Ce travail de thèse se focalise sur des trajectoires des personnes en prise avec des produitspsycho-actifs inscrites dans une démarche d'arrêt ou de diminution des consommations d'alcool ou desdrogues illicites. À partir d'une posture ethnographique, à la fois compréhensive et critique, nousavons exploré la construction de la « sortie » des addictions au regard des contraintes morales, socialeset institutionnelles. En suivant ces trajectoires de déprise, nous avons pu questionner le passage desaddicts dans les Centres de Soin, d’Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie (CSAPA), etles groupes d’entraide (Vie Libre et Narcotiques Anonymes). Ces deux entités se posent commeexperts de la question addictologique. Les premiers par leur spécialisation professionnelle et lesseconds par leur expérience intime de l'addiction. Simultanément, l'addict est, dans les deuxdispositifs, considérée comme l'experte d'elle-même, en ce sens qu'elle doit se connaître, et que c'estpar ce savoir biographique qu'elle peut en sortir. Le travail biographique que les « addicts » déploientpermet une mise à distance de l'expérience de l'emprise. Il s'agit de constituer un jugement moral surses comportements passés sous l'effet des produits. Le processus de déprise peut être considéré commeun processus de subjectivation permettant aux individus de « recoller les morceaux » de leur vie etredevenir soi. C'est seulement au moment de la mise en récit devant les pairs ou les professionnels quel'on peut parler d'une rupture biographique. En ce sens les entités médiatisent les récits des addicts,parce qu'elles participent à déterminer les manières de se dire. La narration est ainsi une conditiond'entrée dans la Cité. Il ne faut donc pas occulter l'aspect contraignant de ce processus, en ce sens quel'obligation de se raconter participe aussi à construire un sujet moral capable de s'auto-contrôler. / This research focuses on the trajectories of persons in touch with psycho-active productsand falling within a process to either stop or reduce their consumption of alcohol or drugs. Byadopting an ethnographic approach, which is both comprehensive and critical, we've been exploringthe construction of an “exit” of addictions regarding the moral, social and institutional constraints.When following these trajectories, we've questioned the passage through the Centres de Soin,d'Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie (CSAPA) and self-help groups (Vie Libre andNarcotics Anonymous). These two treatment plans position themselves as experts regardingaddictions. Simultaneously the addict is considered, in both treatment models, as an expert of him orherself, in this way that he or she should know him/herself and it is by the means of this biographicalknowledge that he or she can get free of addiction. The biographical work carried out by the addictsallow them to put a distance to their experience of addiction. It's a question of a moral judgment ofone's own actions in the past when he or she was under the influence of drugs or alcohol. The exitprocesscan then be considered as a subjectification process allowing the subjects to “put the pieces oftheir lives back together” and “become oneself” again. It's only by narrativizing one's experience infront of peers or the staff in the centers that we can observe a biographical disruption. The treatmentplans outline the life-stories of the addicts, because they participate in the definition of how people can“tell themselves. Narrativizing oneself is then a condition to enter the “Cité”. Though it's important notto mask the constraining dimension of this process, in this way that the obligation to narrativizeoneself participate in the construction of a moral subject capable of controlling him/herself.

Hierdie is 'n psigobiografiese studie van Generaal Christiaan Rudolph de Wet. 'n Psigobiografiese studie is die bestudering van 'n persoon se volledige lewe met die doel om die persoon beter te verstaan. Psigobiografiese navorsing maak gebruik van psigologiese teorieë wat aangewend word om die biografiese data van 'n persoon se lewe te beskryf en moontlik ook te verklaar. Die individu wat bestudeer word, is gewoonlik 'n bekende, invloedryke, navolgenswaardige, interessante of modelfiguur. Daar is tans 'n oplewing in die veld van psigobiografiese studies, maar daar word nog steeds nie genoeg in die akademiese veld gedoen om psigobiografiese studies te bevorder nie. De Wet (1854-1922) is vir hierdie studie gekies omdat hy 'n interessante, dog komplekse figuur was. Hy het veral tydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog in 1899-1902 bekendheid verwerf. As 45-jarige man het De Wet in die Anglo-Boereoorlog geveg en vinnig opgang as 'n militêre leier gemaak. Sy vindingryke ontsnappingspogings het die Britse magte hoofbrekens besorg. Wat De Wet verder uniek maak, is dat hy met net drie maande skoolopleiding in die parlement gedien het, as president verkies is, die hoogste gesag in die Verdedigingsmag gehad het en 'n boek oor sy oorlogsherinneringe geskryf het. Alhoewel daar akademiese werke oor De Wet bestaan, is daar tot op hede nog geen psigobiografiese studie oor hom gedoen nie. Die doel van die studie was om die mens agter die legende na vore te bring. Daar is ook gepoog om moontlike antwoorde en verklarings op onbeantwoorde vrae te gee. Die studie het van beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe data gebruik gemaak en kan as 'n psigobiografiese gevalstudie beskryf word. Die Vyf-faktor model van Costa en McCrae (1992) is op die biografiese data van De Wet toegepas om sodoende sy persoonlikheidseienskappe te beskryf. Die bevindinge het interessante persoonlikheidseienskappe van De Wet deur middel van die Vyf-faktor model aan die lig gebring. Volgens die kwalitatiewe navorsingsbevindinge was De Wet 'n vyandige, aksie-gedrewe, bevoegde, prestasie-strewende, selfgedissiplineerde, warm, openhartige, saggeaarde en beskeie persoon. Die kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe data-ontledings het uiteenlopende persoonlikheidskenmerke by De Wet geïdentifiseer. Die grootste verskille het by die fasette warmte, openhartigheid en altruïsme voorgekom. Die waarde van die studie is dat 'n wetenskaplike persoonlikheidsontleding van De Wet gedoen is. Dit is ook die eerste studie waar 'n teoretiese model op De Wet se persoonlikheid toegepas is. Alhoewel die studie sekere tekortkominge toon, beklemtoon dit terselfdertyd die wenslikheid daarvan om alternatiewe modelle te gebruik tydens die ontleding van persoonlikheidskenmerke. Die studie dui ook op die behoefte aan verdere navorsing, byvoorbeeld soortgelyke ontledings en vergelykings van die persoonlikhede van ander militêre bevelvoerders (De la Rey, Smuts, Beyers, Hertzog).

Helen Martins devoted approximately the last thirty years of her life to converting her family home into a unique fantasy world which she named the Owl House. Since her death in 1976 the Owl House has become a national monument and museum in South Africa. Throughout her life Helen was considered by most of the surrounding villagers to have been strange, and she withdrew increasingly from society. However, she appeared to have contained a desire for human connection. There are several instances in which she expressed this desire, such as through the numerous letters which she wrote to fellow artists. The existing body of literature on Helen illustrates the complex nature of her personality; however the question of which personality style she best typifies has remained unanswered. In order to answer this question a psychobiography was conducted on Helen. Psychobiographies entail a biographical representation of a person's life history to which a psychological theory is applied. The psychological theory utilised within the current study was Millon's (1969/1996) Biosocial- Learning Theory. Thus, the chief objective of this study was to describe and interpret Helen's personality style through the use of Millon's (1969/1996) Biosocial-Learning Theory. Alexander's model of data extraction and Miles and Huberman's three step approach were implemented in order to reduce, organise and analyse the data. The findings of this study reflected that Helen deteriorated from one of Millon's (1969/1996) proposed personality styles to another as she aged. The current findings may illuminate Helen's motives for obsessively devoting her life to the creation of her fantasy world.

Apart from the personal and socioeconomic burdens of dementia, the immense, intangible emotional and psychological suffering endured by dementia patients, their carers and families are difficult to quantify. Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) accounts for over 50% of all dementias and is responsible for a large percentage of morbidity and mortality in older adults. It is also recognised as a disease qualitatively distinct from the normal ageing process. Identified almost 95 years ago by Alois Alzheimer, it poses a seminal problem, which in the twenty-first century is compounded by the predicted extension in human longevity. Caregivers thus bear a considerable financial, social and emotional burden due to the progressive debilitating nature of the disease. It is hypothesised that social support buffers the individual from the negative emotional effects of stressful circumstances associated with the caregiving process; and although the inevitable course of the disease cannot be stopped, improving support to caregivers may decrease feelings of isolation and improve psychological health. Caregivers of AD patients often report experiencing a lack of social support due to the nature and progression of this disease. This study thus aims to investigate the relationship between real and/or perceived social support and psychological health (depression, loneliness, and perceived burden of care) amongst a cohort of Alzheimer’s caregivers. The following standardised measuring instruments were used to elicit data: the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), UCLA Loneliness Scale, Personal Resource Questionnaire (PRQ85) and a biographical questionnaire. Data were analysed using correlation and regression statistical techniques. The main findings of this study were that there is a significant positive correlation between loneliness and depression; loneliness and personal strain (burden) as well as both role and personal strain (burden) with depression. A significant negative correlation was also found between perceived social support and loneliness. Additional findings were that participants with higher educational qualifications experienced more personal strain and role strain (burden); caregivers with patients in the two younger age groups scored higher on the BDI-II; and the cognitive status of the patient correlated with the burden experienced by the caregiver. A significant negative correlation between summaries of reactions (burden) and duration of caregiving was also reported. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

Out of Date chronicles the filmmaker's personal journey as she tries to untangle her mixed feelings on singlehood and romance, and turns to the older generation for advice, tales of love and stories of success or failure. The documentary links and contrasts different generations' experiences in love and dating. Also, the film deals with loneliness, commitment, gender differences, and social and cultural practices of love and dating.

Les migrants d’Afrique subsaharienne paient un lourd tribut au VIH/sida et à l’hépatite B en France, puisqu’ils représentaient en 2013 31% des découvertes de séropositivité au VIH et 40% des patients pris en charge pour une hépatite B chronique. Cette thèse a pour objectif de comprendre l’impact de la maladie dans des vies déjà marquées par la migration, dans une dans une perspective holistique, c’est-à-dire qui prend en compte les différents éléments structurants de la trajectoire, qu’ils soient résidentiels (dont la migration), familiaux, professionnels, administratifs etc. L’enquête Parcours a permis de collecter de façon quantitative les histoires de vie de 2468 migrants subsahariens en Ile-de-France, 926 vivant avec le VIH, 779 vivant avec une hépatite B (non infectés par le VIH) et 763 n’ayant aucune de ces infections. Les parcours de vie de ces personnes ont été recueillis au moyen d’un questionnaire biographique qui renseigne les éléments structurants de la trajectoire de vie (professionnels, familiaux, conjugaux, résidentiels, etc…). Pour analyser ces trajectoires, les méthodes classiques d’analyse de survie ont été mobilisées, ainsi que les méthodes d’analyse de séquence du type Optimal Matching. Les trajectoires d’installation des migrants en France, qu’ils soient ou non atteints par le VIH ou l’hépatite B, ont été marquées par une grande insécurité dans les premières années, insécurité en termes de logement, de titres de séjour et d’emploi qui a duré six ans en médiane. Bien souvent, l’annonce de la maladie a précisément eu lieu à ce moment de l’arrivée en France. La migration elle-même a eu un impact majeur sur les trajectoires de vie des personnes sur le plan familial et professionnel. L’annonce d’une hépatite B chronique n’a elle pas d’effet sur les trajectoire de vie, tandis que le VIH entraîne une détérioration importante du bien-être, sans pour autant influer sur les trajectoires de couple ou d’emploi. Enfin, les personnes ayant obtenu un titre de séjour pour soins sont discriminées dans leur accès à la carte de résident ou la nationalité française. / Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa are very much affected by HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B in France; in 2013 they represented 31% of seropositivity discoveries for HIV and 40% of the patients taken in charge for a chronic hepatitis B. This thesis aims to understand the impact of illness in lives that are already affected by migration, in a holistic approach, which takes into account the different structuring elements of the trajectory, which may be residential (including migration), family-related, professional, administrative, etc. The Parcours survey is a quantitative biographical survey that collected 2468 life trajectories of Sub-Saharan migrants in Paris greater are, 926 living with HIV, 779 living with a chronic Hepatitis B (and not infected by HIV) and 763 who had neither of these two infections. These persons’ life courses have been collected with a biographical questionnaire which gathers information about different structuring elements of the life trajectory (professional, family-related, marital, residential, etc…). To analyse these life courses, classic survival methods were used, along with sequence analyses such as Optimal Matching. A common feature of all Sub-Saharan migrants’ integration pathways is the insecurity they experienced during their first years in France in terms of housing, legal documents and employment, which for most of them lasted more than six years and which was independent from the fact of being infected by HIV or chronic Hepatitis B. The diagnosis of illness often occured precisely at this moment of arrival in France. Migration itself had a major impact on life courses at the family and occupational level. The diagnosis for chronic Hepatitis B has no impact on life trajectories, whereas HIV diagnosis entailed an important degradation of well-being but did not impact on conjugal or employment trajectories. Finally, persons holding a permit of stay for health reasons are discriminated in their access to resident card or French nationality.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / The South African employment industry is facing exhaustion as the demand for talented workers is higher than supply (Bakos, 2005) and it has become imperative that the employer no longer simply focus on the commitment of employees, but more so on the extra efforts that are exerted by these employees in order to ensure their sustainability (Netswera, Rankhumise & Mavundla, 2005). Extensive research has been conducted on organisational commitment because of its importance in predicting individuals' behaviour outcomes such as absenteeism and turnover (Popoola, 2005). Findings of studies conducted by Bolon (1997) and Maharaj (2006) indicate that there is a positive relationship between organisational commitment (OC) and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB). Bolino and Turnley (2003) posit that it is important for organisations and managers to have a better understanding of the factors that make employees willing to go the extra mile in order to enhance organisational performance and sustain a competitive edge. The alms of the study are to investigate the relationship between organisational commitment, organisational citizenship behaviour and turnover intentions. Furthermore, it also investigated the relationship between biographical variables (namely, gender, age, tenure and race) and organisational commitment as well as that of organisational citizenship of human resource professionals A sample of 138 human resource professionals employed at a retail organisation completed a self-developed biographical questionnaire, the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire, the Citizenship Behaviour Questionnaire and the Turnover Intention Questionnaire. Results of the study indicate the existence of a significant relationship between organisational commitment and organisational citizenship and turnover intentions for human resource professionals. The statistical analysis suggests that organisational commitment has a significant relationship with organisational citizenship, whilst turnover intentions did not have a significant impact on organisational commitment. The biographical variables (namely, gender, age, tenure and race) appear to have a significant impact on organisational commitment, with gender having the strongest relationship with organisational commitment. The biographical variables (namely, gender, age, tenure and race) appear to have a significant impact on organisational citizenship behaviour, whilst race appeared to be unrelated to citizenship behaviour. Previous studies were reviewed to support the findings of the current study. Limitations of the study and recommendations for future research were put forth in addition to recommendations for the organisation.

In recognition that every child matters, inclusive education has become a practice that has been adopted by many schools across the globe and most usually in first world countries. As a whole-school system it occurs less frequently in developing countries including South Africa which, unlike many developing countries, has a sound infrastructure and many excellent schools in both the state and the independent sectors. ‘Education White Paper 6: Special education: Building an inclusive education and training system’ was published in 2001 with the express intention of developing an inclusive education system in South Africa. Some independent schools have successfully implemented exemplary forms of inclusion in their schools and this is the phenomenon that has been studied by focusing on the understandings and experiences of the principals. As the researcher I interviewed eight principals who are practicing inclusive education as the norm in their schools. This study reveals various aspects of the inclusive process including the pivotal role that principals play in the transformation process of which inclusive education is the harbinger. It also analyses why principals choose to embrace a paradigm that on the surface is uncomfortable and not an easy option. I used biographical narrative research as methodology for this qualitative research and crystallisation as quality strategy in order to study the phenomenon that is the understandings of principals of independent schools of inclusive education. The basic tenet was that inclusion leads to belonging and excellence in education. The major findings and implications for action are of interest not only to principals, but to anyone who is seriously interested in innovative and more humane forms of anti-oppressive education. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Every website, computer and IT system have users who need to verify their identity throughauthentication. The most common form of authentication today is to apply an alphanumericpassword. Passwords are often based on biographical information that can be derived from the userhimself and common elements that are usually utilized while creating passwords are names, petnames, family related, and date of birth. While passwords today are often based on the individual'sbiographical elements, the police have problems cracking encrypted devices because it takes a longtime and is complex to identify the correct password among all possible combinations. This problemis the basis for the work and is the reason why this model for how biographical dictionaries should bestructured and contain is created. To design the model, a literature review has been carried outwhere elements have been defined and a structure formed. Interviews with IT forensics from thepolice and NFC were then held to refine the different elements and structure of the initial model andto create a reality anchor. The result of this work is a product in the form of a model that can be usedto create biographical dictionaries based on target people. The model demonstrates whichbiographical elements are relevant for finding potential passwords. The conclusion drawn is that themodel can facilitate the work of the police and IT forensics when it comes to cracking people'sbiographical passwords. By using a dictionary that is built with the model, time-consuming attackssuch as brute-force attacks or more general dictionary attacks do not need to be applied. / Till varje hemsida, dator och IT-system finns användare som behöver verifiera sin identitet genomautentisering. Den vanligaste formen av autentisering är idag att applicera ett alfanumerisktlösenord. Lösenord bygger ofta på biografiska uppgifter som kan härledas från användaren själv ochvanliga element som brukar användas vid lösenordsgenerering är: namn, husdjursnamn, familj ochfödelsedatum. Samtidigt som lösenord idag ofta bygger på individens biografiska element har polisenproblem att knäcka krypterade enheter på grund av att det tar lång tid och är väldigt komplext attidentifiera rätt lösenord bland alla möjliga kombinationer. Detta problem ligger till grund för arbetetsamt är orsaken till varför denna modell för hur biografiska ordböcker ska vara strukturerade ochinnehålla skapas. För att utforma modellen har en litteraturöversikt genomförts där element hardefinierats och en struktur formats. Intervjuer med IT-forensiker från polisen och NFC hölls därefterför att förädla den initiala modellens olika element och struktur samt att skapa enverklighetsförankring. Resultatet av detta arbete är en slutprodukt i form av en modell som går attnyttja för att skapa biografiska ordböcker utifrån målpersoner. Modellen påvisar vilka biografiskaelement som är relevanta för att hitta potentiella lösenord. Slutsatsen som dras gör gällande attmodellen kan underlätta polisens och IT-forensikers arbete när det kommer till att knäcka personersbiografiska lösenord. Genom att nyttja en ordbok som är uppbyggd med modellen behöver intetidskrävande angrepp som ”brute force” attacker eller mer generella ordboksattacker appliceras.

Besides the social survey data, texts have been an important source of sociological data since the beginning of the development of sociological methodology. Text analysis methods contain two main branches of development: Bernard Berelson's content analysis and Hans-Georg Gadamer's hermeneutic analysis. Both these methodological branches have been influenced by the development of information technologies in the last twenty years. The thesis presented here deals with one of the methods of computer text analysis (CATA), which stands on the border between these two methodological streams, a method of analyzing words' collocations in texts. The thesis presents the method in the context of other methods of text analysis, and mentions sources of inspiration for further development of these methods - corpus linguistics and text mining. The second part discusses the different steps of words' collocation analysis: building a text corpus, dictionary compilation, calculation of data matrix and visualisation of words' distances using multidimensional scaling (MDS). The method is also applied to a specific data, two text corpora compiled from transcripts of biographical interviews with actors of Czechoslovak normalization - with dissidents and Communist functionaries. Quality of the models is assessed, depending...