La morphologie du parler de Pasvalys n’avait pas encore fait l’objet d’une analyse précise. Dans ce travail nous traitons du substantif de ce parler et de son systeme de déclinaison. A cette fin nous présentons les principales variantes de celui-ci et nous démontrons les différences existant par rapport a la langue commune. Nous abordons également les variations relatives aux déclinaisons des radicaux, ainsi que les causes et les conséquences de celle-ci. Nous avons également tenu compte des autres parlers de la région de Pasvalys. C’est pourquoi nous avons introduit dans ce travail des textes issus du parler de Krinèinas. Ce dernier a conservé toutes ces particularités, tandis que le parler de Pasvalys a subi l’influence de la langue commune. Les conclusions de ce travail sont basées sur les spécificités du dialecte du nord, appelée paneveþiðkiai, définies par plusieurs linguistes. Nous avons également pris appui sur les enregistrement de textes du parler de Krinèinas. Les exemples proviennent dans la mesure de possible des enregistrements.

K. Michnevičiaus – Mikėno išversta knyga į lietuvių kalbą „Šventas Izidorius artojas“ pasirodė 1859 metais. Tai religinio pobūdžio kūrinys, kuris turi didaktinių ypatybių. K. Michnevičiaus – Mikėno „Šventas Izidorius artojas“, kaip ir daugelis to meto literatūrinių darbų, yra svarbus XIX amžiaus rytų aukštaičių tarmės pažinimo šaltinis. Rytų aukštaičių tarmės ypatybių randama rašyboje, sintaksėje, leksikoje, bet šio darbo objektas – dviejų linksniuojamų kalbos dalių – būdvardžio ir skaitvardžio – morfologija. Remiantis knygos „Šventas Izidorius artojas“ surinktais būdvardžiais ir skaitvardžiais, lyginama senųjų raštų kalba su dabartine rytų aukštaičių tarme bei bendrine kalba. Darbo pobūdis. Tai aprašomojo pobūdžio darbas, tačiau remiamasi ir lyginamuoju metodu. Darbe lyginami kūrinyje esantys būdvardžiai ir skaitvardžiai su rytų aukštaičių tarmės ir bk būdvardžiais, skaitvardžiais. Darbo tikslas – palyginti K. Michnevičiaus-Mikėno knygos dvi linksniuojamąsias kalbos dalis – būdvardį ir skaitvardį – su rytų aukštaičių tarmės ir bk būdvardžiu, skaitvardžiu. Tikslui pasiekti keliami uždaviniai: 1) papildyti medžiagą apie K. Michnevičiaus-Mikėno biografiją; 2) knygos būdvardžius suskirstyti pagal kamienus, aptarti jų laipsnius ir įvardžiuotines formas. Skaitvardžius suskirstyti pagal reikšmę ir gramatines ypatybes; 3) morfologiškai ištirti knygos būdvardžius, skaitvardžius lyginant juos su rytų aukštaičių tarme ir bk. Išnagrinėjus knygoje esančius būdvardžius ir skaitvardžius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The book „Šventas Izidorius artojas“ was translated to Lithuanian language by K. Michnevičius-Mikėnas and published in 1859. This book is about religion and education. K. Michnevičius-Mikėnas’s book same as other books of that time are an important source of Lithuania’s east dialect knowledge in 19 century. Special features of east Lithuania dialect can be found in book’s spelling, syntax, lexis, but purpose of this work is morphology, two parts of speech – adjective and numeral. With reference to book’s „Šventas Izidorius artojas“ collected adjectives and numerals, book is compared to common language and present east Lithuania dialect. This work is descriptive, but also is based on comparative method. In work K. Michnevičius-Mikėnas book’s adjectives and numerals are compared to common language and present east Lithuania dialect. Purpose of this work is compare two parts of speech – adjectives and numerals – from K. Michnevičius-Mikėnas’s book to adjectives and numerals from preset east Lithuania dialect and common language. To achieve purpose these tasks are used: 1. Collect, structure and add information about book’s author. 2. Structure and classify adjectives and numerals from book. 3. Explore east Lithuania dialect features, which are compared to common language. After book’s adjectives and numerals analysis these conclusions were made: 1. In the book „Šventas Izidorius artojas“ adjectives of four stem kinds are used: a (f. ā), Ia (f. Iā), iIa (f. ē), u (f. Iā), for... [to full text]

Dialects have always had a negative reputation, and have been considered beneath the national language. Even the literature composed in the various regional languages has been considered inferior to the Italian one until only a few years ago, because it was thought that this literature had as an exclusive theme the peasant-popular world. / This thesis will not only demonstrate that dialects are languages deserving of respect, but also that Lucano dialect literature is not bogged down to the peasant-popular world. In fact, it is capable of expressing any concept that any national language is capable of, even if that concept does not originate in the peasant-popular world.

It is commonly agreed that phonological elements must be prosodically licensed in order to be interpreted phonetically (cf. Ito, 1986). The licensing of segments is generally assumed to follow from the Universal Association Conventions. The licensing of phonological units smaller than the segment, however, has not been fully addressed. There is no agreement on the exact licensing mechanisms at play and on what constitutes a proper anchor for the initial association of floating subsegmentals. This thesis proposes a principled account of subsegmental licensing within the theory of segmental structure known as feature geometry, as modified by Piggott (to appear). It is shown that the manifestation of nasality in Maukaka, Koyaga, Jula, and Terena result from the way licensing operates. It is argued that, universally, floating subsegmental units are licensed through mapping, which associates a unit to an available position. It is also proposed that whenever there is no proper position for the mapping of a subsegmental element, this element may be licensed by Chomsky-adjunction. This type of adjunction has played a role in syllabification but not in the organization of feature.

This thesis classifies Inuit place names and analyses their meanings to reveal Harvaqtuurmiut land-use history on the Harvaqtuuq [Kazan River], Nunavut Territory. The author collected previously unrecorded toponyms from the territory of this Caribou Inuit society, the Harvaqtuuq [Kazan River], and corroborated the data of earlier researchers. The Harvaqtuuq landscape was organized from foci of subsistence activities by application of Inuktitut geographical terminology and concepts. These foci moved over time and betray changing land-use patterns. The Harvaqtuuq was a frontier for Inuit, due to the need to depend on caribou, and due to the conflict engendered by overlapping Dene occupation. The presence of anthroponyms, and the paucity of pan-Inuit myths in the landscape allow for the speculative interpretation that the names support current theories of a recent arrival of Inuit to the Harvaqtuuq .

Early Modern English (c. 1500-­‐1700) is a difficult period for dialectological study. A dearth of textual evidence means that no comprehensive account of regional variation for this period can be attempted, and the field has therefore tended to be somewhat neglected. However, some evidence of regional varieties of English is provided by dialect representation in Early Modern drama. The dialogue of certain English and Scottish characters (and of those who impersonate them) is often marked linguistically as different from other characters: morphosyntactic forms, lexical items, and phonological features shown through variant spellings suggest dialectal usage in contrast to Standard English. This evidence, I argue, forms a legitimate basis on which to build at least a partial account of regional variation. The 47 plays analysed in this thesis were all written and/or printed between 1598 and 1705, and all feature examples of either Northern English or Scots dialect representation. From these examples we can build up a picture of some of the main phonological, morphosyntactic, and lexical elements of the seventeenth century dialects spoken in Scotland and northern England. Moreover, this literary evidence can help clarify and contextualise earlier scholarly work on the topic. The content of the plays themselves, along with the dialect representations, also provide sociocultural and sociolinguistic information about the perception of Scots and northerners and of the attitudes towards them across the country. In Chapter 1 I outline my methodology and provide a review of relevant literature, particularly focusing on other studies of dialect representation in drama. Chapter 2 gives an overview of the historical context for my linguistic data in seventeenth century Britain, including discussions of theatrical history in both England and Scotland, and of population movement and dialect contact. The Scottish dialect evidence is presented in Chapters 3 to 6. In Chapter 3, I give a chronological list of 33 plays featuring Scots dialect representation. In order to contextualise the plays, I provide background information about the author, printing, and performance history; a brief summary of the plot and a description of the dialect speaker; my assessment of the dialect representation; and if pertinent, commentary by other critics. I present and analyse the data from dramatic depictions of Scots, focusing on lexical items (Chapter 4), morphosyntactic features (Chapter 5), and phonological features as indicated by variant spellings (Chapter 6). I compare the literary data with linguistic reference works, including modern and historical dialect atlases, dictionaries, and dialect surveys. I also consult additional Early Modern sources and other reference works. The next four chapters focus on representations of dialects of northern England. These chapters follow the same format as the chapters on Scottish dialect: Chapter 7 contains a discussion of 15 seventeenth-­‐century plays featuring representations of Northern English. Chapters 8, 9, and 10 mirror the structure of Chapters 4, 5, and 6, respectively, discussing lexical forms, and morphosyntactic and phonological features in representations of Northern English. I offer my conclusions in Chapter 11. With my detailed analysis of the data, I demonstrate that representations of regional usage in seventeenth century drama cannot be dismissed as stereotyped examples of a stage dialect, and that these literary data are worthy of being analysed linguistically. Although the quantity of dialect representation differs from one play to the next, and the quality covers a broad spectrum of linguistic accuracy, it nevertheless provides important information about non-­‐standard dialects of northern England and Scotland in the seventeenth century.

This thesis investigates the suprasegmental properties of Maori English and Pakeha English, the two main ethnolects of New Zealand English. Firstly, in a Production Experiment the speech of 36 New Zealenders is acoustically analysed. Using the Pairwise Variability Index (PVI) to measure syllabic rhythm, the study reveals that the two ethnic varieties display differing rhythmic patterns, with Maori English being significantly more syllable-timed than Pakeha English. It is also shown that, overall, Maori speakers use a higher percentage of High Rising Terminals than Pakeha speakers. The results relating to pitch suggest that Maori English pitch is becoming higher over time, with young Maori speakers producing a significantly higher mean pitch than young Pakeha speakers. Secondly, a Perception Experiment using 107 listeners is carried out to investigate the role of suprasegmental information in the identification of Maori English and Pakeha English. The ability of listeners to identify the two dialects based on prosodic cues only is tested in seven different speech conditions. The various conditions aim to isolate the precise suprasegmental features participants may use to identify speaker ethnicity. The results reveal that listeners are aware of the differing rhythmic properties of Maori English and Pakeha English, and are capable of tuning into the rhythmic characteristics of a speaker to use it as a cue in dialect identification, with some level of accuracy. The perceptual relevance of other prosodic cues is also discussed and the results indicate that, based on certain stereotypes, Maori English speech is assumed to be low-pitched, monotonous, hesitant and slow in pace. It is also shown that listeners who have had greater exposure to Maori English perform significantly better in a dialect identification task than those who are not integrated into Maori social networks, proving that the linguistic experience of the listener is a key indicator of his or her performance in ethnic dialect identification.

The regions of James II, III, and IV in the second half of the fifteenth century in Scotland saw a distinctive flowering of advice to princes literature. This is the first account of its kind to examine in detail the sources, arguments, and extent of political comment of each individual work. In particular it employs both literary and historical sources to reveal the largely unrecognized impact of continental, especially French, political thought, on a number of writers. The study opens with a consideration of the poem De Regimine Principum, a politically very forthright advice work, influential for a century or so after its composition. Chapter 2 deals with the writings of Sir Gilbert Hay, whose work shows clear influences from the continent, particularly in the Buik of King Alexander, which is also seen to have interesting links with De Regimine Principum. Chapter 3 discusses the romance Lancelot of the Laik, a poem less precise in its allusions, but clearly indicative of a number of recurrent preoccupations in Scottish advisory literature in the areas of justice and kingly minorities. The two following chapters examine The Talis of the Fyve Bestes, which gives a markedly nationalistic evocation of good kingship, and The Buke of the Chess, where Scottish advice to princes is seen at its least politically aware. In Chapter 6 advice appears in yet another genre, the devotional poem The Contemplacioun of Synnaris, where the wider associations of `kingship' with the nosce te ipsum tradition are apparent. Chapters 7 and 8 concern The Thre Prestis of Peblis and John Ireland's Meroure of Wyssdome, possibly produced around the same time, but presenting their advice in very different manners: the Thre Prestis adroitly worked and entertaining, the Meroure, highly theological and drawing strongly on continental writers, notably the sermons of Jean Gerson. In conclusion it is shown that through this context we can best appreciate the purpose and formidable execution of Robert Henryson's advice to princes fable lq The Lion and the Mouse.

Thesis--Lund. / Bibliography: p. 159-163.

Inaugural dissertation: --Königl. Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1906.