The simultaneous acquisitions of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been applied to improve the surgery planning of patients with drug resistant epilepsy. However, the classical approach of analyzing the EEG-fMRI data is inefficient in patients whom only few or non interictal epileptiforms discharges (IEDs) are detected during the simultaneous acquisition. Another issue of EEG-fMRI acquisition is related to its high sensitivity to motion, which decreases the quality of both data, even worse in non-cooperative patients. In this work we propose and discuss the application of two methods of analyzing fMRI data of patients with focal epilepsy: Independent component analysis (ICA) and two-dimensional temporal clustering (2dTCA). Each method was applied in a distinct group of patients and the results were compared to those obtained by the classic EEG-fMRI analysis. We have also proposed a method to improve the quality of EEG data using the head position measurements obtained, by a prospective motion correction (PMC) system, during the EEG-fMRI acquisitions. In the ICA study, we have used the electrical source images for selecting independent components (ICs) in EEG data of 13 patients with different spiking frequency. The method detected epilepsy-related BOLD activity in all the patients. Comparatively, the classic EEG-fMRI could be applied in 11 patients and epilepsy-related BOLD activities were found in seven of them. In the 2dTCA study, we have evaluated 20 patients and found epilepsy-related maps in 14 of them. Thirteen of the twenty patients have IEDs detected during the simultaneous acquisition; the classic EEG-fMRI provided maps related to the epileptogenic region in six of them. Finally we have verified in three health subjects that the proposed method for correcting motion-induced artefacts in the EEG data is effective for high amplitude and velocities (~1cm and 55mm/s). We concluded that the ICA and 2dTCA methods increase the sensitivity of using fMRI for mapping the epileptogenic region, mainly in patients presenting few or no IEDs in the EEG data simultaneously acquired to the fMRI. The PMC use during the fMRI acquisition does not degrade the quality of the EEG data acquired simultaneously. In fact, the motion information can be used for improving its quality by correcting motion-induced artefacts. / As aquisições simultâneas de dados de eletroencefalografia (EEG) e imagens funcionais por ressonância magnética (fMRI) vêm sendo utilizadas com intuito de melhorar o planejamento cirúrgico de pacientes com epilepsia refratária. Entretanto, o processamento classicamente usado nestes dados combinados não é possível em pacientes sem descargas epileptiformes interictais (IEDs) e possui baixa sensibilidade para aqueles em que poucas IEDs são detectadas durante a aquisição simultânea. Além disto, a técnica é sensível ao movimento dos pacientes durante as aquisições, o que reduz a qualidade dos dados, principalmente em pacientes não cooperantes. Neste trabalho é proposto e discutido o uso de dois métodos de processamento, baseados nas técnicas de análise de componentes independentes (ICA) e análise temporal de clusters em duas dimensões (2dtca), para se mapear regiões epileptogênicas. Cada método foi analisado em um conjunto diferente de pacientes e os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos pelo EEG-fMRI clássico. Finalmente, propomos um método que utiliza às medidas de posicionamento da cabeça, obtidas durante a aquisição das fMRI, para aumentar a qualidade dos dados de EEG adquiridos simultaneamente. No estudo usando ICA combinado com imagens de fontes elétricas analisamos os dados de 13 pacientes com diferentes frequências de descargas e observamos que este método encontrou ao menos uma componente independente relacionada à epilepsia em cada paciente. Comparativamente usando o processamento convencional foi possível avaliar 11 dos 13 pacientes, e em apenas sete deles os mapas resultantes foram considerados concordantes com a região epileptogênica (RE). No estudo utilizando 2dTCA avaliamos 20 pacientes e encontramos mapas relacionados com a RE em 14 deles. Neste conjunto de pacientes, 13 apresentaram IEDs durante as aquisições; neles o método clássico de processamento teve resultados concordantes com a RE em seis deles. Finalmente verificamos em três sujeitos saudáveis que o método aqui proposto para corrigir os artefatos induzidos no EEG devido ao movimento é efetivo para altas amplitudes e velocidades (~1cm e 55mm/s). Concluímos que os métodos ICA e 2dTCA aumentam a sensibilidade do uso de fMRI para mapear RE, principalmente em pacientes com baixa ou nenhuma detecção de IEDs durante às aquisições. Também concluímos que o uso da correção prospectiva de movimento em aquisições de fMRI não reduz a qualidade do dado de EEG adquirido simultaneamente e que às informações de movimento mensuradas podem melhorar a qualidade deste dado em situações de repouso e movimento do sujeito durante o experimento.

Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less. Marie Curie Debates about how best to test people from different contexts and backgrounds continue to hold the spotlight of testing and assessment. In an effort to contribute to the debates, the purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate the viability and utility of nonverbal figural reasoning ability items that were developed based on inspirations from African cultural artefacts such as African material prints, art, decorations, beadwork, paintings, et cetera. The research was conducted in two phases, with phase 1 focused on the development of the new items, while phase 2 was used to evaluate the new items. The aims of the study were to develop items inspired by African art and cultural artefacts in order to measure general nonverbal figural reasoning ability; to evaluate the viability of the items in terms of their appropriateness in representing the African art and cultural artefacts, specifically to determine the face and content validity of the items from a cultural perspective; and to evaluate the utility of the items in terms of their psychometric properties. These elements were investigated using the exploratory sequential mixed method research design with quantitative embedded in phase 2. For sampling purposes, the sequential mixed method sampling design and non-probability sampling strategies were used, specifically the purposive and convenience sampling methods. The data collection methods that were used included interviews with a cultural expert and colour-blind person, open-ended questionnaires completed by school learners and test administration to a group of 946 participants undergoing a sponsored basic career-related training and guidance programme. Content analysis was used for the qualitative data while statistical analysis mainly based on the Rasch model was utilised for quantitative data. The results of phase 1 were positive and provided support for further development of the new items, and based on this feedback, 200 new items were developed. This final pool of items was then used for phase 2 – the evaluation of the new items. The v statistical analysis of the new items indicated acceptable psychometric properties of the general reasoning (“g” or fluid ability) construct. The item difficulty values (pvalues) for the new items were determined using classical test theory (CTT) analysis and ranged from 0.06 (most difficult item) to 0.91 (easiest item). Rasch analysis showed that the new items were unidimensional and that they were adequately targeted to the level of ability of the participants, although there were elements that would need to be improved. The reliability of the new items was determined using the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient (α) and the person separation index (PSI), and both methods indicated similar indices of internal consistency (α = 0.97; PSI = 0.96). Gender-related differential item functioning (DIF) was investigated, and the majority of the new items did not indicate any significant differences between the gender groups. Construct validity was determined from the relationship between the new items and the Learning Potential Computerised Adaptive Test (LPCAT), which uses traditional item formats to measure fluid ability. The correlation results for the total score of the new items and the pre- and post-tests were 0.616 and 0.712 respectively. The new items were thus confirmed to be measuring fluid ability using nonverbal figural reasoning ability items. Overall, the results were satisfactory in indicating the viability and utility of the new items. The main limitation of the research was that because the sample was not representative of the South African population, there were limited for generalisation. This led to a further limitation, namely that it was not possible to conduct important analysis on DIF for various other subgroups. Further research has been recommended to build on this initiative. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology

The objective of this thesis is to examine how language, gestures and physical artefacts are used in science classes with emergent bilingual students who do not share the same minority language as their classmates or teachers. The purpose is to contribute to findings that can enhance emergent bilingual students’ learning in science. The data consist of classroom observations in one 3rd grade (9–10 years old) and one 7th grade (13–14 years old) science class. In addition, the students in the 7th grade were interviewed. Whole-class instruction was carried out monolingually in Swedish. The students typically made meaning of the activities without any language limitations during conversations following an initiation, response and evaluation pattern (IRE). However, during longer conversations the students’ language repertoire in Swedish frequently limited their possibilities to express themselves. During group-work activities, students with the same minority language worked together and used both of their languages. One strategy used among the students to overcome language limitations was translating unfamiliar words into their minority language. In general, this supported the students’ learning in science. Occasionally, the students made incorrect translations of scientific concepts. The interviews with the students demonstrated how monolingual exams may limit emergent bilingual students’ achievements in science. When students’ language proficiency limited their possibility to express themselves, the students showed what they meant by using gestures. This resulted in the continuation of the lessons as both other students and teachers drew on the used gestures to talk about the science content. The physical artefacts implied that the students experienced the science content by actually seeing it, which the teacher then drew on to introduce how the phenomena or process in question could be expressed in scientific language. When students’ proficiency in the language of instruction limited their possibilities to make meaning, using physical artefacts enabled them to experience unfamiliar words being related to the science content and learn what they mean. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted.</p>

Ce travail a pour objectif de préciser, à travers la composante lithique de cinq gisements, le cadre chrono-culturel des dernières populations de chasseurs-cueilleurs venues occuper le Jura méridional au sortir de la dernière grande glaciation. Normalisée par une réflexion engagée sur le degré de préservation des ensembles archéologiques, l’étude du matériel lithique, menée sous une double perspective technologique et économique, permet d’éclairer les comportements ayant orienté la conduite technique des individus et de discuter la structuration de ces groupes sur un axe synchronique et diachronique s’étendant du 15ème millénaire au 11ème millénaire avant le présent. Ces nouveaux acquis permettent ainsi de redéfinir la place des assemblages sur l’espace jurassien et de contrôler l’hypothèse d’une région carrefour soumise à de multiples influences. / The present thesis is aimed at defining more closely the chronocultural frame of late glacial populations on the basis of lithic artefacts from five sites in the Southern French Jura. Starting from a taphonomic analysis, a techno-economical approach illuminates the variability of individual technological behaviour and finally discusses the particular humain groups on a synchronic and diachronic axis from 15.000 untill 11.000 yr B.P. These new results permit to redefine the place of these assemblages in the context of the Jura mountains and thus to establish the Southern French Jura within the Rhine-Saone-Rhone area as a crossing point of multiple influences.

<p>U okviru ove disertacije uspe&scaron;no je sintetisano 14 novih protičnih jonskih tečnosti na bazi amina. Strukture su potvrđene snimanjem NMR i IC spektra. Izmerena je gustina svih jonskih tečnosti u temperaturnom opsegu&nbsp; T&nbsp; = (293,15&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; 353,15) K, kao i gustina njihovih vodenih rastvora u temperaturnom opsegu&nbsp; T&nbsp; = (293,15 &ndash; 313,15) K. Fizičko-hemijska karakterizacija je takođe propraćena merenjem viskoznosti i električne provodljivosti binarnih sme&scaron;a u celom rasponu&nbsp; molarnih frakcija i na različitim temperaturama (T&nbsp; = (293,15&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; 313,15) K). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata utvrđeno je da sve protične jonske tečnosti imaju izražen structure making efekat. Ispitana je antimikrobna aktivnost protičnih jonskih tečnosti na bazi amina prema deset sojeva fungi: Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp.(1-3), Cladoporium sp., Aspergillus sp. (1,2), A. flavus, F. graminearum i P. citrinium,&nbsp; osam sojeva bakterija:&nbsp; B. subtillis (6633), S. aureus (6538), E. faecalis (19433), K. rhizophila (9341),&nbsp; E. coli (11229), S. enteritidis (13076), P. mirabilis (12453), P. aeruginosa (15692) i dva soja kandida:&nbsp; C. albicans (ATCC 10231) i C. albicans (L) .&nbsp; Rezultati su pokazali da svih četrnaest jonskih tečnosti pokazuju antimikrobno delovanje. Za proučavane protične&nbsp; jonske tečnosti, antimikrobna aktivnost zavisi od dužine alkil lanca, pri tome pokazujući maksimalnu aktivnost sa anjonima koji sadrže 3 i 4 atoma ugljenika u nizu. Rezultati su pokazali da PILs pokazuju bolje antimikrobno dejstvo ako istovremeno sadrži i terminalno hlorovani C atom. Međutim, PILs pokazuju veću aktivnost ako je terminalni C atom monohalogeniran, jer monohalogenirani derivati poseduju veći afinitet za interakciju sa ćelijskom membranom. Najefikasnije PILs (ClA, 3-ClP, 4-ClB, Ac i For) su izabrane da se testiraju kao alternativni rastvarači umesto timola. Svih pet protičnih jonskih tečnosti uspe&scaron;no je testirano kao zelena alternativa za uobičajne organske rastvarače koji se koriste za či&scaron;ćenje i konzervaciju papirne povr&scaron;ine. Značajna antimikrobna svojstva primećena u ovoj doktorskoj tezi sugeriraju da proučavane protične jonske tečnosti mogu imati potencijalnu primenu u radu sa papirnim atifaktima, kao i pri njihovom či&scaron;ćenju i konzervaciji, zamenjujući na taj način primenu konvencionalnih rastvarača i organske supstance otrovne za ljude i životnu sredinu.</p> / <p>In this doctoral thesis the 14 amine based protic ionic liquids were newly synthesized. The validity of all structures were checked and confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopy. Densities of pure ionic liquids and their diluted aqueous solutions have been measured over the whole composition range at selected temperatures from (293.3 to 353.15) K for pure ionic liquids, and from (293.15 to 313.15) K for diluted aqueous solutions. Physico-chemical&nbsp; characterization was also performed&nbsp; measuring the viscosity and electrical conductivity of binary mixtures in the entire range of mole fractions and at different temperatures (T&nbsp; = (293.15&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; 313.15) K). It was concluded that all investigated PILs have structure making tendency. Further, antimicrobial activity of amine based protic ionic liquids has been investigated using ten fungi strains: Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp. (1-3), Cladoporium sp., Aspergillus sp. (1,2), A. flavus, F. graminearum i P. citrinium, eight ATCC bacterial strains: B. subtillis (6633), S. aureus (6538), E. faecalis (19433), K. rhizophila (9341), E. coli (11229), S. enteritidis (13076), P. mirabilis (12453), P. aeruginosa (15692) and two Candida&nbsp; strains:&nbsp; C. albicans (ATCC 10231) i C. albicans (L). The results indicated that all fourteen ionic liquids showed antimicrobial activity.&nbsp; For the studied PILs, the antimicrobial activity dependent on the alkyl chain length, showing maximal activity with anions containing 3 and 4 carbon atoms. The results revealed that the PILs show better antimicrobial activities if the longer alkyl chain is presented but in the same time contain chlorinated terminal C atom. However, PILs showed higer activity if the terminal C atom is monohalogenated, since the monohalogenated derivatives possess higher affinity to interact with cell membrane. The most effective PILs (ClA, 3-ClP, 4-ClB, Ac and For)&nbsp; were chosen to be tested as alternative solvents instead of thymol. All five PILs were successfully tested as the green alternatives to conventionally used organic solvents for paper cleaning and conservation. The significant antimicrobial properties observed in this doctoral thesis suggest that studied PILs may have potential applications in the paper art and artefact cleaning and conservation replacing thus, conventional solvents and organic substances that are toxic for humans and environment.</p>

En contrôle non destructif, dans la perspective de l’amélioration des images de défauts mais également dans le but de rendre leur interprétation plus simple par des opérateurs non spécialisés,de nouvelles méthodes d’imagerie ultra-sonore telle que l’imagerie TFM (Total Focusing Method)sont apparues depuis quelques années comme une alternative aux méthodes d’imageries conventionnelles.Elles offrent des images réalistes des défauts et permettent à partir d’une même acquisition d’avoir un nombre important d’images chacune pouvant porter des informations différentes et complémentaires sur les caractéristiques d’un même défaut.Lorsqu’elles sont correctement sélectionnées,ces images sont plus faciles à analyser, elles présentent moins de risques de mauvaise interprétation et permettent d’envisager des caractérisations de défauts plus rapides par des opérateurs moins spécialisés.Pour une exploitation industrielle, il reste cependant nécessaire de renforcer la robustesse et la facilité de mise en oeuvre de ces techniques d’imagerie.L’ensemble des travaux réalisés durant la thèse a permis de développer de nouveaux outils capables d’améliorer la caractérisation des défauts par les techniques d’imagerie TFM en termes de position,d’orientation et de dimensionnement / In non-destructive testing, with a view to improving defect images but also to simplify their interpretation by non-specialized operators,new ultrasonic imaging methods such as TFM imaging (Total Focusing Method ) have appeared for some years as an alternative to conventional imaging methods. They offer realistic images of defects and allow from the same acquisition to have a large number of images each that can carry different and complementary information on the characteristics of the same defect. When properly selected, these images are easier to analyze, they present less risk of misinterpretation and allow to consider faster fault characterizations by less specialized operators.However, for an industrial operation, it remains necessary to strengthen the robustness and ease of implementation of these imaging techniques. All the work carried out during the thesis allowed to develop new tools to improve the characterization of defects by TFM imaging techniques in terms of position,orientation and sizing.

La thèse porte sur l’étude de la formation de convergences et de tensions dans les choix stratégiques opérés par les partenaires public et privé engagés dans la valorisation des activités collaboratives de R&D. Il s’agit d’en caractériser les déterminants et d’identifier également les moyens permettant de les dépasser. L'originalité de l'approche consiste à mobiliser l'outil conceptuel du business model pour en évaluer la portée en tant qu'artefact cognitif d'analyse de cette situation de gestion et en tant qu'instrument de management stratégique de celles-ci. Le travail s'appuie sur deux études de cas longitudinales élaborées dans le cadre de deux recherche-interventions dans les pôles de compétitivité dédiés à la conception dans l'industrie automobile (Movéo) et des systèmes embarqués (Systematic). Les résultats sont présents à trois niveaux: au niveau du contexte, l'importance des mécanismes d'appropriation à partir des capacités d'absorption des organisations; au niveau du processus, le rôle des trajectoires et du leadership des acteurs et au niveau du contenu, les limites spécifiques liées aux incertitudes du mode projet. / The main objective of the thesis consists into the study of convergences and tensions in the interplay between value co-creation and strategic planning in public private R&D partnerships. Two in-depth longitudinal case studies are used to investigate the usefulness of the business model as a cognitive artifact enhancing the partners to collaborate on designing, articulating and implementing collective strategic choices of R&D outcomes. Data were gathered on two collaborative partnerships among two French Clusters (pôles de compétitivité) Movéo and Systematic. Methodology design employed a triangulation strategy based on both qualitative and quantitative methods (interviews and survey-based, structured methods of scenarios screening, participatory and qualitative methods of information gathering – project’s journals and meeting analysis). Based on internal validity, we have pointed out some issues in the management of inter-organizational relationships and networks regarding the process of how value can be created in strategic project management practices in public private R&D partnerships with these innovative clusters.

Le but de cette recherche ethnographique, menée au Pérou à partir de 2008, est de restituer les pratiques, les discours moraux et les multiples stratégies qui sous-tendent l’appropriation des vestiges et des pièces archéologiques par plusieurs acteurs. Cette question est abordée à travers le prisme particulier du trafic d’art et des pratiques considérées comme illicites. Une ethnographie itinérante (Marcus, 1995) et une méthodologie basée sur la biographie des objets (Kopytoff, 1986) permettent dereconstruire le circuit de céramiques, de la production (la fouille clandestine) à laconsommation (l’achat) en passant par leur échange, don et contrefaçon. De trésors à biens culturels, d’artefacts à curiosités, le parcours de ces objets met au jour à la fois la multiplicité de leurs usages socio-politiques et l’évolution des instances delégitimation qui les concernent.La thèse s’intéresse plus particulièrement au département de Lambayeque, situé sur la côte nord, connu pour les remarquables découvertes archéologiques (civilisation Mochica) qui y ont eu lieu au cours des dernières décennies. Elle démontre que, loin d’être les fruits d’un consensus, la patrimonialisation et la mise en tourisme, en tantque ressources économiques et symboliques, peuvent exacerber les conflits, en créantdes dynamiques d’inclusion et exclusion. De fait, l’opposition historique entre conservateurs et destructeurs du patrimoine renforce encore davantage l’asymétrie entre professionnels et communautés porteuses, en termes de savoir et de pouvoir. De plus, le manque de filiation des habitants avec les ancêtres (et donc l’absence de continuité et d’ « authenticité »), jugé par les institutions comme en lien avec une attitude destructive et purement marchande, a entravé une réelle participation de la communauté dans la patrimonialisation. Pour en être reconnus en tant qu’acteurs légitimes, et non comme simples bénéficiaires, ils sont ainsi contraints de reformuler leurs régimes de valeur et de renégocier leurs logiques d’appartenance. / The aim of this ethnographic research, carried out in Peru as of 2008, is to map the practices, moral discourses and multiple strategies which underlie the appropriation of relics and archaeological objects by different actors. This topic is analysed through the prism of art trafficking and practices considered to be illicit. A multi-sited ethnography (Marcus 1995) and a methodology based in the biography of objects (Kopytoff, 1986) allows to reconstruct the circuit of ceramics, from production (clandestine digging) to consumption (purchase), through various forms of exchange, gift and counterfeit. From treasures to cultural goods, from artefacts to oddities, the itinerary of these objects sheds light on the multiplicity of their socio-political uses and the evolution of legitimation authorities concerned by them. The thesis focuses more specifically on the region of Lambayeque, on the northern Peruvian coast, which has been characterised by extraordinary archaeological discoveries (Mochica civilisation) over the last few decades. It shows that, far from being the product of consensus, the heritage making and touristic development, as an economic and symbolical resource, can exacerbate conflicts, creating dynamics of inclusion and exclusion. In fact, the historical opposition between heritage conservationists and destroyers reinforces the asymmetry between professionals and bearer communities, in terms of knowledge and power. Moreover, a destructive attitude and commercial interest in relics, considered as the sign of a lack of filiation and therefore of continuity and « authenticity », hinders inhabitants’ participation. In order to be recognized as legitimate actors, and not as simple beneficiaries of heritage making they are obliged to reformulate their value regimes and renegotiate their logics of belonging.

The purpose of this study is to visulise how preschool teachers work pedagog- ically around reading aloud in a multilingual children's group. We want to in- vestigate preschool teachers' reasoning and planning around the reading situa- tion to see what pedagogical purpose that situation can have and what place it takes in the preschool activities. In addition, in our opinion, reading aloud in a multilingual children's group is perceived as particularly difficult when pre- school teachers need to stimulate each individual child's language develop- ment. Through reading aloud, we can work with the children actively with lit- erature to create the opportunity for imagination, creativity but primarily chil- dren's language development. Therefore, we have chosen to focus on the planned reading aloud situation. To investigate this, we interviewed eight active preschool teachers wereof six of them work in multilingual children's groups. We used an interview guide where the questions were intended to highlight the preschool teachers' experi- ences regarding the multilingual children's group and how they reason about the educational planning of reading aloud situations. When we wanted to in- vestigate the preschool teachers' perceptions and experiences, we used the phe- nomenographic method approach whose primary focus is to make the individ- ual's thoughts and experiences visible. The study's results shows a number of factors and working methods that sim- plify the work of reading aloud in a multilingual children's group. We have discovered five core parts that make up the whole for a high-quality reading situation. Concrete materials, literature selections, book talk, collaboration with the home and educational planning are methods that preschool teachers use to create a qualitative reading situation for all children regardless of lin- guistic knowledge. The study shows how a few preschool teachers reason about a planned reading aloud situation in general and do not specify them- selves in a specific native language. / Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra hur förskollärare arbetar pedagogiskt kring högläsning i en flerspråkig barngrupp. Vi vill undersöka förskollärares resonemang och planering kring högläsningssituationen för att få syn på vilket pedagogiskt syfte den situationen kan ha och vilken plats den tar i verksam- heten. Dessutom är vår uppfattning att högläsning i en flerspråkig barngrupp upplevs som särskilt svår när förskollärare behöver stimulera varje enskilt barns språkutveckling. Genom högläsning kan vi tillsammans med barnen ar- beta aktivt med litteratur för att skapa möjlighet för fantasi, kreativitet men främst barns språkutveckling. Därför har vi valt att fokusera på den planerade högläsningssituationen. För att undersöka detta har vi intervjuat åtta verksamma förskollärare varav sex av dem arbetar i flerspråkiga barngrupper. Vi använde oss av en intervju- guide där frågorna syftade till att synliggöra förskollärarnas erfarenheter kring den flerspråkiga barngruppen samt hur de resonerar kring den pedagogiska pla- neringen av högläsningssituationer. Då vi ville undersöka förskollärarnas upp- fattningar och erfarenheter använde vi oss av den fenomenografiska metodan- satsen, vars primära fokus är att synliggöra individens tankar och upplevelser. Studiens resultat visar på ett antal faktorer och arbetssätt som förenklar arbetet med högläsning i en flerspråkig barngrupp. Vi har upptäckt fem kärndelar som utgör helheten för en kvalitativ högläsningssituation. Konkreta material, litte- raturval, boksamtal, samverkan med hemmet och pedagogisk planering är ar- betssätt som förskollärarna använder sig av för att skapa en kvalitativ högläs- ningssituation för alla barn oavsett språkliga kunskaper. Studien visar på hur ett flertal förskollärare resonerar kring en planerad högläsningssituation i all- mänhet och specificerar sig inte till ett specifikt modersmål.

Autonomous navigation of our rough-terrain rovers implies the need of a good representation of their near surrounding. In order to archive this we fuse several of their sensors into one representation called OctoMap. But moving obstacles can produce artefacts, leading to untraversable re- gions. Furthermore the map itself is increasing in size while discovering new places. Even though we are only interested in the near surrounding of the rovers. Our approach to these problems is the usage of timestamps within the map. If a certain region was not updated within a given interval, it will be set to free space or deleted from the map. This first option is an existing solution and the second option reflects our new alternative.