Cette thèse propose d'étudier une catégorie d'intervention des politiques migratoires : les mineurs non accompagnés. À rebours d'une vaste littérature qui traite les mineurs non accompagnés en tant que groupe – posant des questions concernant leurs trajectoires migratoires, leur résilience plutôt que leur vulnérabilité, ou l'efficacité des politiques censées les protéger –, cette thèse s'inscrit dans une approche constructiviste et interroge les processus par lesquels la catégorie « mineurs non accompagnés » est donnée à voir. Nous analysons la conception de la catégorie juridico-administrative dans les politiques européennes ; les processus de transnationalisation dont elle fait l'objet, et les pratiques d'identification et de surveillance par lesquelles elles est mise en œuvre. La thèse couvre une période de vingt ans et investit trois terrains d'enquête. Tout d'abord, les forums et les arènes européens à Bruxelles, où se dégagent les représentations compassionnelles, et les logiques sur lesquels reposent les concurrences entre acteurs de la protection de l'enfance, des migrations et de la sécurité pour la définition légitime de la catégorie mineurs non accompagnés. Au delà des frontières européennes, l'Égypte est signalée par les acteurs transnationaux comme un « pays d'origine » de mineurs non accompagnés. Le troisième terrain a été mené à une frontière de l'Union européenne. Il prend en compte le cas de Catane (dans l'est de la Sicile) où sont données à voir les opérations d'individuation des mineurs non accompagnés arrivant par mer par les agents sécuritaires et humanitaires des migrations / In this dissertation, we study the career of a target category within migration policies, i.e. unaccompanied minors. Scholars have mostly dealt with unaccompanied minors as an existing group, asking, among others, what their migration trajectories are, whether they are resilient or vulnerable, and the efficiency of protection policies targeting them. Adopting a constructivist approach, this dissertation asks instead: what are the processes through which the category “unaccompanied minors” is actually incorporated into public policy and made visible? Here, its conception as a legal category within European policies is analyzed, along with its transnationalisation, and implementation. This study covers a period of twenty years. It rests on a three-fold fieldwork. Firstly, European forums and political arenas in Brussels are considered, where competition among child protection, migration and security actors can be observed. Secondly, beyond European borders, we consider Egypt as a country that is pointed at by transnational actors as a sending country for unaccompanied underaged migrants. Thirdly, the European Union border is taken into account by studying the operations of individualisation – by securitarian and humanitarian agents – of unaccompanied minors arriving by boat, along with disciplining practices implemented by migrant social care officers in Catania (Eastern Sicily). Finally, resistance practices to/through the category unaccompanied minors are studied here

As a result of apartheid and ethnocentric structures in South Africa and Cape Town, the unemployment is highest among the black youth. The purpose of this study is to examine how the black youth are experiencing their possibilities to get a job. This qualitative study was conducted among black youths at the age of 18-34 living in Cape Town. The theoretical framework chosen for this study was habitus and capital, social position, intersectionality and social stratification. Focus has been on how habitus and intersectionality plays a part in how black youths experience their possibilities of getting a job and how their experiences can be related to structural aspects in South Africa. The respondents differ in terms of background and individual experiences, but they all seem to unite in the experience of Cape Town’s labor market as racist and difficult to get job at as a young black individual. The study shows that their skin color is the most distinct trait that are being evaluated on the labor market, whereby it further seems that the darker skin, the harder to get a job. What separates the respondents experiences is mainly dependent on their socioeconomic background and the area of their upbringing, whereby the respondents from poorer areas has experienced the challenge to get a job much harder. On a structural level there’s a general problem according to the respondents experiences with informal recruitment, exploitation and especially discrimination of the black youth. Furthermore, contacts seems to be crucial for getting a job, which seems to be upheld by the mentality of "looking after one's own people". Overall there are several aspects on both individual and structural level that affect black youths experience of getting a job in Cape Town.

The purpose of this study was to investigate, through a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods, whether Swedish citizens with two foreign-born parents feel that everyday racism is expressed in the society. Collected empirical data were conducted through an online questionnaire and eight interviews, in which all key informants were born in Sweden but originated from Lebanon, Syria, Spain and Kosovo. Previous research shows that the concept of immigrants tends to represent only a homogeneous cultural of non-indigenous ethnicities and that this unit is subordinate to the dominant Swedish identity. Being categorized as immigrants in Sweden can lead to stigmatization, racism, discrimination and exclusion in areas such as education, working life and income regardless of generation. It is therefore believed that cultural and social rankings have emerged between “Swedes” and “immigrants”, which means that the concept of immigrants has become a category that also subordinates individuals and collectively. Collected empirical data was analysed on the basis of Erving Goffman, Jan Inge Jönhill and Charles Horton Cooley theories and the results showed that informants carry experiences of racism that are a combination of structural knowledge and personal experiences. One can therefore describe the experiences as a cultural legacy of consciousness or a high knowledge of both previous social and current existing exclusions that have historically occurred or usually occur within a society today.

<p>Person-thing orientation (PTO) describes how interests in people (person orientation; PO) and things (thing orientation; TO) motivate behavior. These orientations have been shown to be predictive of important outcomes, but little is known about <i>how</i> these orientations work as motivational systems for behavior. The current paper explored whether different levels of PO and TO among participants affect individual categorizations of stimuli as “person-like” or “thing-like.” Participants (<i>N</i> = 170) were asked to rate how person-like and thing-like they perceived 100 individual stimulus items to be, and their PO and TO scores were measured. I hypothesized that TO would predict higher ratings of stimuli as thing-like, especially when PO levels were lower, and that PO would predict higher ratings of stimuli as person-like, especially when TO levels were lower. I predicted that this pattern of results would be stronger among stimuli categorized as ambiguous than among stimuli categorized as an unambiguous person or thing. The findings did not support the main hypotheses. Instead, the person category stimuli showed the hypothesized pattern of results. Among these stimuli, PO predicted person ratings and TO predicted thing ratings (but in the negative direction). The results and implications of these findings were discussed.</p>

This thesis examines how Palestinian ethnicity is negotiated and embodied in different contexts by young people with Palestinian background in Sweden. It is based on semi-structured interviews and uses Social Identity and Self Categorization theory. A main result is that the Palestinian ethnicity of the respondents play an essential role for their identity building, regardless of context. While being “Palestinian” is fore-fronted by all the interviewees as central to their identities, they ascribe somewhat different meanings to the concept of Palestinian-ness - what actually makes them “feel Palestinian” or can claim a Palestinian identity. Further, the interviewees’ perception of how Palestinian-ness is generally regarded in different contexts matter. Lastly, their notion of Palestinian ethnicity is strongly connected to the Palestinian territory and the historical-political situation and conflict with Israel. Together, these themes show the complexity of identity and ethnicity, however, the interviewees relation to their Palestinian background is solid.

Mental models are an important theme within information systems. They show how people understand reality, make decisions and how the information flows in order for them to do so. It is particularly challenging to make such decisions when it comes to determining the health of someone, making it a particularly delicate matter. In that context, this thesis takes BetterDoc as object of study. It is an organization situated in Cologne, Germany, with an increasingly positive record of providing remote healthcare services and allowing patients to have the adequate treatment for their condition. The study was based on the theory of mental models to bring to light the implicit patterns present in making decision in that context. That was done by conducting qualitative interviews with the staff of the organization, across different teams, and synthetizing the findings in a common model that shows points of decision and the supporting information. Those findings are useful for identifying points that need to be structured to provide clarity and understanding, increasing the synergy and transparence of a socio-technical system that can influences the outcomes of healthcare for many people.

Ces travaux de recherche ont eu pour objectif d’évaluer les capacités de discrimination des réponses des neurones et leur robustesse dans le bruit à chaque étage du système auditif. Nous avons ainsi quantifié la capacité de discrimination neuronale entre quatre vocalisations cibles conspécifiques masquées par un bruit stationnaire depuis le noyau cochléaire jusqu’au cortex auditif secondaire chez le cobaye anesthésié. La discrimination des vocalisations cibles par les populations neuronales a été fortement diminuée par le bruit dans toutes les structures, mais les populations du colliculus inférieur et du thalamus ont montré de meilleures performances que les populations corticales. La comparaison avec les réponses neuronales obtenues avec les vocalisations vocodées (38, 20 ou 10 bandes de fréquences) a révélé que la réduction des capacités de discrimination neuronale était principalement due à l'atténuation des modulations d'amplitude lente (< 20 Hz). En outre, nous avons quantifié la robustesse des réponses neuronales grâce à une méthode de classification automatique réalisée sur l’ensemble des données obtenues en présence du bruit stationnaire et d’un autre bruit appelé chorus. Cela a mis en évidence cinq catégories de comportements neuronaux (des plus robustes aux plus sensibles) et leurs proportions respectives sur l’ensemble du système auditif ainsi qu’au sein de chaque structure auditive. Cette analyse a montré également qu’il existait des neurones robustes à tous les étages du système auditif, bien qu’une proportion plus importante soit retrouvée au niveau du colliculus inférieur et du thalamus. Par ailleurs, la proportion de neurones robustes est plus faible dans le bruit chorus ce qui laisse suggérer que ce dernier est plus pénalisant que le bruit stationnaire. Il est important de souligner qu’une proportion non négligeable de neurones sous-corticaux et corticaux changent de comportement d’un bruit à l’autre de sorte que le comportement de ces neurones dans un bruit particulier est peu prédictible. Ces résultats démontrent donc que la discrimination neuronale en situation de dégradation acoustique est principalement déterminée par l’altération des modulations lentes d'amplitude à la fois au niveau sous-cortical et cortical et suggèrent que les structures sous-corticales contribuent de façon importante à la perception robuste d’un signal cible dans le bruit. / This research aimed at evaluating the discrimination abilities of neuronal responses and their robustness to noise at each stage of the auditory system, from the cochlear nucleus to the secondary auditory cortex. We quantified the neuronal discrimination performance between four conspecific vocalizations masked by a stationary noise in anesthetized guinea pig. Discrimination of target vocalizations by neuronal populations was significantly reduced by noise in all structures, but collicular and thalamic populations displayed better performance than cortical populations. The comparison with neuronal responses obtained with vocoded vocalizations (using 38, 20 or 10 frequency bands) revealed that the reduction in discrimination performance was mainly due to the attenuation of slow amplitude modulations (<20 Hz). In addition, we quantified the robustness of neuronal responses using an automatic classification method performed on the whole database obtained in presence of stationary noise and of another noise called “chorus” noise. This highlighted five categories of neural behavior (from robustness to sensitivity) and their respective proportions across the auditory system as well as within each auditory structure. This analysis demonstrated that robust neurons do exist at all stages of the auditory system, although a higher proportion was found in the inferior colliculus and thalamus. Moreover, the proportion of robust neurons is lower in the chorus noise, which suggests that the latter is more penalizing than the stationary noise. It is worth to point out that a significant proportion of subcortical and cortical neurons changed category from one background noise to another, so that the behavior of these neurons in a particular noise was unpredictable. These results provide clear evidence that neuronal discrimination in degraded acoustic conditions is mainly determined by alterations of slow amplitude modulations both at the subcortical and cortical level, and suggest that the subcortical structures significantly contribute to the robust perception of a target signal in noise.

Children's language and world knowledge grows explosively in the preschool years. One critical contributor to this growth is their developing ability to infer relations beyond those that have been directly taught or modeled. Categorization is one type of skill commonly taught in preschool in which inference is an important aspect. This study explored the development of specific types of inferences within a categorization relation: those among naming items and categories, selecting items based on their names and categories, and answering questions that relate names and categories. Children learned names and categories for a set of unfamiliar cartoon characters through one of two training protocols: (a) Listener training involved selecting a picture upon hearing an item name or category; (b) Expressive training involved saying an item name or category upon seeing a picture. Following training, we tested whether children derived several kinds of untrained responses. Those children who received Expressive training (saying names) completed tests of listener responses (selecting pictures); similarly, those children who received Listener training (selecting pictures) completed tests of expressive responses (saying names). Next, children answered oral questions in the absence of pictures. Results show that children receiving Expressive and Listener training produce naming and question answering responses at levels above chance. However, many children failed to answer all questions correctly. The Expressive group produced naming and question answering responses at significantly higher levels than the Listener group. This suggests that Listener training is a weaker form of instruction when the goal of instruction is the production of untrained responses. However, these results are tentative because unequal proportions of children completed each type of training. Finally, we examined the relationship between naming and question answering. Few children answered questions at a higher level than they produced names. This study shows that children learn to infer responses from both Listener and Expressive trainings. This study also suggests that naming and question answering responses are related responses. The current study highlights the need for later research on teaching inference skills such as naming and question answering to those who do not develop them in the absence of specific instruction.

Cette thèse étudie les différents procès de catégorisation (catégorisation fondée sur un prototype, une finalité ou une analogie) et les mécanismes cognitifs associés (tendance centrale, combinaison conceptuelle et raisonnement analogique) que les publics utilisent dans les marchés quand ils évaluent une entité ambiguë. D’une part, la recherche a montré que les produits ambigus sont dévalorisés parce que les publics deviennent confus par ce que ces produits permettent de faire (ambiguïté cognitive). D’autre part, la recherche a montré que les organisations avec un positionnement de marché ambigu sont également dépréciées car les publics ne savent pas ce qu’elles sont (ambiguïté liée à l’identité de ces dernières), et la manière dont elles peuvent répondre à plusieurs tâches en même temps (ambiguïté liée aux compétences de ces dernières). Cette thèse met en perspective ces résultats en étudiant comment différents procès de catégorisation et mécanismes cognitifs associés ont une influence sur (i) l’évaluation des produits ambigus (ii) l’évaluation de la performance des organisations avec un positionnement de marché ambigu, et (iii) les stratégies de différentiation des entreprises. De manière plus générale, mon travail contribue à la littérature existante en théorie des organisations et en stratégie. Dans le premier cas, mon travail contribue aux travaux en « economic sociology », mais aussi ceux sur les procès de catégorisation ou encore ceux sur les organisations hybrides. Concernant la littérature en stratégie, mon travail contribue sur les sujets liés à « optimal distinctiveness », la manière dont les agents attribuent la valeur d’un point de vue cognitif ou encore les stratégies de différentiation des entreprises.De plus, la littérature sur les catégories en management et théorie des organisations a été à la recherche de corrélation dans des bases de données alors que la théorie sous-jacente se trouve au niveau des procès de catégorisation et des mécanismes cognitifs associés. Bien que cette approche soit valide, elle a ses propres limites car elle ne recherche pas l’identification causale. Ma thèse permet de répondre à ces enjeux puisqu’elle teste de manière expérimentale comment les différents procès de catégorisation et les mécanismes cognitifs associés ont une influence sur la perception de l’atypicalité dans les marchés.Dans ma thèse, j’étudie comment les différents procès de catégorisation et les mécanismes cognitifs associés ont (i) une influence sur l’évaluation des produits atypiques—ceux caractérisés par l’ambiguïté catégorielle (Chapitre 1)—, (ii) les mérites perçus des organisations hybrides (chapitre 2), et (iii) les stratégies de différentiation des entreprises. De manière plus générale, mon travail contribue à la littérature existante en théorie des organisations et stratégie. Dans le premier cas, mon travail contribue aux travaux en « economic sociology », mais aussi ceux sur les procès de catégorisation ou encore les organisations hybrides. Concernant la littérature en stratégie, mon travail contribue sur les sujets liés à « optimal distinctiveness », la manière dont les agents attribuent la valeur d’un point de vue cognitif ou encore les stratégies de différentiation des entreprises. / This dissertation studies the different categorization processes (prototype-based, goalbased and analogical-based categorization) and subsequent cognitive mechanisms (central tendency, conceptual combination and analogical processing, respectively) that audiences use in markets when they evaluate an ambiguous entity. Past research has shown that audiences discount product ambiguity because they are confused about what an ambiguous product offering does (cognitive ambiguity). Similarly, research has shown that audiences discount organizational ambiguity because they don’t know what these organizations with an ambiguous market positioning are (identity ambiguity) and how well they multi-task (competence ambiguity). This dissertation puts these results in perspective and studies how different categorization processes and cognitive mechanisms influence (i) the evaluation of ambiguous product offerings, (ii) the performance evaluation of organizations with an ambiguous market positioning, and (iii) firms’ differentiation strategies. More broadly, this work offers contributions to the literature in both organization theory and strategy. In the former, this work falls within the economic sociology, categorization processes and hybrid organizations topics. In the latter, my contributions are relevant to the topics of optimal distinctiveness, market agents’ cognitive ascription of value, and firms’ differentiation strategies.Furthermore, much of the literature on categorization has sought statistical correlations in large data sets, although the underlying theory is about cognitive mechanisms in the individual mind. While valid, this approach has limitations because it does not seek causal identification. My dissertation work directly addresses this issue by experimentally testing how different categorization processes and the subsequent activated cognitive mechanisms influence the perception of atypicality in markets.In my dissertation, I study how these categorization processes and cognitive mechanisms influence (i) the evaluation of atypical products—those characterized by categorical ambiguity, Chapter 1; (ii) the perceived merits of atypical organizations—here, social enterprises, Chapter 2, and (iii) firms’ differentiation strategies (Chapter 3). More broadly, my work offers contribution to the literature in both organization theory and strategy. In the former, this work falls within the economic sociology, categorization processes and hybrid organizations topics. In the latter, my contributions are relevant to the topics of optimal distinctiveness, market agents’ cognitive ascription of value, and firms’ differentiation strategies.

Recent research has identified important functional differences between Prescriptive morality (based in approach motivation) and Proscriptive morality (based in avoidance motivation). The purpose of the present research was to understand the consequences of these moralities applied at the group level for social categorization, especially in response to threat. I measured social categorization with a novel method in which participants categorized same-race and cross-race morphed faces. Social Justice (which is Prescriptive morality applied to the group) was associated with more inclusive social categorization under conditions of threat compared to a control condition. Social Order (which is Proscriptive morality applied to the group) was not associated with social categorization. The implications of this work for social categorization, politics, and our understanding of moral diversity are discussed.