As organizations are getting more dependent on the use of technologies, it is essential to identify the shape of organization’s digital leaders in order to adapt rapidly into the opportunities of digital transformation and remain competitive. However, there might be gap for leaders in managing this digital trend. This creates a research opportunity to learn about the requirements of leaders in creating new leadership at this digital age. Extant literatures have provided the drivers or determinants of digital transformation, which are customer knowledge, leadership style and contextual factors of organizations. The CIOs, CDOs, and CMOs are the essential candidates in leading digital of an organization. In this paper, the roles and responsibilities of CIO, CDO, and CMO would be examined and the gap occurred between existing capabilities of leaders and new digital leadership will be analyzed.

多人角色扮演線上遊戲內是否有領導力？若有，這種能力如何培養、展現與有效實踐？本研究期待藉由探索魔獸世界公會團隊隊長(Raid Leader，簡稱RL)的遊戲歷程，探究線上遊戲如何可能成為形塑領導能力的場域，並分析此領導力應用於現實世界的機會與限制。 / 以線上遊戲「魔獸世界」為觀察環境，從RL在遊戲裡的日常工作、與他人相處、副本經歷到追求集體目標的過程，了解RL如何帶領玩家獲得成就感及形成影響力。擁有深遠故事背景、明確角色定位、任務導向及短中長期目標的「魔獸世界」正好提供良好的虛擬試煉空間，讓玩家組隊挑戰副本空間，讓玩家在自由組隊及各種征戰練習中，以團隊的力量尋找解答與達成擊敗魔王的目標。投入條件不斷變化的副本環境獲得利益與經驗等級，此過程所產生的情感與經濟的交換，使玩家間的關係變得複雜，也增加玩家對遊戲的黏著度，線上遊戲不但塑造出新的交友管道，更可能追引出新的管理模式與領袖培養機制。 / 本研究透過不同年齡與社會歷練之RL深度訪談，加上公會論壇的內容分析，察知在管理公會事務與副本征戰過程中的RL，將會於實踐遊戲目標之際建立自信與玩家間的信賴關係，並逐步形塑其領導力。此歷程中發現之策略運用、資源交換等遊戲技能；風險承擔與情緒管理等服務態度與合作分享等人格特質，與Drucker與Senge提出的領導力特質不謀而合，玩家將遊戲裡所獲得的心得分析、重組、整合，並把遊戲中與朋友相處的法則與解決問題的方式轉化及複製為現實社會裡的應用知識，線上遊戲除了可形塑創造願景、審時度勢、協調利益、嘗試創新、激勵賦能等領導者能力，可轉換至現實社會或不適宜轉換但可引以為戒的反向思考與限制也將一併於本研究中呈現。 / Is leadership really existent amongst on-line games? If so, how can those players develop, display or effectively practice their leadership when playing games? Then what will this capability affect or contribute to the virtual environment and our physical social context after players possess it? In order to answer these questions, this research has examined the character Raid leader or RL in on-line game, the World of Warcraft, investigated the forming process of his leadership and explored the ways in which an on-line game has become an arena to train leadership. Based on the World of Warcraft, we have observed RL’s daily routines in the game, the interaction with other players and the process from the dungeon (also called instance) experience to achieve team’s goal pursuit in attempts in order to realize the model of interaction in on-line game as well as the ways in which RL has led all the team member to attain achievements and form their influence. MMORPG with a long storyline, clear role position, mission orientation and different term goals offers an on-line gaming world where designed a series of quizzes and a dungeon for different player communities to challenge. Player can team up with the others, match with one another and conquer difference practices to find the resolution and defeat the monsters (also called Boss) in the dungeon. After campaigning with team members in different personalities and joining continuously changing dungeon environments to gain different bonus and experience levels, players may form a close bond with one another and exchange treasures or information on hand in terms of their economic profit during the game. Furthermore, after having some intensive interviews with RLs who are at different ages and having their own social experience in the real society as well as the analysis of the context in the guild forum, this research has discovered that RLs who manage guild affairs and conquer dungeon will establish their self-confidence and dependence with the other players when achieving the goals in games, and extend his leadership to those players. Those findings from this forming procedure not only agree with the rules to hone leadership asserted by Drucker and Senge in recent years and the characteristics but also drew forth a team dynamics force to on-line player communities and a new mass movement that may influence the social impression or educational direction in the future. By means of daily play of on-line games, players analyzed, re-organized and integrated their own feedback from the games, and involuntarily transferred the ways to get along with friends in games and to solve questions to tacit knowledge to manage the real society. In addition to the search for the vision formed in on-line games and the characteristics of leadership as consideration of the situation, co-ordination of the profits on hand, attempt to innovate and ability to stimulate talents, some changeable key points, mechanism or limitation to the real society or unchangeable but referring points will also be presented in this research.

The topic of leadership and leadership devolvement has attracted considerable interest from both academics and practitioners. Further, there have been explicit and implicit claims, that both leadership and culture are linked with each other and both influence organizational performance. While modern leadership and its evolving theories has been examined independently, its applicability was taken as universally. Few studies have investigated the association between the three concepts. This thesis focuses on the new styles of modern leadership and presents evidence suggesting that leadership is very dependent on its cultural context. It further shows that most leadership theories are based on western values, and therefore questions, whether these are applicable in Chinese companies. In fact, this paper is based on the assumption that the relationship between leadership style and performance is mediated by the organizational culture that is present at hand. It concludes with several implications for theory and practice and identifies future research objectives.