A pele é constituída por duas camadas: a epiderme e a derme sendo que a camada mais superficial da epiderme, o estrato córneo, camada mais superficial da pele é responsável pela sua função de barreira. Os hidratantes são formulações destinadas a manter o conteúdo de água na pele, uma vez que a hidratação é essencial para manter a função barreira íntegra. Assim, emulsões fluídas e semi-fluídas como as nanoemulsões, que apresentam glóbulos na faixa de 20-200 nm estão sendo amplamente utilizadas como veículos em produtos cosméticos por apresentarem vantagens em relação às macroemulsões, como melhor espalhabilidade e penetração, além de possuírem uma maior estabilidade cinética. O emprego de óleos vegetais como constituintes das nanoemulsões tem sido cada vez mais notório, uma vez que esses óleos são capazes de repor as frações lipídicas da pele hidratando-a. Desta forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo obter e caracterizar nanoemulsões O/A a base de óleo de framboesa, maracujá e pêssego e avaliar as propriedades cosméticas da formulação. A atividade antioxidante dos óleos foi avaliada por meio do método do DPPH. O EHL da fase oleosa foi então determinado utilizando-se os tensoativos lipofílicos monolaurato de sorbitano e mono-oleato de sorbitano e os tensoativos hidrofílicos polissorbato 20 , polissorbato 80 e PEG 36 castor oil combinados entre si de modo a originar 5 sistemas binários. A nanoemulsão foi obtida pela metodologia EPI (Emulsion phase inversion), utilizando-se os tensoativos lipofílicos monooleato de sorbitano e PEG-15 castor oil e os tensoativos hidrofílicos PEG-30, PEG-36, PEG-40 e PEG-54 castor oil combinados entre si, e as características físico-químicas da nanoemulsão foram determinadas. A nanoemulsão estável e com menor tamanho de glóbulo foi aditivada de (i) lanolina etoxilada e (ii) lanolina acetilada em diferentes concentrações e as alterações nas características físico-quimicas das nanoemulsões foram avaliadas. As nanoemulsões aditivadas de lanolina acetilada e lanolina etoxilada foram submetidas a testes de estabilidade preliminar e acelerada e a avaliação da influência dos derivados de lanolina na hidratação, oleosidade, valor de pH cutâneo e formação de eritema foram avaliados. A mistura dos óleos apresentou maior atividade antioxidante que os óleos separadamente. O EHL requerido para a fase oleosa da emulsão foi igual a 9 e nanoemulsões com menor tamanho de glóbulos foram obtidas com o par de tensoativos monooleato de sorbitano e PEG 36 castor oil. A lanolina tanto etoxilada quanto acetilada provocou alterações nas propriedades físico-químicas da nanoemulsão inicial. Frente aos testes de estabilidade, a formulação aditivada de lanolina etoxilada mostrou-se mais estável que a formulação aditivada de lanolina acetilada. As nanoemulsões aditivadas de derivados de lanolina provocaram maior hidratação da pele e aumento da oleosidade quando comparada a nanoemulsão não aditivada, não havendo alteração no valor de pH cutâneo e formação de eritema quando as formulações (tanto aditivadas quanto não aditivada) foram aplicadas. / The skin consists of two layers: the epidermis and dermis. The most superficial layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum is responsible for barrier function, so moisturizing formulations are designed to maintain the water content in the skin, since hydration is essential for maintaining the barrier function intact. Thus, fluid and semi-fluid emulsions as the nanoemulsions that present droplets in the range of 20-200 nm are widely used in cosmetics as vehicles because they present advantages over macroemulsões as better spreadability and penetration, and they have greater stability kinetics. The use of vegetable oils as components of the nanoemulsion has been increasingly clear, since these oils are able to replace the lipid fractions of skin moisturizing it, and they have other activities of cosmetic concern. Thus, this study aims to obtain and characterize O/W nanoemulsions composed by raspberry, passion fruit and peach oils and evaluate the cosmetic properties of the formulation. The antioxidant activity of the oils was evaluated by the DPPH method. The HLB of the oil phase was then determined using the lipophilic surfactants sorbitan monolaurate and sorbitan monooleate and the hydrophilic surfactants polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80 and PEG 36 castor oil combined among themselves in order to create five binary systems. The nanoemulsion was obtained by the methodology EPI (Emulsion phase inversion), using the lipophilic surfactants sorbitan monooleate, PEG-15 castor oil and hydrophilic surfactants PEG-30, PEG-36, PEG-40 and PEG-54 castor oil combined among themselves, and the physicochemical characteristics of the nanoemulsion was determined. The stable nanoemulsion and with smaller droplet size was additivated (i) ethoxylated lanolin and (ii) acetylated lanolin in different concentrations and changes in physico-chemical properties of nano-emulsions were evaluated. Nanoemulsions were tested for primary and accelerated stability and the influence of derived from lanolin in hydration, skin pH, oily skin and training erythema were evaluated. The mixture of the oils showed higher antioxidant activity than oils separately. The required HLB for the oil phase of emulsion was equal to 9 and nanoemulsion with smaller droplet size were obtained with the pair of surfactants sorbitan monooleate, PEG 36 castor oil. Ethoxylated an acetylated lanolin caused changes in physico-chemical properties of nanoemulsions. The formulation additivated of ethoxylated lanolin was more stable than the formulation additivated of acetylated lanolin front accelerated stability testing. Nanoemulsions additivated of lanolin derivatives caused a higher skin hydration and increase oily skin when compared to the nanoemulsion without additives, with no change in the value of skin pH and erythema formation when the formulations (both with additives and without additives) were applied.

L'utilisation du kaolin calciné, sous forme de métakaolin, comme matériau pouzzolanique pour le mortier et le béton a suscité une attention considérable ces dernières années. Le travail actuel décrit les résultats d'un projet de recherche lancé pour étudier la calcination d'un kaolin local sous diverses températures (650-950°C) et durées (2, 3 et 4 heures) qui ont produit le métakaolin avec une activité pouzzolanique élevée. L'activité pouzzolanique a été évaluée par des méthodes de la chaleur d'hydratation et la résistance à la compression à 28 jours. L'activité maximale a été obtenue à une température de 850°C pendant 3 heures. Les résultats observés établissent qu'une augmentation de la chaleur d'hydratation et de la résistance à la compression a été obtenue lorsque le ciment Portland Ordinaire a été remplacé par 10% de métakaolin. L'utilisation du ciment ternaire améliore la résistance au jeune âge et à long terme. La durabilité a été également améliorée où une meilleure résistance des mortiers à l'attaque des acides a été observée. / The utilisation of calcined clay, in the form of metakaolin as a pozzolanic material for mortar and concrete has received considerable attention in recent years. The present work describes the results of a research project initiated to study the calcination of a local kaolin at various temperatures (650-950°C) and durations (2, 3 and 4 hours) to produced a metakaolin with a high pozzolanic activity. The pozzolanic activity was assessed by 28-days compressive strength and hydration heat methods. The maximum identified activity was obtained at 850°C for 3 hours duration. The observed results establish that an increase of both hydration heat and compressive strength was obtained when ordinary Portland cement was replaced by 10% metakaolin. The use of ternary blended cement improves the early age and the long-term compressive strength. The durability was also enhanced as better acidic resistance was observed.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom and, together with elastin, forms extensive fibrous networks that constitute the primary structure of the mammalian extracellular matrix, respectively endowing it with the tensile and elastic properties that fulfil its principal role as the passive framework of the body. The fibrous proteins are distinctly hierarchically organised from the molecular scale upwards; for example, the nanoscale tropocollagen monomer assembles in arrays that form the micrometer scale microfibrils and fibrils, and thence into collections of millimetre scale collagen fibres, that in-turn, constitute functional tissues such as skin, tendon and bone. Much is known about the structure at each of these individual scales – collagen being the most extensively researched – and the macromechanics of the fibres are well established. However, far less is known about the micromechanics of these proteins, in particular how the monomers influence the functional mechanics of the macroscopic fibres. In this thesis, I explore the multiscale mechanics of collagen and elastin fibres over a range of hydrations – with fibres in direct contact with aqueous solution, and progressively dehydrated in humidity-controlled environments. I use quasi-static tensile testing to probe the macroscopic mechanical response (Young’s modulus and stress relaxation) of the fibres, and employ Brillouin and Raman microscopy to assess the longitudinal modulus in the GHz range and corresponding molecular properties of the proteins. Brillouin microscopy is an emerging technique in the biomedical field. It enables the all-optical, contact-free and non-destructive testing of tissue micromechanics through detection of frequency shifted light scattered off thermally excited acoustic waves or “phonons” in the GHz range. As one of the first studies of Brillouin light scattering in these fibres, it sets the basis for further investigation of tissue biomechanics. In particular, I provide the full description of the protein fibre micromechanics by performing angular measurements using a so-called platelet-like configuration with sample mounted onto a reflective substrate at 45° angle to the excitation beam. I derive the high-frequency longitudinal modulus, and discuss the results in comparison to the Young’s modulus, in terms of the different frequency and spatial scale of the measurements. I obtained a full description of elasticity using Brillouin spectroscopy applied to dried fibres; however, obtaining the same description in hydrated fibres is a challenge, as the Brillouin spectrum is dominated by water. An assessment of the mechanical differences between type-I and type-II collagens is also given here. Water is known to be a primary determinant of tissue biomechanics, and I identified for the first time, the critical hydration ranges between 100 and 85% relative humidity (RH) for collagen, and around 85% RH for elastin, at which point each macroscopic fibre switched from viscoelastic to plastic-like behaviour. Dehydration below these critical points was shown to severely diminish collagen fibrillar sliding, and completely rob elastin of its ability to reversibly deform under strain. The Young’s modulus increased markedly below these hydrations, and I observed a parallel increase in the longitudinal modulus at high frequencies in each protein, indicating a concomitant increase in stiffness at the two scales. The major difference observed between the two fibrous proteins is that, in the case of elastin, I observe a two-fold increase in the longitudinal modulus as the hydration is decreased from 100 to 21% RH, whilst the Young’s modulus increases by two orders of magnitude. This discrepancy was not observed in collagen, which confirmed that the protein maintained its long-range order in the form of the triple helix at all hydrations employed in this work, whilst the elastin ultrastructure experiences a liquid-to-solid state change at a critical hydration. I demonstrate through the analysis of the low-wavenumber region (< 500 cm-1) of the Raman spectrum, that the increase in molecular stiffness of both proteins, is reflected in an increase in torsional rigidity of the peptide backbone upon dehydration. Moreover in collagen, I observe a reduction in the number of inter-protein water bridges, which I propose causes a collapse of the lateral spacing between monomers and an increase in direct backbone-backbone hydrogen bonding, that further stiffens the fibre. Small strain induced reorientations of the amide III and C–C stretching modes in dehydrated collagen fibres suggest that macroscopic stresses may be transferred to the triple helix, otherwise left unperturbed in the hydrated state. I postulate that this is a result of the degraded intra- and interfibrillar sliding mechanism below the critical hydration. Hence in its dehydrated state, the collagen whole-fibre mechanics are similar to those at the molecular scale. The role of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans and their potential connection to hydration, is also discussed. In agreement with previous work, I found no Raman spectral changes as a result of stretching hydrated elastin fibres, indicating that even large strains e.g. 80%, have no significant effect on the structural scale probed by Raman microscopy, nor in the air-dried state where the brittle fibres break at low strains. I suggest this may imply a limited sensitivity of Raman bands to these changes, possibly an indication of elastin’s dynamic ultrastructure, or that stress is dissipated at a higher level of the fibre structure. On the macroscopic scale, it is the poroelastic nature of elastin which controls the stress relaxation under strain, and the elastic recovery is mediated by an interplay of hydrophobic interactions and hydration forces.

Introdução - A relação da atividade física e da alimentação com a saúde é estudada há muitos anos e os resultados confirmam que a prática regular de exercício físico e uma alimentação equilibrada atuam diretamente na prevenção de doenças. Objetivo - Identificar os fatores associados ao comportamento alimentar dos frequentadores de academias de ginástica do município de Taubaté, SP, segundo idade, gênero e estado nutricional. Métodos - Estudo transversal, quantitativo e com uma amostra não probabilística, constituída por 160 frequentadores de academias do município de Taubaté-SP. Para a obtenção dos dados utilizou-se questionário padronizado de múltipla escolha com questões demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamentais, nutricionais e sobre saúde; o teste Como está a sua alimentação? do Guia Alimentar de bolso do Ministério da Saúde; o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física IPAQ; e para avaliação do estado nutricional, informações do peso e da altura para cálculo do IMC (índice de massa corporal) e aferição de dobras cutâneas para a estimativa do percentual de gordura corporal ( por cento GC). Empregou-se análise descritiva, teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson para avaliar associação e análise de cluster. Resultados - A idade média dos frequentadores é de 39,4 anos (DP = ±13,1 anos). Há uma predominância do gênero feminino, alto grau de escolaridade e elevada renda familiar. O IMC médio é de 25,5 kg/m², a maioria encontra-se eutrófico e apresenta por cento GC normal. Fazem uso de complementos nutricionais e os mais jovens consomem os proteicos e BCAA, enquanto os mais velhos as vitaminas e minerais. No teste Como está sua alimentação? 59,4 por cento apresentavam alimentação saudável. A alimentação não se apresentou equilibrada em todos os grupos, segundo recomendação do Guia Alimentar. A maioria relata se preocupar com a composição da alimentação e refere ter mudado algo na dieta nos últimos meses. E em relação à hidratação, 48,8 por cento relata ingerir 500 ml de água durante o período das atividades na academia. Os motivos citados para a realização de exercícios físicos são saúde, prazer e controle de peso. E para o nível de atividade física, segundo o IPAQ, os frequentadores foram classificados a partir irregularmente ativo A. Conclusão - O presente estudo permitiu identificar que a idade e o estado nutricional estão associados a pratica de atividade física (frequência, modalidade, motivação), e a fatores relacionados à dieta, como o uso de complemento, a hidratação e a qualidade da alimentação. Frequentar academias não assegurou o comportamento alimentar adequado desses indivíduos de Taubaté. / Introduction - The relationship between physical activity and food with health have been studied for many years and the results confirm that the regular practice of physical activity and a balanced diet influence directly in disease prevention. Objective - To identify the factors associated with eating behavior of users of fitness centers from Taubaté city, SP, according to age, gender and nutritional status. Methods - There was a cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic sample involving 160 users of fitness centers from Taubaté city, SP. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, nutritionals and about health multiple choice questions. Furthermore, they were used the test Whats your diet like?, present in the pocket edition of the Brazilian Dietary Guideline from the Health Ministry, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire IPAQ. For anthropometric assessment were used weight and height to calculate the BMI (Body Mass Index) and skinfolds thicknesses to estimate the percentage of body fat ( per cent BF). It was used the chi-square test to determine the association and cluster analysis. Results - The average age users of fitness centers was 39.4 years old (SD = 13.1). There was predominance of the feminine gender, high schooling and high family income. The averages of BMI was 25.5 kg/m2, the most of them were found eutrophic and presents normal per cent BF. They use nutritional complements and the younger users were the ones who most consume the protein complements and BCAA, meanwhile the vitamins a minerals are mainly consumed among the elders. According to the test classification Whats your diet like?, 59.4 per cent presented healthy eating . The food did not appear balanced in all groups, as recommended by the Food Guide. The majority related to worry about composition of food and refers that had changed something in the diet in the last months. Regarding to hydration, 48,8 per cent of the users mentioned to ingest 500 ml of water during the period of activities at the gym. The reasons to the realization of physical activities were health, enjoyment and weight control. And to the level of physical activity, according to IPAQ, the users of fitness center were classified as from irregular active A. Conclusion - The present research permits to identify that the age and the nutritional status were associated to physical activity (frequency, modality, motivation) and to factors related to the diet, as the use of complements, to hydration and the quality of food. Attend gyms did not ensure the adequate eating behavior of these individual from Taubaté city.

Os anfíbios são organismos típicos dos ambientes de água doce e com vários representantes de hábitos terrestres e estão caracterizados por uma elevada permeabilidade da pele. Este atributo faz com que tanto no sistema aquático quanto no terrestre o fluxo de água através da pele seja considerado uma característica relevante. Nos ambientes aquáticos os animais ganham água como resultado do gradiente osmótico entre o animal e o meio, e o excesso de água é eliminado pelo sistema excretor através da produção de urina. Em meios com elevada salinidade os animais perdem água, portanto são susceptíveis de desidratação. Um dos efeitos negativos da desidratação é o aumento da concentração dos fluidos corporais dado o efeito desnaturante dos íons sobre as proteínas. O aumento da concentração também pode responder a entrada dos íons devido ao gradiente de concentração desses osmólitos entre o meio e o animal. Estes efeitos sobre os anfíbios fazem parte das explicações do por que estes organismos estão menos representados nos ambientes costeiros marinhos do que em outros ambientes. Porém, há um número elevado de espécies que usam este ambiente e pouco se sabe como se ajustam aos efeitos da elevada salinidade ambiental. Ao mesmo tempo, dado que o ambiente costeiro está caracterizado pela maresia assim como pelos ventos que vem do mar, os indivíduos que ocupam esta região também estariam expostos a perdas de água por evaporação que poderiam implicar riscos de desidratação. Relacionado com a perda de água por evaporação, a resistência cutânea é uns dos atributos que mostra variação entre as espécies, sendo mais elevada naquelas que por seus hábitos e as características dos ambientes que ocupam são propensas a perder água por evaporação e correr com o risco de desidratação. As taxas de desidratação também mostram variação entre espécies e populações com taxas mais baixas naqueles organismos que ocupam ambientes que promovem a perda de água por evaporação. Também existem evidências que indicam que as taxas de hidratação são mais elevadas nos indivíduos que ocupam ambientes ou que apresentam hábitos que facilitam a perda de água por evaporação do que os que ocupam ambientes úmidos ou têm hábitos aquáticos. Thoropa taophora é um bom modelo para avaliar se a tolerância à salinidade, resistência cutânea e as taxas de desidratação e hidratação fazem parte das vias de ajuste ao ambiente costeiro porque ocupa os costões rochosos da costa marinha do Litoral do Estado de São Paulo e regiões rochosas associadas a cachoeiras afastadas da costa em ambiente de Mata Atlântica. Através da comparação de uma população costeira localizada na região de Ubatuba e uma não costeira localizada na região de Picinguaba abordamos esses fatores. Como resultados gerias do presente trabalho podemos dizer que a população costeira não apresenta tolerância à salinidade comparável ao do grupo de espécies mais tolerantes à salinidade representadas por Fejervarya cancrivora, Xenopus laevis e Bufote viridis. Pelo contrário parece se tolerar níveis de salinidade similar à mais frequentemente reportadas para os anfíbios. Também não apresentou resistência cutânea por encima dos valores mais frequentes registrados na literatura. Por outro lado, detectamos que a tolerância à salinidade, a taxa de desidratação e taxa de hidratação fariam parte do ajuste a este tipo de ambiente. Neste sentido encontramos maior tolerância à salinidade, menor taxa de desidratação e maior taxa de hidratação nos indivíduos da população de Ubatuba do que nos de Picinguaba. Os resultados sugerem que a tolerância à salinidade e a taxa de desidratação estariam relacionados, o que permitiria elaborar hipóteses sobre outros ambientes que possam exibir variação na salinidade, como acontece com a salinização de corpos de água como consequências de práticas agrícolas, e variação na umidade do ambiente como consequência das variações do clima / Amphibians are typically found in freshwater environments and include various species of terrestrial habits all characterized by having a high skin permeability. In both terrestrial and aquatic environments, this attribute makes the water flow through the skin a featured system worth to be studied. In aquatic environments animals gain water as a result of the osmotic gradient between the animal and the environment, and the excess water is eliminated through the excretory system as urine. In environments where the salinity is high, animals lose considerable volumes of water which may lead to dehydration. One of the negative effects of dehydration is the raise of the osmotic concentration of body fluids due to the denaturing effect of the ions on the proteins. The increased concentration may also take place by the entrance of ions into the body, following the osmotic gradient between the medium and the animal. For these reasons, amphibians are seldom found in coastal marine environments. However, there are a large number of species that inhabit coastal areas and little is known about the physiological adjustments associated to the high environmental salinity. The skin resistance is one of the traits that show variation among species, being higher in those who inhabit environments where the risk of dehydration is higher. Dehydration rates also show variation among and within species with lower rates in those organisms which occupy environments that promote water loss by evaporation. The hydration rates of the organisms occupying such environments, or species whose habits facilitate the loss of water by evaporation, are higher than in those animals inhabiting humid environments or that are not exposed to this type stress. Thoropa taophora is a good model to evaluate if salt tolerance, skin resistance, and dehydration and hydration rates are part of the adjustments to coastal environment as it occupies the rocky marine coast of São Paulo and rocky outcrops associated with the waterfalls in the Atlantic Forest biome. We address these questions by comparing a coastal population located in the Ubatuba region and an inland population in the Picinguaba region. The results suggest that the coastal population has no extraordinary attributes associated to salinity tolerance in comparison with other coastal species such as Xenopus laevis and Bufote viridis. The values for skin resistance did not exceeded the once reported in the literature either. An increase of the tolerance to salinity, and lower dehydration and hydration rates were found in the individuals from Ubatuba than in the specimens from Picinguaba which suggests that tolerance to salinity, and dehydration and hydration rates may represent adjustments to different environments. Tolerance to salinity and dehydration rate appeared to be related, which could allow to draw assumptions on populations inhabiting other environments that may exhibit variations in salinity as a consequence of anthropogenic activities or climate change

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 toledo_mz_me_botfca.pdf: 358575 bytes, checksum: a95d94e1cdb8e2dd3bddb93f71fb91ab (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Sementes de algumas cultivares de soja, produzidas em determinadas regiões, podem apresentar baixa germinação quando avaliadas pelo teste de germinação em papel, em decorrência de altos índices de plântulas anormais, caracterizando os danos por embebição. A absorção demasiadamente rápida de água pelas sementes é a principal causa da ocorrência deste tipo de dano e é influenciada pelo teor de água da semente no momento da instalação do teste e pelas características químicas e físicas das sementes. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do teor de água inicial de sementes de soja de diferentes cultivares e locais de produção na ocorrência dos danos por embebição. As sementes de quatro cultivares de soja de ciclo semi-precoce (Embrapa 48, BRS 184, BRS 232 e BRS 245RR), produzidas e beneficiadas em quatro diferentes localidades (Ponta Grossa-PR, Londrina-PR, Mauá da Serra-PR e Orlândia-SP), foram analisadas mediante avaliações de teor de água, massa de cem sementes, dano mecânico (hipoclorito de sódio), viabilidade, germinação, germinação em areia, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, comprimento e massa de matéria seca de plântulas, emergência de plântulas em campo, índice de velocidade de emergência, velocidade de emergência, índice de velocidade de hidratação e teor de proteína. Também determinou-se o teor de lignina e as espessuras da camada paliçádica, da hipoderme, do parênquima lacunoso e total do tegumento das sementes; quanto à velocidade de hidratação, avaliou-se o teor de água absorvido em cada hora e o comportamento das cultivares em função do tempo, para cada localidade. Para a avaliação do dano por embebição, foram ajustados teores de 9%, 11%, 13%, 15% e 17% de água das sementes para, então, analisar-se a porcentagem de plântulas normais e anormais resultantes do teste de germinação... / Seeds of some soybean cultivars, produced in certain regions, can show low germination when evaluated by the paper towel germination test, due to production of high percentages of abnormal seedlings, typical of imbibition damage. The fast water uptake by seeds is the main cause for the occurrence of this kind of damage and it is influenced by seed moisture content at the time of the installation of the test and by chemical and physical characteristics of the seeds. The present research had the objective of evaluating the effect of the initial seed moisture content from different soybean cultivars and location of production on the expression of the imbibition damage. Seeds from four soybean cultivars (Embrapa 48, BRS 184, BRS 232 and BRS 245RR), produced and processed in four different locations (Ponta Grossa-PR, Londrina-PR, Mauá da Serra-PR and Orlândia-SP), were evaluated by the following tests: seed moisture content, weight of 100 seeds, mechanical damage (sodium hypochlorite), viability, germination, germination in sand, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, seedling length and dry mass, seedling field emergence, speed of emergence-index, speed of emergence, speed of hydration-index and seed protein content. Seed coat lignin content and the palisade layer, hypodermic layer, lacunary parenchyma and total seed coat thickness were also determined; for the speed of hydration, seed moisture uptake in each hour was evaluated and the behavior of the cultivars was analyzed as a function of the time, for each location. For the evaluation of the imbibition damage, seed moistures of 9%, 11%, 13%, 15% and 17% were adjusted; then, the percentage of normal and abnormal seedlings in the germination test was analyzed in comparison to seeds with the original moisture. The experimental design used was the completely randomized, with two replications for seed moisture...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

L’ajout d’adjuvants dans les mortiers permet d’obtenir diverses propriétés selon lesperformances souhaitées. Les polysaccharides sont utilisés pour améliorer la capacité derétention d’eau et le comportement rhéologique du mortier. Cependant, ils engendrent unretard de prise du ciment et représentent un poids économique considérable. Il apparaît doncque la compréhension de l’interaction entre les polysaccharides et le ciment est nécessaire.Etant donné que les comportements sont différents selon le type de polysaccharide, l’étuded’une nouvelle famille de polysaccharides constitue un axe de recherche majeur. Leshydroxypropylguars (HPG) ont été choisis car ils ont été présentés comme de très bonsagents rétenteurs d’eau et sont déjà utilisés industriellement.Il s’avère que les HPG confèrent effectivement aux mortiers d’excellentes propriétés derétention d’eau. Le mécanisme de rétention d’eau est attribué à la formation d’agglomératsqui, au-delà d’une concentration critique, bouchent le réseau poreux à l’interface mortier-substrat.De plus, ces molécules ralentissent nettement la cinétique d’hydratation du cimenten modifiant la croissance des hydrates par adsorption. Les HPG augmentent également la contrainte seuil de cisaillement et la consistance des mortiers. Toutes cespropriétés diffèrent lorsque les HPG sont introduits pré-dissout dans l’eau de gâchée. Uneméthodologie de fragmentation par ultra-sons des polysaccharides a été développée dans lebut d’étudier l’impact de leur masse moléculaire sur les propriétés des mortiers à l’état frais.Sur tous ces aspects, le comportement des HPG a été comparé à celui des éthers de cellulose,adjuvants rétenteur d’eau de référence. / Modern factory-made mortars are complex materials, in which are added some kinds of admixtures used to exhibit various properties. Polysaccharides are admixtures used in order to improve water retention capacity and rheological behavior of freshly-mixed mortars.However, polysaccharides induce a delay of cement hydration and represent a large part of mortar raw material cost. The improvement of the knowledge about polysaccharide-cement interaction is therefore necessary. In past, different behaviors were observed according to the kind of polysaccharide. The study of a new polysaccharide family is thus a major way of research. The hydroxypropylguars were chosen since they were presented as promising water retention agents and they are now well-established in the construction industry.Results show that HPG improve the water retention capacity of cement-based mortars. The working mechanism is attributed to the formation of HPG aggregates above a critical dosage, which may stop the water flow by plugging the porous network at the interface mortar-substrate. Moreover, HPG induce a decrease in the hydrates growth rate because of adsorption on the cement hydrated phases, and enhance the consistency and the yield stress of mortars. All these properties are influenced by the pre-dissolution of HPG in the mixing water. A methodology of ultrasonic degradation was also established in order to study the molecular weight influence of polysaccharides on fresh-state properties. Cellulose ethers were systematically investigated as polysaccharidic admixture reference.

Les milieux biologiques et alimentaires sont généralement des mélanges contenant un nombre élevé de constituants (eau, solvants organiques, solides dissous, gaz dissous, espèces ioniques, macromolécules). La prédiction des propriétés d’équilibre de tels milieux requiert l’utilisation d’un modèle thermodynamique entièrement prédictif. Ce modèle doit également permettre d’assurer la cohérence entre des données expérimentales et garantir la robustesse de la représentation simultanée des équilibres physiques (liquide-vapeur, solubilité, etc.) et chimiques (dissociation, oxydo-réduction, complexation, etc.). Le potentiel chimique est une donnée indispensable pour modéliser ces équilibres. Sa connaissance dépend de la prédiction de deux variables : l’enthalpie libre de formation dans un état de référence choisi, et le coefficient d’activité qui dépend aussi de l’état de référence choisi. Le modèle COSMO-RS est un excellent modèle de prédiction des coefficients d’activité très largement utilisé dans le domaine du génie chimique où on s’intéresse essentiellement à des molécules neutres. Ce travail de thèse a permis d’étendre les performances du modèle COSMO-RS au traitement des milieux biologiques et alimentaires dans lesquels on trouve systématiquement des électrolytes en solution (en plus des molécules neutres). Un nouvel outil utilisant les récentes avancées de la mécanique quantique a été développé pour prédire les propriétés de formation à l’état gaz. En combinant des concepts de la thermodynamique, de la mécanique quantique, de l’électrostatique, et de la physique statistique, il a été démontré qu’il est possible d’utiliser le modèle COSMO-RS pour faire la transition entre l’état gaz et la phase condensée. Partant de là, ce travail démontre qu’il est maintenant possible de traiter simultanément les équilibres physiques et chimiques et donc de prédire les propriétés physico-chimiques (aW, pH, Eh) dans les milieux biologiques et alimentaires par le modèle COSMO-RS. / Food and biological systems are generally multicomponent mixtures (including water, organic solvents, dissolved solids, dissolved gases, ionic species, macromolecules). The prediction of the equilibrium properties of such environments requires the use of a fully predictive thermodynamic model. This model must be able to ensure the consistency between experimental data and to ensure the robustness of the simultaneous representation of physical equilibria (liquid-vapour, solubility, etc.) and chemical equilibria (dissociation, redox, complexation, etc.). The chemical potential is an essential property for modelling such equilibria. Its determination depends on two variables: the Gibbs free energy of formation in a chosen reference state, and the prediction of the activity coefficient which also depends on the chosen reference state. The COSMO-RS model is an excellent model for predicting activity coefficients that is widely used in chemical engineering where the studied molecules are generally neutral. This PhD study enabled to extend the performance of the COSMO-RS model toward the treatment of food and biological systems where there are systematically electrolytes in solution (in addition to neutral molecules). A new tool based on the recent advances of quantum mechanics has been developed in order to predict gas phase formation properties. By combining concepts of thermodynamics, quantum physics, electrostatics and statistical physics, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to use the COSMO-RS model to ensure the transition between the gas phase and the condensed phase. In this context, this work demonstrates that it is possible to treat simultaneously physical and chemical equilibria and thus to predict physico-chemical properties (aW, pH, Eh) in food and biological systems using the COSMO-RS model.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de estudar as relações entre as variações na hidratação inicial, no tamanho e na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja. Para tanto, 3 lotes (cultivar BRS-157), com qualidade fisiológica distinta, tiveram as sementes padronizadas por espessura (13/64 de polegada) e submetidas a embebições a 20ºC em períodos variáveis (3, 6, 9 e 12h). Após as embebições, as sementes foram reclassificadas por espessura e, posteriormente à estimativa da freqüência de indivíduos presentes em cada fração, submetidas às avaliações da qualidade fisiológica. Foi verificado que a qualidade fisiológica afeta o teor de água e a espessura alcançados pelas sementes de soja durante a embebição; assim, há a possibilidade de comparar o desempenho fisiológico relativo de lotes por intermédio dos dados de freqüência de espessura em sementes hidratadas. / The objective of the present work was to study the relationships among the variations in the initial hydration, size and on physiologic quality of soybean seeds. Three lots (cv.BRS-157) with different physiologic quality had the seeds standardized according to thickness (13/64 inches) and submitted to hydration at 20ºC in variable periods (3, 6, 9 and 12h). After the hydration, the seeds were classified according to thickness and subsequently the individuals' frequency in each fraction was estimated, submitted to evaluations of the physiologic quality. The physiologic quality was verified to affect the water content and the thickness reached by the soybean seeds during the hydration; therefore, it is possible to compare the relative physiologic quality of lots through the thickness frequency data in moisturized seeds.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-04T12:33:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - V?vian Palheta da Rocha 2016.pdf: 925358 bytes, checksum: 56f81d180a908791a6be805b35fee76f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T12:33:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - V?vian Palheta da Rocha 2016.pdf: 925358 bytes, checksum: 56f81d180a908791a6be805b35fee76f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The crambe (Crambe abyssinicaHochst) has been cultivated because of its potential in the production of oil in its seeds, as fodder plant, among other uses. For this species, the high oil content affects the storage potential of seeds and associated with factors such as the pericarp, low availability of water in the soil can provide uneven germination. So, to reduce the nega-tive effects of the factors thatinterfere with crambe seed germination, it can be through the use of priming techniques. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of priming techniques in physiological quality of crambe seeds stored under controlled condi-tions. Therefore, the experiment was conducted in 2015 to 2016 period for crambe, classified seeds were used, treated, packed in paper bags krafts. After zero, three and six months of stor-age, the seeds were submitted to physiological primingtechniques, using the unmonitored hydration techniques (immersion in water), matriosmopriming with PEG 6000 -0.2 MPa, moist atmosphere and matripriming. Unconditioned seeds were used as control. The seeds were evaluated after drying by germination and vigor (first count, seedling performance, seedling emergence and electrical conductivity). From the results it can be concluded that the seeds subjected to matriosmoprimingand matriprimingpresent approximately 40% water content after 8 hours of imbibition. There was favoring the germination of seeds and dry mass of lot 1 after they have been submitted to matriosmoprimingat 0, three and six months. There was an increase of germination rate of seeds lot 3 which were submitted to matriprimingthe three and six months of storage. / O crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) tem sido cultivado devido ao seu potencial na produ??o de ?leo em suas sementes e, como planta forrageira, entre outros usos. Para esta esp?cie, o alto teor de ?leo prejudica o potencial de armazenamento de suas sementes, assim como o uso de sementes com a presen?a do pericarpo do fruto no momento da semeadura ea baixa dispo-nibilidade de ?gua no solo podem proporcionar germina??o desuniforme. Para reduzir os efeitos negativos dos fatores que interferem no desempenho de sementes de crambe, pode ser em-pregado o condicionamento fisiol?gico das sementes. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a efici?ncia de diferentes t?cnicas de condicionamento fisiol?gico na qualidade fisio-l?gica das sementes de crambe armazenadas em condi??es controladas. Para tanto, o experi-mento foi realizado no per?odo de 2015 a 2016. Sementes classificadas, tratadas e acondicio-nadas em sacos de papel foram avaliadas ap?s zero, tr?s e seis meses de armazenamento. As sementes foram submetidas ?s t?cnicas de hidrata??o n?o monitorada (imers?o em ?gua), matriosmocondicionamento com PEG 6000 a -0,2 MPa, atmosfera ?mida e matricondicionamento. Sementes n?o condicionadas foram utilizadas como controle. As sementes foram avaliadas ap?s secagem pelos testes de germina??o e vigor (primeira contagem, desempenho de pl?ntulas, emerg?ncia de pl?ntulas e condutividade el?trica). Pelos resultados, pode-se concluir que as sementes submetidas ao matriosmocondicionamento e ao matricondicionamento apresen-tam em torno de 40% de teor de ?gua ap?s 8 horas de embebi??o. Houve favorecimento da germina??o das sementes e da massa seca das pl?ntulas do lote 1 ap?s terem sido submetidas ao matriosmocondicionamento, aos zero , tr?s e seis meses. O matricondicionamento favoreceu a velocidade de germina??o das sementes do lote 3, aos tr?s e seis meses de armazenamento.