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Foi pesquisada a aplicação de métodos, em nível de laboratório, através dos quais é possível otimizar, tratar e dispor resíduos de lavagem de filtros de estações de tratamento de água (Caso ETA do rio Descoberto - ETA-RD Brasília). Na clarificação da água de lavagem dos filtros, observou-se o efeito favorável da adição de polímero para melhorar a separação líquido-sólido é, portanto, as eficiências de remoção de turbidez, cor aparente, sólidos suspensos e coliformes totais. Observou-se melhor sedimentabilidade do lodo a ser desaguado. Os ensaios de centrifugação, em escala de bancada, mostraram que o método aplicado auxilia na determinação da dosagem a ser usada numa centrífuga em escala real. Foram avaliados três métodos de disposição do lodo adensado da ETA-RD em ETE: 1) sedimentação com esgoto sanitário e posterior digestão anaeróbia do lodo; 2) Digestão anaeróbia e 3) digestão aeróbia. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a digestão anaeróbia. Os estudos realizados mostraram que há diversas alternativas de tratamento e disposição desses resíduos, mas é necessário, sempre que possível, a avaliação das diferentes alternativas para selecionar a(s) mais apropriada(s) a cada caso em particular, pois fatores como custos e disponibilidade de de sistemas ou equipamentos, definirão a aplicabilidade ou não de determinado método. / It was researched the application of methods on laboratory bench scale to optimize the reuse, treatment and disposal of wastes from filter backwash of Water Treatment Plant - WTP (WTP-RD Descoberto River, Brasília case). In the clarification process of this waste, favorable effect of addition of polymer for best liquid-solid separation and, thus, better removal efficiencies of turbidity, apparent color, suspended solids and total coliforms was observed. Better sedimentability of the sludge occurred. The centrifugation tests showed that the applied method help on determination of dosagem to be used in full scale. Three methods to dispose thickened sludge of WTP-RD on wastewater treatment Plants - WWTP were evaluated: 1) Sedimentation with domestic sewage and anaerobic digestion of sludge; 2) Anaerobic digestion and 3) Aerobic digestion. Best results were obtained with anaerobic digestion. The results showed that there are alternatives of treatment and disposal of wastes of WTP, but is necessary, if possible, to make the evaluation of this alternatives to select the most appropriate(s) in each case because factors as costs, systems or equipments availability, will define the applicability or not of a particular method.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-03-21T14:19:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 João Luiz Rocha do Nascimento.pdf: 2857036 bytes, checksum: 831e0abf6714c1b8a853becdb2bddfaf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-21T14:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 João Luiz Rocha do Nascimento.pdf: 2857036 bytes, checksum: 831e0abf6714c1b8a853becdb2bddfaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-03 / Nenhuma / Plasmado por um viés hermenêutico-filosófico, este estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar que o cumprimento do dever fundamental dos juízes de justificar suas decisões - diretamente vinculado ao direito fundamental do cidadão à obtenção de uma resposta correta - tal como estabelecido na Constituição Federal constitui uma condição de possibilidade para a extinção, no sistema processual-recursal brasileiro, dos embargos de declaração, desconstruindo o mito - fruto de uma equivocada aposta preservativa de uma dogmática jurídica refém de um sentido comum teórico e fatalista que só agrava os sintomas de baixa constitucionalidade da Norma Fundamental - de que se prestam ao aperfeiçoamento das decisões judiciais omissas, contraditórias ou obscuras quando elas não configuram ato judicial adequadamente fundamentado, sendo, por essa razão e desde a origem, nulo. A plena maximização da diretriz constitucional prevista no artigo 93, IX, a partir de uma autêntica compreensão da Constituição, esvazia qualquer razão da existência dos embargos de declaração, o que justifica a necessidade da expunção da ordem jurídica desse instituto de notória disfunção que, nos atuais contornos, encobre o autêntico sentido do ser da norma constitucional que estabelece que todas decisões judiciais devem ser fundamentadas, sob pena de nulidade. / Shaped by a philosophical hermeneutic bias, this study aims to demonstrate that compliance with the fundamental duty of judges to justify their decisions - directly linked to the fundamental right of the citizen to obtain a correct answer - as established in the Federal Constitution constitutes a condition of possibility for extinction on the Brazilian legal-appeal system, the motion for clarification, deconstructing the myth - result of a mistaken preservative bet a legal dogmatic hostage for a common theoretical and fatalistic sense that only exacerbates the symptoms of low constitutionality of the Standard Basic - that lend themselves to the improvement of missing, conflicting or unclear judgments when they do not configure properly reasoned judicial act, being, for this reason and since the origin, null. The full maximization of the constitutional directive granted under Article 93, IX, from an authentic understanding of the Constitution, flush any reason for the existence of motion to clarification, which justifies the necessity of deleting the laws of that institute notorious dysfunction which conceals, in actual contours, the true meaning of being the constitutional rule that all judicial decisions must be reasoned, under penalty of nullity.

Foi pesquisada a aplicação de métodos, em nível de laboratório, através dos quais é possível otimizar, tratar e dispor resíduos de lavagem de filtros de estações de tratamento de água (Caso ETA do rio Descoberto - ETA-RD Brasília). Na clarificação da água de lavagem dos filtros, observou-se o efeito favorável da adição de polímero para melhorar a separação líquido-sólido é, portanto, as eficiências de remoção de turbidez, cor aparente, sólidos suspensos e coliformes totais. Observou-se melhor sedimentabilidade do lodo a ser desaguado. Os ensaios de centrifugação, em escala de bancada, mostraram que o método aplicado auxilia na determinação da dosagem a ser usada numa centrífuga em escala real. Foram avaliados três métodos de disposição do lodo adensado da ETA-RD em ETE: 1) sedimentação com esgoto sanitário e posterior digestão anaeróbia do lodo; 2) Digestão anaeróbia e 3) digestão aeróbia. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a digestão anaeróbia. Os estudos realizados mostraram que há diversas alternativas de tratamento e disposição desses resíduos, mas é necessário, sempre que possível, a avaliação das diferentes alternativas para selecionar a(s) mais apropriada(s) a cada caso em particular, pois fatores como custos e disponibilidade de de sistemas ou equipamentos, definirão a aplicabilidade ou não de determinado método. / It was researched the application of methods on laboratory bench scale to optimize the reuse, treatment and disposal of wastes from filter backwash of Water Treatment Plant - WTP (WTP-RD Descoberto River, Brasília case). In the clarification process of this waste, favorable effect of addition of polymer for best liquid-solid separation and, thus, better removal efficiencies of turbidity, apparent color, suspended solids and total coliforms was observed. Better sedimentability of the sludge occurred. The centrifugation tests showed that the applied method help on determination of dosagem to be used in full scale. Three methods to dispose thickened sludge of WTP-RD on wastewater treatment Plants - WWTP were evaluated: 1) Sedimentation with domestic sewage and anaerobic digestion of sludge; 2) Anaerobic digestion and 3) Aerobic digestion. Best results were obtained with anaerobic digestion. The results showed that there are alternatives of treatment and disposal of wastes of WTP, but is necessary, if possible, to make the evaluation of this alternatives to select the most appropriate(s) in each case because factors as costs, systems or equipments availability, will define the applicability or not of a particular method.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka förändringar som förväntas av en inkorporering av Förenta Nationernas barnkonvention i svensk lagstiftning. Sveriges riksdag röstade sommaren år 2018 igenom regeringens förslag om att inkorporera barnkonventionen, vilket innebär att konventionen blir svensk lag. Sverige har sedan ratificeringen år 1990 varit tvungna att följa barnkonventionens bestämmelser, dock har konventionen inte fått det genomslag som förväntats i landet. Regeringen anser att barnkonventionen genom en inkorporering kommer bidra till ett tydliggörande för barnens rättigheter. Studien kommer även granska och identifiera hur barnkonventionen ska inkorporeras, vilka insatser som regeringen har beslutat om och hur dessa ska genomföras. En inkorporering är dels önskvärd men även kritiserad, därför ska studien även analysera för vilka utmaningar och svårigheter som finns vid en inkorporering. Huvudproblemet som studien syftar till att diskutera är om inkorporeringen av barnkonventionen kommer vara tillräcklig för att luckorna i det barnrättsliga arbetet i Sverige ska tillgodoses. Syftet har besvarats genom intervjuer med sex personer som har kunskap om barnens rättigheter och information om dels den kommande inkorporeringen, dels de insatser som beslutats om samt de utmaningar som finns vid inkorporeringen av barnkonventionen. Resultatet visar att de förändringarna som intervjupersonerna förväntade sig av en inkorporering av barnkonventionen var både positiva och negativa. De positiva förväntningarna är att barnkonventionen får mer genomslag. Att barnets bästa kommer att prövas och att dem kommer att komma till tals i större utsträckning än tidigare. Ytterligare en positiv förändring är att Barnkonventionens kan bidra till en synvända för alla människor i samhället. Det vill säga, hur vi ser på barn, behandlar barn och pratar med barn. De negativa förväntningarna och utmaningarna vid en inkorporering är att konventionen kan uppfattas vag och att den i sig inte utgör en beslutsgrund. Det är därför viktigt att barnkonventionens bestämmelser fortsätts transformeras in i nationell lagstiftning. I intervjuerna uttrycktes även en oro för att regeringens ansvar i att se till att barnkonventionen följs förflyttas till rättstillämparen och att arbetet med att transformera konventionens bestämmelser stannar av. Studien identifierar även behovet av övriga insatser i form av kunskapslyft i skolan där barnen får lära sig om barnkonventionen och deras rättigheter och behovet av att regeringen fattar ett beslut om att tillträda tilläggsprotokoll 3. Det frivilliga tilläggsprotokollet utgör en möjlighet för barn att överklaga beslut som fattats i ärenden som rör dem till FN:s barnrättskommitté. / This study aims to investigate what changes are expected of the incorporation of the United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child into Swedish legalisation. The Swedish Parliament voted in the summer of 2018 through the Government's proposal to incorporate the Convention into Swedish legislation through incorporation. Since the ratification in 1990, Sweden has had to comply with the provision of the Convention, but the Convention has not had the impetus that was expected in the country. The Government believes that the Convention of the Rights of the Child, through incorporation, will introduce a symbolic clarification of the rights of the children. The study will also research and identify how the convention will be incorporated, what interventions the government has decided on and how these will be implemented. Incorporation is partly desirable, but also criticized, therefore, the study will also analyse the challenges and difficulties encountered in the incorporation of the convention of the Rights of the Child into Swedish legislation. The main problem that the study aims to discuss is whether the incorporation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child will be sufficient to accommodate the gaps in child justice in Sweden.     The aim of the study as well as the research questions has been answered through interviews with six individuals who are experts in the children's rights and who have information on the upcoming incorporation, they also have knowledge about the interventions that have been made and the challenges involved in the incorporation of the Convention of the rights of the child.      The result of the study shows that the expected changes that the interviewees had from incorporating the Convention of the Rights of the Child into Swedish legalisation were both positive and negative. The positive expectation is that the Convention will get more impact. That the best interests of the child will be tested in decisions that concern them and that they will be able to express an opinion to a greater extent than before. The negative expectations and challenges of incorporation are that the convention can be perceived undetermined and in itself does not constitute a basis for decision-making. It is therefore important that the provisions of the Convention continue to be transformed into national law. The interviewees also expressed a concern that the government's responsibility to ensure compliance with the Convention might transferred to the legal experts and that the work on transforming the Convention's provisions contingently stops.     The study also identifies the need of knowledge of the Convention of the Rights of the Child among the children. This will contribute to the positive effect that children will understand that they are carriers of rights. Furthermore the interviewees criticise the government’s decision to not incorporate the third additional protocol, optional protocol of the convention on the rights of the child on a communication procedure.

Referentiell kommunikation innebär att kunna delge andra information så att de förstår, samt att själv förstå när man lyssnar och även att vara medveten om när man själv inte har förstått (Sonnenschein & Whitehurst, 1984). Genom en referentiell kommunikationsuppgift har lyssnaregenskaper inom referentiell kommunikation undersökts hos ungdomar med lindrig till måttlig utvecklingsstörning, samt en mentalt åldersmatchad kontrollgrupp. Snabb benämning (Rapid Automatized Naming) av enstaviga och flerstaviga ord har också testats, och huruvida samband mellan resultat i kommunikationsuppgiften och snabb benämning föreligger. För att mäta referentiella lyssnarförmågor har olika typer av efterfrågningar studerats, det vill säga hur individen uttrycker sig för att efterfråga mer information. Resultatet visar att kontrollgruppen producerar signifikant fler av efterfrågningstyperna begäran av utökad information och kontrollfrågor. Båda grupperna var mycket heterogena i kommunikationsuppgiften vad gäller antalet efterfrågningar hos varje individ. I målgruppen återfanns ett signifikant samband mellan efterfrågningstypen aningen-eller-frågor och långsam benämningshastighet av enstaviga ord. En klinisk implikation av resultatet i studien är att en del individer i målgruppen skulle kunna gynnas av träning i referentiell kommunikation.

The research in this study focuses on the role of environmental education activities in the clarification of environmental values in Grade 6 learners. The much discussed environmental crisis arose as a result of man's negative environmental behaviour. Human behaviour is a matter of choices based on environmental values. Environmental value clarification aims to raise learners' awareness of their own values and to increase their effect on the environment. It helps learners to explore their own values, to consider advantages and disadvantages, to accept that others' beliefs may vary from their own, and to align their own actions and behaviours with their personal beliefs. Using environmental education activities the researcher aims to help learners clarify their environmental values as environmental education activities can not only be interesting and fun, but can also have a powerful impact on students' interest in and awareness of environmental problems. As the clarification of environmental values contains a highly subjective component, use is made of a combined method research strategy. The quantitative research component takes place through a pre- and post-test test with an experimental and a control group. During the pre- and post-test a standardised questionnaire is used whilst the interventions take the form of an environmental education activity. A qualitative, collective case study design forms the qualitative part of the combined method, through observation during the activity and focus group interviews thereafter. Three schools that are part of the project "Education for sustainable living", where schools pay attention to the environment through the implementation of environmental management principles, were selected for participation. The findings indicate that learners that were exposed to the activity are confronted with their own environmental values and attitudes whilst being forced to seriously, honestly andcritically reflect on his / her own values regarding specific environmental issues in the activity. / Thesis (MEd (Curriculum Development))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The research in this study focuses on the role of environmental education activities in the clarification of environmental values in Grade 6 learners. The much discussed environmental crisis arose as a result of man's negative environmental behaviour. Human behaviour is a matter of choices based on environmental values. Environmental value clarification aims to raise learners' awareness of their own values and to increase their effect on the environment. It helps learners to explore their own values, to consider advantages and disadvantages, to accept that others' beliefs may vary from their own, and to align their own actions and behaviours with their personal beliefs. Using environmental education activities the researcher aims to help learners clarify their environmental values as environmental education activities can not only be interesting and fun, but can also have a powerful impact on students' interest in and awareness of environmental problems. As the clarification of environmental values contains a highly subjective component, use is made of a combined method research strategy. The quantitative research component takes place through a pre- and post-test test with an experimental and a control group. During the pre- and post-test a standardised questionnaire is used whilst the interventions take the form of an environmental education activity. A qualitative, collective case study design forms the qualitative part of the combined method, through observation during the activity and focus group interviews thereafter. Three schools that are part of the project "Education for sustainable living", where schools pay attention to the environment through the implementation of environmental management principles, were selected for participation. The findings indicate that learners that were exposed to the activity are confronted with their own environmental values and attitudes whilst being forced to seriously, honestly andcritically reflect on his / her own values regarding specific environmental issues in the activity. / Thesis (MEd (Curriculum Development))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

A major thrust in assessment reform is the instructional use of assessment (Ministry, 2010). Assessment for learning (AFL) has, however, proven challenging for teachers to implement (Brookhart, 2004; Swaffield, 2011; Tierney, 2006). Researchers have called for studies of classrooms that show how AFL works in practice (Bennett, 2011; Shepard, 2000). This study gathers images of practice from classrooms where teachers have been implementing a structure-based approach called Question Structure. Although a key premise of AFL is that assessment can be used instructionally to support learning, Question Structure’s constructivist-information-processing approach is rooted in educational measurement traditions usually juxtaposed to AFL theory and practice (Broadfoot & Black, 2004). Images of practice were drawn from classroom observation, teaching artifacts, and interviews from teachers who had been implementing the system for three to six years in three Ontario school boards. Data were analyzed through sub-questions emerging from the literature and through grounded theory. The study found that Question Structure supported AFL principles and practices. It also supported a Tylerian, backwards-design approach to program design, but not to excess. Technical revisions tended to evolve into significant change in practice, including program reconceptualization and increased focus on students’ learning. The structure-based approach functioned in a variety of ways, for example to support task clarification, (re)reading and comprehension of text, writing process, open-ended collaborative work, and student-generated questions. Teachers were able to clarify the meaning of ‘structure,’ to distinguish structures from instructional and cognitive strategies, and to use universal structures and strategies as subject-specific pedagogy in Language Arts/English. The role of the technical interest and implications for professional learning are also discussed.

A major thrust in assessment reform is the instructional use of assessment (Ministry, 2010). Assessment for learning (AFL) has, however, proven challenging for teachers to implement (Brookhart, 2004; Swaffield, 2011; Tierney, 2006). Researchers have called for studies of classrooms that show how AFL works in practice (Bennett, 2011; Shepard, 2000). This study gathers images of practice from classrooms where teachers have been implementing a structure-based approach called Question Structure. Although a key premise of AFL is that assessment can be used instructionally to support learning, Question Structure’s constructivist-information-processing approach is rooted in educational measurement traditions usually juxtaposed to AFL theory and practice (Broadfoot & Black, 2004). Images of practice were drawn from classroom observation, teaching artifacts, and interviews from teachers who had been implementing the system for three to six years in three Ontario school boards. Data were analyzed through sub-questions emerging from the literature and through grounded theory. The study found that Question Structure supported AFL principles and practices. It also supported a Tylerian, backwards-design approach to program design, but not to excess. Technical revisions tended to evolve into significant change in practice, including program reconceptualization and increased focus on students’ learning. The structure-based approach functioned in a variety of ways, for example to support task clarification, (re)reading and comprehension of text, writing process, open-ended collaborative work, and student-generated questions. Teachers were able to clarify the meaning of ‘structure,’ to distinguish structures from instructional and cognitive strategies, and to use universal structures and strategies as subject-specific pedagogy in Language Arts/English. The role of the technical interest and implications for professional learning are also discussed.