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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

台灣長期照護財源籌措論文集

周台龍 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文由三篇獨立的文章所組成,各章摘要如下。 一、第壹章摘要 第壹章主要在論述台灣多層次長期照護財務保障架構的概念與內涵。台灣地區因為人口老化快速,加上婦女總生育率的下降,使得高齡化、少子女化的社會漸次形成,使得長期照護需要日益增加,也弱化了家庭照護資源,降低家庭財務負擔的能力。而且,目前臺灣長期照護所需的費用,大部分由個人及其家庭支應,成為家庭部門沈重的財務負擔。此外,因長期照護制度服務輸送、照護管理及法令規範等不夠完善,照護需要者所接受的服務品質無法獲得保障。 本文首先從公平和效率的角度探討建立長期照護制度的必要性,其次探討長期照護社會保障模式的選擇。長期照護制度宜採社會保險或稅收制?基於稅收制長期照護保障體制,往往因財政負擔考量,設計資產調查的機制,以選取合格的低收入戶做為支付的對象,形成殘補式的長照制度,無法提供所有長照需要者,長照服務基本的滿足;然而,社會保險所提供的長照服務保障代表一種保證的權利,為被保險對象的合法權益。此外,在人口結構以及家戶型態的巨大變遷下,長照需要風險已非個人能力所能對抗,並且關係到整體社會的福祉,已經由個人性風險轉而為社會性風險,故本文主張採用社會保險的方式來提供普遍和基本的長照服務。 接著說明多層次長期照護財務保障架構的內容。第一層為社會保險制度,其功能主要在提供基本的保障水準,支付內容為實物與現金給付,財務來源則為政府、雇主與個人共同分攤的社會保險保費。第二層為商業保險,可以提供補充性的保障水準,採定期定額的現金給付方式,利用家戶所得以及不動產反抵押(reverse mortgage)的融資模式提供購買商業保險的財源。第三層為個人自付額,使用老年年金、個人投資理財以及不動產反抵押作為財源,享受優質的長期照護水準。多層次的財務保障架構可以達成不同層次的保障水準,又可以達成政府、市場以及家庭共同分擔財務的責任,兼顧公平、風險分攤與自我負責的目標。 繼則分析此多層次長期照護財務保障架構的可行性,最後利用財務數字來模擬分析公、私部門在此財務保障架構中適當的分工問題。最後,本文分析此多層次長期照護財務保障架構的可行性,最後利用財務數字來模擬分析公、私部門在此財務保障架構中適當的分工問題。模擬分析結果顯示此一財務保障架構應為可行:(1)以長期照護社會保險制度,提供第一層的基本給付水準保障;(2)在單純考慮家庭可支配所得的情況下,中、高所得家庭有能力購買商業保單來補充保障水準,享受適當或優質的長期照護服務;(3)如果加入不動產反抵押融資的方式,則有助於提高所有家戶長期照護需要者的保障水準。 因此,本文建議政府應積極規劃長期照護社會保險,鼓勵商業保險公司開發合適的保單,並探討不動產反抵押的市場需求潛力和供給面的障礙,研擬相關法律規範,鼓勵銀行提供長期照護所需貸款,進而創造不動產反抵押的市場,活用房地產資源來減輕家庭長期照護的財務壓力。對於金融機構部分,本文建議其可以考量台灣本地經濟社會條件,研發出合適的反抵押商品,在適當的風險管控下,降低所可能發生的金融風險,參考國外推行的經驗,研發適合台灣老人需求的產品內容,平衡供需雙方的利益與風險。另外,制定行銷人員相關作業規範,藉以提高借款人的信賴,並且設計應有的諮商服務作業標準系統,提供借款人進行決策所需要的資訊,以減少發生不適當理財規劃的機率。 二、第貳章摘要 第貳章探討長期看護商業保險市場發展的理論與實務。由相關文獻可以歸納出影響市場發展的因素,主要為供給面高交易成本以及不完全競爭市場。雖然市場存在不完全競爭,但是仍有給付範圍與內容全面性的保單存在,因此文獻上認為主要的問題應與需求面相關。 然而文獻忽略正式照護和非正式照護所提供的照護服務,在財貨特性的數量上的差異。這些特性如情緒支持、熟悉程度、服務品質以及自主性等,故本文繼則在考慮自主性和情緒支持兩特性下,分析該特性與消費者長照服務類型的選擇,發現重視自主性者,偏好正式照護服務,因而比較有動機去購買長期看護險保單,以降低並分散失能事故發生後的財務風險。當消費者有動機去購買保單時,消費者願意支付的保費高低,將影響其實際的購買行為,然而消費者的認知偏誤,對其所願支付保費會產生偏低的影響,以致發生不願購買長期看護險的現象,本文發現消費者願意支付的最高保費的金額,與失能機率和長照總成本的大小成正向關係,因此消費者因為某些訊息的認知錯誤,而發生有限理性的情況,將低估失能機率和長照總成本,最後影響其實際的購買決策。此外,對於台灣長期看護險保單在給付內容的設計,本文建立理論模型,以分析台灣消費者對於商業長期看護險契約的最適需求。 其次,在長看險市場發展的實務上,美國商業保險市場的發展過程,提供許多寶貴的經驗。其長看險保單市場的發展,除了導因於商品內容的發展符合消費者的需要外,政府部門相關法令規範的周延,以及相關監理單位的努力,增加民眾對於保險公司的信賴程度,更是扮演著關鍵的角色。另外,美國保險監理官協會所制訂的長期看護險條款範本,在平衡相關團體利益的前提下,增進消費者對於保險公司的信心。目前台灣長看險市場尚屬於初期發展階段,參與該市場銷售的人壽保險公司仍屬少數,因此存在某種程度的不完全競爭,然而因為目前台灣銷售的保單,實際上存在可以含蓋預期可能發生的照護成本總額。此外,現有保單在條款內容存在的缺失,主要有三項:(1)最高投保年齡只至74歲,相對於國人的需要應有相當改善的空間;(2)保險公司給付條件的差異,使得保單的比較更加複雜,將增加消費者選擇的成本,也可能增加理賠的糾紛。(3)不具有通貨膨脹保障的功能。 若以需求面而言,調查研究文獻顯示,台灣大眾對於長看險的接受程度不高。其次,有多數民眾對於其所擁有的其他保險,在給付範圍上有著錯誤的認知,而且因為保險資訊流通的不完全,阻礙長看險保單的發展。此外,以商業保險在長期照護費用籌措上的補充性立場而言,推估40歲以上的單人家戶與夫妻家戶的潛在的購買能力,本文發現大多數的家戶具有能力購買保單,因此本文認為此市場值得重視與開發。至於業務監理規範部分,在費率計算與調整、契約效力以及業務人員的市場行為上的規範,已有相當完整的內容;然而,許多的險種皆已有示範,用以保障消費者權益,但是在長期看護險部分則尚無示範條款。而政府部門並未訂定相關法規,以明確界定公部門和家庭部門的責任。前述分析,顯示監理單位與政府部門仍有許多努力的空間。 台灣長看險市場,現有保單在給付條件上,對於長期看護狀態的認定標準,各公司間著有相當大的差異,容易造成保險理賠上的糾紛。因此本文建議,儘速制訂長期看護保險單示範條款,規範長期看護狀態在身體功能失能認定最低的標準,以及認知損害的承保內容,進而保護消費者權益。此外,台灣既有法規並無長期照護之專法,現行相關法規見諸於老人福利法、行政院衛生署及內政部訂頒的各式行政命令,完整長期照護制度的建立有賴相關法規修訂。相關法規制訂的功能,除了建構台灣長照制度,並且可以提高一般民眾在長期照護的認知,亦可因為服務水準的界定,明確劃分商業保單的發展空間,發揮補充性的功能。 三、第参章摘要 第参章則探討不動產反抵押制度與在地老化,藉以探討此制度的利益與風險,並建構台灣的訂價理論模型,據以分析台灣引進該制度,對於老年家戶在地老化的意義。面對人口老化帶來的長期照護需要,長照成本主要由家庭負擔。而台灣地區老年家戶(老年單人戶和老年夫妻戶)所占比例2004年已高達12%,大多數老年家戶所得低落以致長照需求未能有效的獲得滿足,產生福利損失。在美國「所得低,房產多」的老年家戶可以經由不動產反抵押融資方式取得資金,補充個人在生活費用和長照費用等財務支出,達成在地老化的願望。 本文使用2006年家庭收支調查原始資料,以及內政部2006年房地產交易價格資料,推估老年家戶自有住宅的價值,藉以估算台灣不動產反抵押市場的潛在規模,進而建構台灣的訂價理論模型,分析台灣老年家戶使用此融資方式補充長期照護費用的受益程度。本文主要發現:(1)台灣不動產反抵押市場的潛在規模(高推估)約為6.1兆元,約占當年度家庭房地產總值24.4兆元的25%。低推估結果亦約有5千4百億元;(2)在長期照護社會保險提供基本服務水準的前提下,台灣老年家戶使用不動產反抵押融資,在長期照護費用的補充水準上對於所設定對象而言,可以適當的協助多數的家戶在地老化,進而提升其福利水準。本文推估結果顯示,台灣地區在市場規模上已俱備發展不動產反抵押的基礎,隨著家戶結構與少子女化的發展趨勢,此市場的需求將日益成形。反抵押市場的建立將有助於老年家戶,提升其滿足照護需求消費選擇的自主性,提高獨立生活的人性尊嚴,最終達成其在地老化的意願。 有關考量台灣本地經濟社會條件,因地制宜的制定出合適的法令規範,防止金融機構舞弊超貸的行為,降低所可能衍生的金融風險,對台灣的此金融商品市場的發展將是重要的關鍵。另外,符合台灣老人需求的產品內容的設計,不動產反抵押商品相關租稅優惠政策的制定,市場供給面的風險分攤機制,以及降低道德危險與逆選擇的商品契約設計,皆為後續研究的重要方向。此外,借款者事前的心理諮商與產品教育,也是提高商品接受程度非常重要的一個環節,經由心理諮商可以釐清借款人的動機,使得借款人可以更加瞭解此產品的正確用途,減少發生不適當理財規劃的機率。產品教育的功能在於協助借款人選擇適合其個人需要的融資給付的方式,以保障其養老資金需求的滿足。最後,政府部門介入供給的示範效果以及提供的產品與私部門產品的區隔亦為重要的研究方向。本文研究的主要限制在於無法取得收支調查原始資料中,擁有自有住宅老年家戶的市鄉鎮區域別資料,因此無法對於在同一縣市不同鄉鎮的房地產價值予以分開估算,此限制對於本文的模擬結果可能有所影響。
12

植物人照顧者的家庭關係網絡與社會支援需求之研究--以台北縣市為例 / A study to research the family relationship network and society support for caregivers of taking care of vegetative----using the Taipei County as an example.

李怡芬 Unknown Date (has links)
21世紀是經濟繁榮及醫療科技進步的時代,世界各國面對人口結構快速老化、生命延長、慢性疾病遽增,及流感與疾病的可快速傳播,使世界衛生組織的功能逐漸受到重視。台灣各級醫院的病床幾乎都是急性病床,植物人在健保醫療照護體系中,被歸屬於慢性病非重大傷病,並無特殊的減免醫療支出與補助,僅提供慢性病床及有限的居家護理給付。我國自實施全民健保以來,減輕了許多急重症病患家庭的醫療支出,但健保收入在政治因素的介入下,永遠跟不上醫療支出;且健保局預估今(2009)年收支短絀約320多億(健保局,2008)。不免讓我們憂心未來醫療資源的可能枯竭,加上植物人在病情穩定後即需出院,無法長期留在醫院受專業及妥適的照顧,使得植物人照顧家庭在精神及經濟層面更是雪上加霜陷入困頓。為此,內政、社福、衛生等行政部門,實需積極整合介力協助;如此或可與先進國家的長照體系接軌,使植物人照護得到兼具專業、人性與尊嚴的照應。 本研究採用質性研究中的深入訪談法,以台北縣市植物人照顧家庭的12位家屬為訪談對象,以深入探討都會地區照顧家屬難兼具照顧及就業。照顧者是無酬勞的工作,易在身心俱疲下陷於下一個被犧牲者的情境,植物人家庭對植物人照料與甦醒期待及照顧過程裡對自我生命成長價值觀。訪談所得資料,經歸納、分析所得研究結果: 都會地區家庭結構的轉變,使得家庭照護人力不足,何況目前尚無新醫療可預測植物人何時甦醒,況且頭部病變照顧已久植物人再甦醒的機會很渺茫。大台北地區雙薪家庭聘請外籍看護工的型態,確實讓蠟燭兩頭燒的雙薪家庭,減輕了部份照顧人力不足及精神壓力負擔,但此終究非長久之計。但是,如何讓受照顧的植物人,享有品質的醫療與照護,從而體現生命之尊嚴與國家、社會照護、互助的價值,這正是長照體系建立刻不容緩。或許在可預見的將來,因著教育及社會觀念的轉化,我們可以欣然接受安樂死或推行生前醫療契約,坦然接受自己或家人在面對需要長期療護,特別是可能造成植物人情況的事前自在選擇。所以,如何建構可長可久且結合醫療、勞工、社福用以嘉惠老人及植物人之機構,是政府在拼經濟、擴大內需建設及增加就業,不可不亟力擘劃貫徹的重大議題。但這需要政府與民間一起攜手打造,使台灣寶島實現老吾老以及人之老的平和尊嚴人生之樂土。 本研究依據研究結果,提一些建議:一、對家庭之建議:均衡飲食、養成運動習慣、強化家庭生命共同體。二、對醫療團隊:建立醫院網頁、建構植物人疾病成因及預防之道、社工諮商團隊協助家庭以落實社區長期照護系統。三、對學校建議:課程加入生死學課程、強化衛教觀念及基本照顧方式、培養怡情興趣、學習紓解壓力。四、對政府的建議:政府各部會平台資訊聯結化、行政作業單一窗口化、政策宣導口語化、政策推行離島實施而後推廣至全國,應快速實施長期照護系統。 關鍵字:全民健保、植物人、長期照護、安樂死、生前醫療契約 / The 21st century is a time of economic prosperity and technological advancement. However, the world is facing challenges from the problems of the rapidly aging population, increasing longevity, the surging of chronic disease, in addition to epidemics and flues spreading faster then before. Most hospital beds in Taiwan are considered to be “acute hospital beds”, where vegetative patients are considered by the National Health Insurance to be suffering from a chronic disease and not as major illness/injury. There is no extra medical subsidy for these vegetative patients, and only limited payments for home care. Unfortunately, due to the inefficient funding for health insurance, we are concerned that medical resources might become exhausted in the future. Also, a vegetated patient is required to leave the hospital whenever his or her condition becomes stable. They are unable to remain in the hospital for long-term and professional care, which causes the families with vegetated patients to suffer emotionally and economically. Thus, studying ways for vegetated patients to obtain more professional, human, and dignified care is an important issue worthy of research. This study uses an in-depth interview method from quantitative research. 12 families with vegetative patients in Taipei County are the subjects of the interview. In-depth discussions are conducted on the difficulties for families who take care of a vegetative patient, and who have employment in the urban area. The information obtained was categorized and analyzed. 1. Nursing manpower insufficiency Due to the shifting of family structure in the urban area, there are not enough people in the family to take care of the vegetated patient. It is not possible to predict when a medical breakthrough will enable the patient to regain consciousness. Moreover, there is only a slight chance a vegetated patient suffering from head trauma for a long period of time can be revived again. 2. Dependence on foreign nurse aides By hiring foreign nurse aids, the dual-earner families in the Taipei metro area are able to get relief from the burden of caring for a vegetative patient. However, it is not a long-term solution. 3. The need for long-term care. Therefore, it is very important to construct a long-term care system for the vegetated patient to be able to receive quality medical care. Furthermore, Taiwan will benefit from showing respect for life, the importance of social care, and the value of helping each other. 4. Trying new concepts. Perhaps in the foreseeable future, we will accept things such as euthanasia or pre-paid medical contracts due to the changes in education and social attitudes. We might accept that one of our family members might be facing long-term care in the future, so any one of us is able to make arrangements before an unforeseen accident or illness results in becoming a vegetated patient. 5. Co-operation between the government and the people. This is an important issue for the method of constructing a long-lasting system that can combine medicine, labor, social welfare, and benefits for senior citizens and vegetated patients. However, it will take the cooperation of both government and the people to make Taiwan into a peaceful land that will respect their elders and respect life. Some suggestions have been developed as a result of this study: 1. suggestions to families: a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and strengthen the unity between family members. 2. suggestions to the medical team: develop hospital websites, prevent diseases that can cause vegetation, and the social worker consulting team should help families to implement a long-term community care system. 3. Suggestions to schools: add life and death lessons into the school’s curriculum, reinforce the concept of health education and a basic caring method, as well as increase community service, and teach methods for relieving stress. 4. Suggestions to the government: linking information by using a single window to handle all processes, use colloquial language for promoting policies, the policies should first be implemented in off-shore islands before being used in the main island, implement a long-term care system, and provide subsidies to those who hire domestic nurse aids. Keyword: National Health Insurance, Vegetative, Long-Term care, Home care, Euthanasia, Pre-paid medical contract
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以全民健保資料庫探討長期照顧需求 / Using Taiwan National Health Insurance Database to Explore the Need of Long-term Care

鄭志新 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,隨著我國國民的壽命持續增長,人口老化愈加明顯。預期臺灣在2021年將進入人口零成長,2025年65歲以上人口比例也將超過20%(來源:國家發展委員會2014年人口推估)。人口老化帶來許多問題,如老年生活、醫療、以及長期照顧等需求,其中照顧需求與年齡正相關,預期需求將隨壽命延長而增加,需要及早規劃及因應,這也是今年通過長期照護法的原因。由於各國國情不同,對於長期照護的定義、補助及需求也不盡相同,有必要發展適用於臺灣特性的,推估長期照顧需求的所需之資源。重大傷病中的許多疾病與失能、甚至長期照護有關,由於全民健保實施至今已逾20年,重大傷病的認定標準及程序相對客觀、中立,受到民眾、學術、政府各界肯定。 有鑑於此,本文以全民健保資料庫的重大傷病資料庫為基礎,挑選八類引發長照的重大傷病,作為規劃長期照護保險的參考。本文以這些傷病的發生率、罹病後死亡率、罹病後存活率等,結合國發會所人口推估的結果,利用年輪組成法(Cohort Component Method)推估長期照顧的未來需求。研究發現:未來需求人口從2013年約10萬人,迅速增加至2060年的21萬人,增加速度相當快。而參考「長期照顧保險法」草案的給付內容,若聘請一名外籍看護每月20,000元計算,每人分擔將從2012年的$530元/月升至2060年的2,728元/月;若不調整保費且以隨收隨付計算,每人每月繳交400元長照保費,長照給付將從2012年每月13,353元降至2060年每月3,556元,由此可知壽命延長、人口老化將造成長照保險的財務問題。另外,本文考量的八項重大傷病較為保守,沒有加入老化、遺傳等因素的長照需求,預期將不足以因應實際需求,未來有必要引入商業保險來彌補社會保險的不足。 / In recent years, with the sustainable growth of the life expectancy in our country, population aging becomes more apparent. Taiwan’s population of ages 65 and over will exceed 20% within 10 years, before 2025. (Source: National Development Council - Population Projection on 2014). The population aging an prolonging life incurs a big demand for caring the elderly, such as the economic need after the retirement, medical cost, and long-term care. Among these needs, the demand of long term care was under-estimated and is only recognized recently. Thus, this study focuses on predicting the need of long-term care in Taiwan. Specifically, the definition and standard (as well as types and amounts of subsidy) for juding whether one needs long-terma care is not yet determined, although Taiwan’s government passed the long-term care law (Long-Term Care Insurance Law) earlier this year. We should adapt the notion of catastrophic illness (CI) and use certain CI categories, which are related to long-term care, to design the long-term care insurance. Catastrophic illness (CI) is one of the key features of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI), and the definition and process of evaluating if one is with the CI is quite complete. We choose eight categories of CI and use the NHI database to obtain their incidence rates, mortality rates, and survival probability. Together with the population projection from National Development Council in 2014 and the cohort component method to predict the long-term care demand in Taiwan. The syudy result shows that the population needing long-term care will rise from about 100 thousands in 2013 to about 210 thousands in 2060. Moreover, if the long-term care insurance is funded via pay-as-you-go, the individual premium required will rise 5 times from 2012 to 2060. This indicates that the long-term care might be too expensive and the commercial insurance can play an important role as a supplement.
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日本長期照護公司在大陸營運模式之研究 --兩個公司之分析 / Business Models of Japanese Long-Term-Care Companies in China—The Cases of Two Companies

齊藤由貴, Yuki Saito Unknown Date (has links)
人口高齡化是一個社會問題以及商機。 日本比中國更早面對這個問題,所以在長期照護領域累積了豐富的經驗。 本論文藉由分析兩家日本長照公司商業模式的關鍵資訊(例如:提供的服務、客戶分群、營運點和特性)說明政策對日本長照公司如何在中國和日本營運的影響。 因為長期照護服務往往基於政府政策而設計, 本論文先介紹日本和中國的政策, 然後研究這兩家─ Nichii Gakkan和長壽控股作為個案公司。 這項研究結果將有助於致力進軍中國市場並需要計劃營運策略和服務內容的日本長照公司。 / Growing aging population is one social issue to face as well as business opportunities. Japan has faced the issue much earlier than China, and thus has accumulated expertise in long-term-care services fields. This thesis answers questions governmental policies effect on firms operation and on how Japanese LTC companies operate in China and Japan, by providing key information on their business models (e.g., services offered, customer segments, locations of operation, and operational characteristics). Since long-term care (LTC) services tend to be designed based on governmental policies and definitions, the thesis fist introduces policies in japan and China. It then investigates Nichii Gakkan and Long Life Holdings as case companies. This research findings would be useful for other Japanese LTC companies which aim to enter Chinese market and need to plan strategies and design service offerings.
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長期看護保險商品及消費者購買須知之探討 / The study on long-term care insurance products and shopper's guide

林士聘, Lin, Shih Pin Unknown Date (has links)
面對國人的人口老化及老年人慢性疾病逐年升高趨勢,隨著國人生活水準改善,醫療技術提升,平均餘命亦逐年提高;尤其,近年來國人平均餘命上升幅度較往年更為快速,加上少子化現象,對於衍生之老人照護問題,值得政府及民間各界重視。政府近年來大力推動長期照護政策,2007年推動「我國長期照顧十年計畫」,2009年底將「長期照護保險法」草案送立法院審議,預定2011年後實施長期照護保險制度。給付型態以實物給付(服務提供)為主,現金給付為輔,給付水準區分四級,且有補助時數限制。草案中引進「部分負擔」作法,超過政府補助時數,將由民眾全部自行負擔照護費用,可見被照護者或家屬所須負擔之照護費用及精神壓力,仍是一項沈重的負擔。 依據經建會委託長期照護服務需求評估報告及我國長期照護資源供給調查報告,顯示未來長期照護服務需求與照護資源供給相差甚遠。綜觀各國政府所提供之長期照護保障,以基本保障及服務為原則,若要達到讓身心功能障礙者,能夠增進獨立生活能力,提升生活品質,以維持尊嚴與自主之目的,當然,須要靠商業長期看護保險的補充,才能架構完整的長期照護保障網絡。 觀察國內在1995年全民健保制度實施後,明顯激發了民眾對於商業保險之健康醫療保險商品需求的重視與認同。以全民健保制度開辦當年(即1995年)至2004年,此十年間的商業健康保險保費收入來看,十年之間健康險保費收入成長超過七倍。顯示政府推動全民健保制度後,不但激發民眾潛在需求意識,而且促進商業保險商品多元化快速發展。依照先進國家在長期看護保險商品市場的發展經驗,保險公司除重視其商品架構之開發,針對消費者對於長期看護保險的各種認知問題,也應要求業務人員在銷售過程說明清楚,以擴大潛在商機,及避免日後產生非必要之爭議。 有鑑於此,本研究除了詳細彙整介紹德國、日本及台灣政府長期照護制度現況,並對於美國、日本及台灣長期看護保險商品市場進行深入介紹與探討,且對於美國、英國長期看護保險消費者購買須知進行深入介紹與探討。目的在藉由本研究之介紹與探討之結果,提供台灣保險產業長期看護保險之商品開發、業務推動及編製長期看護保險消費者購買須知等實務運作之重要參考。拋磚引玉,期待保險產業有志之士一起掌握藍海商機,協助消費者購買到適合自己的長期看護保險保單。 / Aging population is a topical issue to today’s society, with improved living standard, advanced medical technology, and rising trend of chronic diseases; causing life expectancy to increase year by year. As a result of faster increase in life expectancy in recent years, together with the phenomenon of low birth rates, long-term care is an issue that should be taken seriously to both the public and the government. Recently, the government has been promoting long-term care policy vigorously, where it published “Taiwan’s 10 Years Long-term Care Program” in 2007, submitted “Long-term Care Insurance Law ” draft to the Legislative Yuan of Republic of China by end of 2009, and is scheduled to implement “Long Term Care Insurance” by 2011. Long-term care benefits provided by the government can be classified into four levels, and the benefits will mainly be service based, with hours limit, supported by cash payments. This means that, any long-term care exceeding government’s limit will have to be paid by the user, which may be a stress and burden, financially and mentally, to the family of those needing long-term care. According to “Long-term Care Service Needs Assessment Report” and “Supply of Long-term Care Resources Survey Report” consigned by the Council for Economic Planning and Development, it can be seen that the supply of long-term care resources can never quite meet the demand of long-term care services. After studying long-term care benefits provided by other governments, it is clear that commercial insurance is essential to allow people requiring long-term care to maintain a full standard of living. This may includes being able to live independently, to improve the quality of life, and to maintain one’s dignity. By observing the National Health Insurance (NHI) in Taiwan, implemented in 1995, it has stimulate people to be aware of their personal needs towards private health insurance products. The premium of private health insurance products had been increased by seven times from 1995 to 2004. It has been proven that government’s strong support on the NHI has help people to better understand the demands on their health protection, and at the same time, diversify private health insurance products. An overview on the experience of developing private long-term care insurance products in developed countries, insurance companies not only focus their core competence on developing insurance products but also pay attention on maintaining customers’ satisfaction, customer loyalty and customer retention. It is essential that insurance sales agents should help clients choose insurance policies that suit their needs by explaining policies in detail, in order to create new business opportunities and prevent from any future claim conflict or argument. In view of this, the purpose of this research is to firstly introduce the long-term care system in countries such as German, Japan and Taiwan, study on the experience of developing private long-term care insurance products in developed countries, and follow by an in-depth study and discussion about U.S. and U.K. shopper’s guide to long-term care insurances. Moreover, the findings of this dissertation can hopefully provide suggestions to insurance companies on development of long-term care insurance products and help building consumers satisfaction and consumer retention. To conclude, it is important to create a win-win solution to both customers and insurance companies, where insurers shall develop long-term care products that satisfy customers’ need and in return profit from the market opportunities.

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