The FSMA Produce Safety Rule (PSR) requires citrus packers to more closely assess, manage, and monitor food safety risks. Although there have been no foodborne illness outbreaks and only one recall in fresh citrus, the risk of pathogens coming in on the fruit and cross contamination during washing still exists. Packhouses have dynamic washing systems and in-plant validations may be the only way to demonstrate compliance with the PSR. In-plant validations use surrogates in place of pathogens, and none have been identified or validated for citrus. The aim of this research was to identify a surrogate for use in fresh citrus packhouses. Potential surrogates were screened for free chlorine resistance, survival under commercial storage conditions, and shedding and attachment characteristics during simulated washing. E. faecium NRRL B-2354 and P. pentosaceus NRRL B-14009 were selected for further study. Resistance to chlorine was not significantly different between E. faecium and L. monocytogenes FSL J1-031 when exposed to 3 ppm free chlorine for 30, 60, 90, and 120 s at 20 and 100 ppm TSB (pE. faecium and P. pentosaceus behavior was significantly different than L. monocytogenes (p=0.05), indicating that neither is a suitable surrogate. In shedding and attachment, either the fruit (shedding) or water (attachment) was inoculated, washing was simulated, and organisms were enumerated from the water (shedding) or fruit (attachment). Both potential surrogates were statistically different than L. monocytogenes (pE. faecium can be used for L. monocytogenes shedding estimates and E. faecium and P. pentosaceus can be used for attachment estimates. Overall, this research suggests that E. faecium NRRL B-2354 can be considered as a surrogate for L. monocytogenes in whole, fresh citrus validation studies on chlorinated washes and – with appropriate adjustments – on shedding and attachment characteristics.

John Bowlby’s work on attachment theory in the 1960s altered the cultural understanding of parent-child relationships. Bowlby argued that the ability for an individual to form attachments later in life, be that familial, romantic, or friendship is affected by whether or not that individual formed a strong attachment to a primary caregiver in early childhood. My thesis uses Bowlby’s theory as a critical lens to examine three novels by the Brontës: Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë, Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë, and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Brontë. I use this theory in order to demonstrate that these novels are what I have termed proto-attachment narratives, which is to say narratives about attachment before formal attachment theory existed, and, further, that they work to bridge the gap between the contemporary nineteenth-century debate on child rearing and Bowlby’s theory. In addition, I discuss how each of these novels exemplifies, complicates, and expands upon Bowlby’s theory in its own way. Wuthering Heights demonstrates the cyclical nature of damaged attachments and works to find a way to break from that cycle. Jane Eyre gives a clear understanding of an individual’s lifelong struggle with failed attachments and the importance of a balanced power dynamic to forming healthy attachments, and, finally, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall examines how even properly formed, healthy parent-child attachments can lead to development problems, if the power granted to those parental attachment figure is not used responsibly. I further theorize that we can use these novels as a starting point to discuss how we might define attachment narratives as a genre, as they hold many similarities with more clearly defined modern attachment narratives.

The present study systematically reviewed and statistically summarized the current body of literature on the relationship between maternal health literacy and maternal sensitivity, and the effect of these two variables on mothers' care and decision making on distal attachment outcomes. In so doing, a systematic review of the extant peer-reviewed, published literature examining the effectiveness of interventions in effort to improve health literacy and maternal sensitivity, with a focus on increasing the quality of mother-preterm infant attachment outcomes, was undergone. This was followed by four multilevel random effects meta-analyses. Results indicated that mothers who participated in health literacy (maternal sensitivity) interventions had, on average, higher attachment quality, in comparison to those who did not participate. Additionally, maternal age was found to be a statistically significant predictor of the overall average effect size. This suggests that maternal health literacy may be a yet unexplored correlate of mother-preterm infant attachment outcomes.

Infants enter this world relying on caregivers to nurture and protect them. Through this reliance, infants develop an attachment to their caregivers, thus setting the stage for how a child comes to view the world and the people in it. This study sought to further explore attachment behaviors through observation of a voluntary parent education course offered through the Early Learning Coalition of Orange County. Data were collected three times over the course of the nine week program on four mother-infant dyads. Across the three mothers who were present for at least two observations, negative behaviors decreased between the first and final observations; however, positive behaviors were observed, but less conclusive. The results of this study can be used to improve the current early intervention program, as well as those in the future.

Although previous research has identified a relationship between insecure attachment styles and symptoms of depression and anxiety, evidence regarding the mechanisms of action driving this relationship has been lacking. Consequently, the current study examined the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between insecure attachment styles (i.e. anxious-avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, helpless-disorganized and frightened-disorganized) and symptoms of depression and anxiety. The current study included a sample of 182 participants (i.e., 87 men and 95 women) who completed six questionnaires that assessed each participants' relationship with their caregivers during their childhood, present symptoms of depression and anxiety, and their resilience. Correlational analyses indicated significant relationships among the variables being studied. The formation of an insecure attachment during childhood predicted significantly symptoms of depression and anxiety in adulthood in both men and women. More specifically, the relationship between anxious-avoidant and anxious-ambivalent with symptoms of depression was partially mediated by resilience for men. There were no significant mediation for symptoms of anxiety for me. Within the women population, resilience served as a partial mediator in the relationship between anxious-ambivalent attachment and depression as well as in the relationship between frightened-disorganized attachment and anxiety. Such findings suggested that resilience could act as a protective factor against symptoms of depression and anxiety. These results demonstrated the importance for promoting resilience, especially for individuals who formed insecure attachments during childhood. The importance of studying the relationships among these variables is discussed further.

Typically, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) solutions produce large amounts of data that can be used for analysis. The enormous amount of data produces new challenges for effective exploration. The prototype system EVITA, based on ranked access of application-specific regions of interest, provides an effective tool for this purpose. Automated feature detection techniques are needed to identify the features in the dataset. Automated techniques for detecting shocks, expansion regions, vortices, separation lines, and attachment lines have already been developed. A new approach for identifying the regions of flow separation is proposed. This technique assumes that each pair of separation and attachment lines has a vortex core associated with it. It is based on the velocity field in the plane perpendicular to the vortex core. The present work describes these methods along with the results obtained.

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