Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo um estudo sobre o processo de formação e expansão da cultura e dialeto caipira na região de Piracicaba, município do interior do Estado de São Paulo, cuja fundação oficial ocorreu em 1767. Acredita-se que, durante este perído, enquanto as primeiras pessoas, em sua maioria pobre, negros, índios e mestiços, foram se estabelecendo na região, houve um processo de formação e expansão de uma cultura caipira local. Procurou-se assim, tomando como base o estudo de Amaral (1920) além do uso de documentos manuscritos do século XIX e coleta de material oral com moradores idosos da região mencionada, resgatar não apenas a história oficial da fundação de Piracicaba como também resgatar um pouco da história do homem pobre livre desta região / This research has as objective a study about the process of formation and expansion of the culture and caipira dialect in the area of Piracicaba, municipal district of the interior of the State of São Paulo, whose official foundation happened in 1767. It is Believed that, during this period, While the first people, in most of them poor, black, mamelucos and Indians were settling down in the area, there were the process of formationand expansion of a local caipira culture. It was intended, taking as base Amaral\\\'s study (1920) besides the documents here selected and collection of oral material with senior residents of the mentioned area, not just to rescue the official history of the foundation of Piracicaba as well as to rescue a little of the poor and free man of this area

Iguape é um dos municípios do litoral sul paulista que teve muita importância na história do Brasil Colonial. Conheceu o auge com o ciclo do arroz, quando o rio Ribeira de Iguape era o principal meio de transporte e o porto às suas margens um dos mais importantes do País. Depois veio o declínio, conseqüência da abertura do Valo Grande e do assoreamento de seu porto. E, por fim, veio o isolamento numa das regiões mais pobres do Estado de São Paulo, o Vale do Ribeira. Iguape é o ponto 334 indicado por Antenor Nascentes para a pesquisa da realidade dialetal brasileira. O presente estudo objetiva registrar amostras desse verdadeiro dialeto caiçara, bolsão de tupinismos, arcaísmos e variantes lexicais peculiares. Procurou-se arrolar as lexias mais utilizadas na região não somente para lançá-las num mapa. Além de fazer o tratamento quantitativo dos dados, com o apoio das noções de estatística lexical de Muller, privilegiou-se a abordagem dos aspectos semântico-lexicais, com base em Pottier e Rastier, partindo da concepção de norma de Coseriu. Com base nos procedimentos teórico-metodológicos da Geolingüística da atualidade, aplicaram-se as questões da área Corpo Humano do Questionário semântico-lexical do Projeto ALiB, versão 2001, em três pontos do município de Iguape Icapara, Rocio e Jairê, a doze sujeitos, quatro de cada ponto, dos dois gêneros e em duas faixas etárias, quais sejam, de 18 a 30 anos (primeira faixa) e de 66 anos em diante (segunda faixa). A partir das respostas obtidas nas entrevistas, elaboraram-se dezesseis cartogramas, que espelham a variação diatópica de cunho lexical. Ainda em consonância com os preceitos da Geolingüística moderna, que alia sua metodologia às da Sociolingüística, compondo um quadro pluridimensional, mostrou-se o quadro da diversidade lingüística local. Em suma, o trabalho faz o registro da realidade lingüística desta parte muito pequena do Brasil, mas de grande importância para os estudos geolingüísticos, antes que esses falares se percam, quer pela ação homogeneizadora dos meios de comunicação de massa, quer pelas próprias forças centrífugas da língua. / Iguape is one of the cities on the southern coast of São Paulo State that had great importance in the History of colonial Brazil. It had its days of glory during the rice plantation period, when Ribeira de Iguape River was the main means of transportation and the port on its banks was one of the most important in the country. Later, decline came as a consequence of the opening of Valo Grande and the aggradation of its port. Finally, it became isolated in one of the poorest areas of the São Paulo State, the Ribeira Valley. Iguape is point number 334, as indicated by Antenor Nascentes, for the research of the Brazilian dialectal reality. The present work aims at registering samples of this truly \"caiçara\" dialect, in a region of \"tupinisms\", archaisms and peculiar lexical variants. We intended not only to place the lexias used in the area on a map, but also to list the most frequent ones. Besides doing quantitative treatment to data, based on Muller\'s notions of Lexical Statistics, we have focused in approaching the semantic-lexical aspects, based on Pottier and Rastier and starting from Coseriu\'s notion of norm. Based on present Geolinguistics theoretical-methodological procedures, we have applied the questions from area \"Human Body\" in the semantic-lexical Questionnaire of Project AliB, version 2001, in three points of the city of Iguape - namely Icapara, Rocio e Jairê -, to twelve subjects, four in each point, from both genders and belonging to two age groups, between 18 to 30 (first group) and older than 66 (second group). From the answers obtained in interviews, we have elaborated sixteen cartograms, which reflect the diatopic variation on lexical basis. Still in consonance with the principles of modern Geolinguistics, which allies its methodology to the one used in Sociolinguistics, forming a pluridimensional framework, we have showed the picture of local linguistic diversity. In summary, this work registers the linguistic reality of this very small part of Brazil, which has great importance to geolinguistic studies, before the loss of these speeches, be it by the homogenizing effect of mass media or by language\'s own centrifugal forces.

No description available.

The primary goal of the current study was to investigate the impact of different first language backgrounds on early Chinese reading development by comparing a group of children who spoke a dialect at home and learned to speak and read Mandarin as a second language as soon as they attended Mandarin immersion programs with their Mandarin-speaking monolingual counterparts. The comparison involved five variables, two of which were measures of reading outcomes, word reading accuracy and vocabulary knowledge, and the other three were measures related to processing spoken languages, including rapid automatized naming, phonological awareness, and morphological awareness. The study was carried out in two phases. Participants in Phase One consisted of 30 dialect-dominant (DD) and 30 Mandarin-monolingual (MD) children from one kindergarten. Half of them were in their second year (K2), and the other half were in their third year of kindergarten (K3). Participants in Phase Two consisted of 218 dialect-dominant children from the third-year kindergarten to the third grade in one school. The assessments in Phase One were administered from March to April in 2011, and the assessments in Phase Two were administered from May to July in 2011. The current study added to extant literature by yielding several important findings with an under-represented population in Chinese reading research. First, the strong link between morphological awareness and vocabulary knowledge, which has been documented in previous studies, is now extended to the group of DD children. Second, the current study revealed that in comparison to the MD group the DD group performed significantly poorer on Mandarin morphological construction in K2, indicating an impact of language proficiency in the development of morphological awareness. This impact appeared to affect the DD children's subsequent vocabulary development. Third, the current study showed grade variability in the rapid automatized naming (RAN)-Chinese reading relation and suggested that the component of language proficiency might affect children's rapid naming speed and moderate the relation of RAN to reading outcomes. Limitations of the current study and directions for future research are presented.

In this dissertation I intend to apply postcolonial theory to primary pedagogical and administrative concerns of the writing program administrator. Writing Program Administrators, or WPAs, take their responsibilities seriously, remaining cognizant of both the negative and positive repercussions of the pedagogical decisions that take shape in the scores of composition classrooms they administer. This dissertation intends to infuse the WPA position with the ethos of scholarly praxis by historicizing and contextualizing the field of composition, and by placing the teaching of writing within the historical memory of slavery and colonialism. Sound WPA research is theoretically informed, systematic, principled inquiry that works toward producing strong writing programs. This dissertation provides such inquiry, drawing the field's attention to the reality of postcoloniality and presenting an understanding of the work of composition as informed by and complicit in the history of racialized forms of oppression. From this context, the dissertation analyzes three major issues faced by the WPA: the debate over standardized discourse, the influence of the job market on pedagogical decisions, and the (de)politicizing of the composition classroom. In the following sections, these issues will be related directly to critical theories from postcolonial and composition studies that assist in articulating the issues of identity politics, hegemonic struggle, interpellation and interpolation, subaltern voice, and hybridity that are so crucial to writing program pedagogy and administration in the postcolonial age, for it is my argument that the writing classroom is a crucial site of contention in which the politics of identity are manifested as students appropriate and are appropriated by discourse.

No description available.

"September 2002" / Includes bibliographical references (v. 2) / 2 v. : ill., plates, col. maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Graduate School of Education, 2003

This work is concerned with tracing the historical development of the various functions of the Modern Greek connective pu. This connective has a considerable range of functions, and there have been attempts in the literature to group together these functions in a synchronically valid framework. It is my contention that the most illuminating way of regarding the functional diffusion of pu—and of any content word—is by looking, not only at one synchronic distribution (that of Standard Modern Greek), but at the full range of synchronic distributions in the sundry diatopic variants (dialects) of Modern Greek, and that such a discussion must be informed by the diachrony of the form. / This I attempt to do within the framework of grammaticalisation theory, whereby the development of grammatical forms is considered in the context of reanalysis and analogical extension of forms. As a diachronicist model, this allows for fluidity between function distinctions, and puts in place a historically-oriented alignment of semantic transitions which a strictly synchronicist account would miss. Work on pu has already been done in this framework; however, such work has considered the distribution of pu in Standard Greek alone, with only a brief consideration of its ancient antecedents. I contend that the picture formed of its distribution under such constraints leads to several false generalisations. / In order to arrive at a truer picture of the factors determining the development of pu, there are three facets that need to be considered in detail: / (a) its synchronic distribution in Standard Modern Greek, a variant for which extensive corpora and native speaker judgements are readily available; / (b) its distribution in the various modern dialects—to establish the possible diversification of developments for the particle, and to ensure that one potential pathway is not privileged as a universal tendency at the expense of other, divergent developments (a problem identifiable in treatments of this topic, hitherto looking only at the standard language); / (c) a detailed investigation of the use of the etymon of the particle— hópou—in Ancient Greek. It is one of the major contentions of grammaticalisation theory that the past meaning of a particle influences its subsequent meanings. In order to test the relevance of this principle fully, it is necessary to investigate the functionality of hópou not in isolation, but in the context of the entire Ancient Greek grammatical system. / Due to time and scope constraints, I attempt only these first three tasks in this thesis. I do not attempt a detail look at areal diffusion or the mediaeval Greek semantic transitions involved, nor at the use of pu in collocation.

<p>The aim of this study was to identify the strategies used to render the literary dialect in A State of Independence into the Swedish translation. In order to systematically study the translation solutions, a number of ‘coupled pairs’ consisting of source text ‘problems’ and target text ‘solutions’ were extracted from the original text and the translation. The ‘coupled pairs’ were then analysed in order to detect regularities in the translation solutions. The study showed that the major strategy used by the translator was the use of ‘eye-dialect’, i.e. non-standard spellings that simulate non-standard speech. Moreover, some passages in the translation had been standardised, whereas eye-dialectal spellings were found in other passages where the original did not contain any non-standard features. Finally, a comparative count of dialectally marked utterances in both texts was made. The count showed that the dialectal markers were in the majority in the translation, which might indicate that the translator has tried to compensate for the lack of equivalent target language features.</p>

<p>Humans have the ability to recognize other humans by voice alone. This is important both socially and for the robustness of speech perception. This Thesis contains a set of eight studies that investigates how different factors impact on speaker recognition and how these factors can help explain how listeners perceive and evaluate speaker identity. The first study is a review paper overviewing emotion decoding and encoding research. The second study compares the relative importance of the emotional tone in the voice and the emotional content of the message. A mismatch between these was shown to impact upon decoding speed. The third study investigates the factor dialect in speaker recognition and shows, using a bidialectal speaker as the target voice to control all other variables, that the dominance of dialect cannot be overcome. The fourth paper investigates if imitated stage dialects are as perceptually dominant as natural dialects. It was found that a professional actor could disguise his voice successfully by imitating a dialect, yet that a listener's proficiency in a language or accent can reduce susceptibility to a dialect imitation. Papers five to seven focus on automatic techniques for speaker separation. Paper five shows that a method developed for Australian English diphthongs produced comparable results with a Swedish glide + vowel transition. The sixth and seventh papers investigate a speaker separation technique developed for American English. It was found that the technique could be used to separate Swedish speakers and that it is robust against professional imitations. Paper eight investigates how age and hearing impact upon earwitness reliability. This study shows that a senior citizen with corrected hearing can be as reliable an earwitness as a younger adult with no hearing problem, but suggests that a witness' general cognitive skill deterioration needs to be considered when assessing a senior citizen's earwitness evidence. On the basis of the studies a model of speaker recognition is presented, based on the face recognition model by V. Bruce and Young (1986; British Journal of Psychology, 77, pp. 305 - 327) and the voice recognition model by Belin, Fecteau and Bédard (2004; TRENDS in Cognitive Science, 8, pp. 129 - 134). The merged and modified model handles both familiar and unfamiliar voices. The findings presented in this Thesis, in particular the findings of the individual papers in Part II, have implications for criminal cases in which speaker recognition forms a part. The findings feed directly into the growing body of forensic phonetic and forensic linguistic research.</p>