, firms are likely to adopt B2B e-market earlier due to reasons of better communication or competition. Last, firms tend to benefit from early adoption of B2B e-markets in the short term due to improvement in internal processes, increasing sales or cost reduction.

We have studied surface-wave propagation in two-dimensional space and applied surface-wave methods to near-surface S-wave velocity delineation for civil engineering applications. This dissertation describes fundamental theory of surface-wave propagation, numerical and physical modeling, surface-wave data acquisition and analysis methods that we have developed and application examples of the methods as well. We have proposed a new analysis method “CMP cross-correlation” that can greatly improve horizontal resolution of the surface-wave method. The CMP cross-correlation gathers of the multi-channel and multi-shot surface waves give accurate phase-velocity curves and enable us to reconstruct two-dimensional velocity structures with high resolutions. Data acquisition for the CMP cross-correlation analysis is similar to a 2D seismic reflection survey. Data processing seems similar to the CDP analysis of the 2D seismic reflection survey but it differs in the point that the cross-correlation of original waveform is calculated before making CMP gathers. Data processing of the CMP cross-correlation analysis consists of following four steps: First, cross-correlations are calculated for every pairs of two traces in each shot gather. Second, correlation traces having common mid-point are gathered and the traces that have equal spacing are stacked in a time domain. Resultant cross-correlation gathers resembles to shot gathers and named as CMP cross-correlation gathers. Third, a multi-channel analysis of surface waves is applied to the CMP cross-correlation gathers for calculating phase-velocities. Finally, 2D S-wave velocity profile is reconstructed through non-linear least square inversion. Analyses of waveform data from numerical modeling and field observations indicated that the new method could greatly improve the accuracy and resolution of underground S-velocity structure, compared to the conventional surface wave methods. We have performed numerical and physical modeling of surface waves in order to evaluate the applicability of the method. A finite-difference method is used in the numerical modeling and a Laser Doppler Vibrometer is used in the physical modeling. Both numerical and physical modeling has revealed that the surface-waves can be used for imaging two-dimensional velocity models. The modeling also clearly shows the applicability of the new method. The new method was applied to the real seismic data too. The data acquisition was similar to the shallow P-wave seismic reflection methods. The CMP cross-correlation analysis calculates dispersion curves from shot gathers. A non-linear least square inversion was applied to each dispersion curve in order to obtain one-dimensional S-wave velocity models. The velocity models down to depth of ten meters obtained through the CMP cross-correlation analysis agreed with known geological information very well. We have modified a passive surface-wave method, so called a micro-tremors array measurement, and applied it to near-surface investigation in civil engineering purposes. We have developed irregular arrays methods, such as L-shape array or linear array, for the micro-tremors array measurement and evaluated the applicability of them in comparison with isotropic array. These results lead to the conclusion that irregular arrays can be used for small-scale passive surface-wave method in which relatively high-frequency (1 to 10Hz) micro-tremors are used. Our new surface-wave methods have been applied to several different purposes in civil engineering, such as housing site investigations, earthquake disaster mitigation, levee inspections, and environmental issues. All these application examples prove that the surface-wave methods are very effective tool for estimating subsurface S-wave velocity model. The most important character of the surface-wave methods is that the method can estimate subsurface rigidity non-destructively from ground surface in soil engineering applications. Traditional geophysical methods in engineering field, such as a seismic refraction survey and a resistivity survey, are mainly used in rock mechanics field. No geophysical method has been widely used in soil engineering except loggings. The surface-wave methods can be first non-destructive investigation in soil engineering and it implies that the method will be used very widely. We believe that the surface-wave methods must become one of the standard methods in civil engineering investigations. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13774号 / 工博第2878号 / 新制||工||1425(附属図書館) / 25990 / UT51-2008-C690 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科資源工学専攻 / (主査)教授 松岡 俊文, 教授 石田 毅, 教授 大津 宏康 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第12739号 / 論工博第4090号 / 新制||工||1574(附属図書館) / 30552 / (主査)教授 松岡 俊文, 教授 岡 二三生, 准教授 後藤 忠徳 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19988号 / 工博第4232号 / 新制||工||1655(附属図書館) / 33084 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 中島 正愛, 教授 川瀬 博, 教授 竹脇 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

書寫行為與書寫者的人格特質關係密切。書寫筆跡並非僅是單純的手部活動的結果， 且係書寫者人格（Personality ）的表現，書寫者的人格各有不同，則筆跡必因之而 異；從書寫行為中，我們可以推知書寫者的人格特質，而在書寫行為中，筆壓（Pen pressure）和書寫速度（Writing speed ）是較不可能被學習、模仿的，因此，在書 寫過程中，具有高度的自然性（Naturalness ）和即興、自發性（Spontaneity ）。 基於上述假設，在本論文中，我們選擇書寫行為中筆壓與時間變項來探討其與書寫者 在內－外向（Extroversion -Introversion）勇猛性（Psychoticism）、神經質（ Neuroticism ）及場地獨立－依賴性（Field independent v.s. depedent ）等四項 人格特質的關係。 本研究收集26名男女大學生及13名精神病人在書寫行為中之筆壓變項，與人格特質變 項一分別以艾氏人格問卷（Eysenck Personality Questionnarire）、藏圖測驗二種 人格測驗測量之一間的關係。所得之主要結論如下： 1.性格愈內向的，筆壓愈重。 2.性格愈外向的，筆壓愈輕。 3.場地獨立性傾向愈高的，筆壓愈輕。 4.場地依賴性傾向愈高的，筆壓愈重。 5.精神病人之筆壓平均高於正常人組。 6.筆壓愈重者，書寫速度愈慢。 7.筆壓愈輕者，書寫速度愈快。

各國銀行業可能由於法規限制、經營管理能力與文化傳統上的差異，修正前期成本的調整速度未必完全一致。因此，本研究將Ahn et al.(2000)的生產函數模型延伸為成本函數，利用Translog成本函數衡量東西歐銀行生產成本的調整速度與長期成本效率，比較其成本效率之動態過程。採用一般動差法，分別估計1994到2005年歐洲29個國家，合計262家銀行之成本函數與技術效率。 實證結果得知，在西歐具有成熟的資本市場以及健全金融環境、管理經驗下，生產成本的調整速度，確較東歐各國銀行為快。在技術效率方面，不論在長短期，西歐各國銀行的相對效率值皆高於東歐。此外，東西歐銀行體系皆具有規模經濟與多元經濟之特性。

本研究從圖書出版之概念成形到產品上市的過程，根據次級資料之實證，觀察1950年以來圖書出版之環境的演變以及互補性產業如何演進，以「互補性產業演進與產品創新速度之關係」為主軸，探討：1、圖書出版產業在從創意到產品上市的價值鏈為何？2、1950年以來，圖書出版產業之互補性產業如何演進？3、互補性產業形成的原因為何？4、互補性產業演進對於產品創新速度會造成什麼影響？研究發現如下： 一、「法律」及「科技」是從1950到2000年推動圖書出版產業演進主要的環境變因。「法律」的事件歸類為『著作權法』；「科技」的事件歸類為『印刷技術』、『生產作業電腦化』、『網路資訊科技』。 二、根據圖書出版產業的特性，歸納圖書出版產業中所包含之價值活動個別屬於不同的「核心技術類型」。『內容創作』、『載具製作』及『產品流通』等。『內容創作』是要創作圖書內容。『載具製作』是要將圖書內容以載具的形式儲存以便於流通，而一般載具的形式有紙本、光碟電子書及可直接透過網際網路傳輸的數位資訊等。『產品流通』主要是要將圖書產品傳輸、銷售給客戶。 三、「法律」環境變因衍生「內容創作」之互補性產業演進；「科技」衍生「載具製作」、「產品流通」之互補性產業演進。 四、「載具製作」及「產品流通」之互補性產業衍生「內容創作」之互補性產業。 五、隨著環境變因衍生互補性產業，互補性產業形成原因可歸納為：規模經濟利益、知識專精利益、交易成本降低。 六、互補性產業演進影響產業分工，縮短舊有產業價值鍊長度。「內容創作」之互補性產業演進促進價值鏈專業分工，影響出版業價值鏈長度之縮短；「載具製作」之互補性產業之演進促進價值鏈專業分工，影響印刷業價值鏈長度之縮短；「產品流通」之互補性產業之演進促進價值鏈專業分工，影響傳統通路業價值鏈長度之縮短。 七、互補性產業演進加速產品創新速度。「內容創作」之互補性產業演進促進「內容創作」價值鏈之產品創新速度；「載具製作」之互補性產業演進促進「載具製作」價值鏈之產品創新速度；「產品流通」之互補性產業演進促進「產品流通」價值鏈之產品創新速度。 本研究最後呼應Teece(1987) 對互補性產業之看法，(互補性資產會影響從創意成形到產品上市的過程)，進一步引進Aaker(1991)「核心技術類型」的觀念，提出『互補性產業演進的模式，以及互補性產業演進對產品創新速度之影響』的觀念性模型。

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13802号 / 工博第2906号 / 新制||工||1429(附属図書館) / 26018 / UT51-2008-C718 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 大西 有三, 教授 松岡 俊文, 准教授 西山 哲 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当