Doctor of Philosophy / Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyses undesirable darkening in wheat products such as Asian noodles. Genetic variation for PPO activity is characterized in bread wheat. Australian wheat breeding programmes recognize that reduced PPO activity is an important quality target. Despite this interest from breeders, no varieties possessing extremely low and null PPO activity exist. The development of null PPO wheat varieties is dependant on an understanding of the genetic control of the null phenotype. Knowledge of these factors will accelerate efforts to develop them. The inheritance of PPO activity was investigated in two populations that were derived from hybrids between a null PPO genotype and Australian wheat varieties Lang and QAlBis. Observed genetic ratios were consistent with two and three gene control, respectively in these populations. QTL mapping was performed in the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. The Diversity Array Technology (DArT) approach was employed to genotype the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. Three highly significant QTLs that control PPO activity were identified on chromosomes 2AL, 2BS and 2DL. Close associations between PPO activity and DArT marker loci wPt-7024, wPt-0094 and wPt-2544 were observed, respectively. Collectively, these loci explained 74% of the observed variation in PPO activity across seasons. Significant QTLs on chromosomes 1B and 3B were also identified that together explained an additional 17% of variation in PPO activity. The relationship between PPO activity and yellow alkaline noodles (YAN) colour stability parameters was investigated in a DM5637*B8 x H45 doubled haploid population. PPO activity and changes in YAN brightness (ΔL* 0-24h) and yellowness (Δb* 0-24h) in both seasons were analysed. Quantitative trait analyses of PPO activity, flour yellowness (b*) and YAN colour stability was also conducted in this population. QTL mapping of variation in PPO activity in the DM5637*B8 x H45 DH population identified a highly significant QTL on chromosome 2AL, which explained 52% of the observed variation across seasons. Regression analysis identified that wPt-7024 was highly significantly associated with PPO activity in this population. A highly significant association between this marker and PPO was also identified in the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. Collectively, the three identified QTLs (on chromosomes 2AL, 7A and 7B) explained 71% of variation in PPO activity across seasons. A highly significant (P<0.001) QTL on chromosome 2B along with significant (P<0.01) QTLs on the chromosomes 1A, 3B, 4B and 5B were found to control flour yellowness. The QTLs on 2B, 4B and 5B were detected in both seasons analysed and accounted for 90% of variation in flour b* across seasons. The study on YAN colour stability located two highly significant (P<0.001) QTLs and two significant (P<0.01) QTLs that controlled the change in brightness of yellow alkaline noodle. The 2A QTL accounted for 64% of observed variation across seasons. It was in the same location as the PPO QTL and shared a common closest marker wPt-7024. Only one significant QTL for YAN a* (0-24h) was identified. It accounted for 12% of variation across seasons and was only detected in one season. One highly significant (P<0.001) QTL and two significant (P<0.01) QTLs were identified that controlled the change in yellowness of yellow alkaline noodle. The 2A QTL accounted for 68% of observed variation across seasons. The location of this QTL corresponded with that of 2A QTLs for PPO activity and L* of YAN in this study. Furthermore, wPt-7024 was also identified as the marker with the most significant association with L*. The identification of a correlation between the characters and a common location of a highly significant QTL for each of these characters indicates that it is likely that PPO activity is directly responsible for a large proportion of the changes in brightness and yellowness of YAN. QTLs for L* and b* of YAN were detected in a common location on chromosome 1A. However, no corresponding QTL was identified that controls PPO activity, highlighting the complexity of the relationship between these traits. Resistance to three rust pathogens (Puccinia graminis, Puccinia striiformis, and Puccinia triticina) was also investigated in the DM5637*B8 x H45 DH population because they are major yield limiting diseases in wheat. Disease response data at the seedling stage were converted to genotypic scores for rust genes Sr24/Lr24, Sr36, Lr13 and Yr7 to construct a genetic linkage map. No recombination was observed between rust resistance genes Sr36, Lr13 and Yr7 in this DH population. Therefore, these genes mapped in the same position on chromosome 2B. The Lr24/Sr24 locus was incorporated into the chromosome 3D map. Interval mapping analysis identified QTLs on chromosomes 2B, 3B, 4B and 5B that control adult plant resistance (APR) to stripe rust. Two QTLs on chromosomes 2B and 3D were identified that controlled APR to leaf rust in this DH population.

Doctor of Philosophy / Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyses undesirable darkening in wheat products such as Asian noodles. Genetic variation for PPO activity is characterized in bread wheat. Australian wheat breeding programmes recognize that reduced PPO activity is an important quality target. Despite this interest from breeders, no varieties possessing extremely low and null PPO activity exist. The development of null PPO wheat varieties is dependant on an understanding of the genetic control of the null phenotype. Knowledge of these factors will accelerate efforts to develop them. The inheritance of PPO activity was investigated in two populations that were derived from hybrids between a null PPO genotype and Australian wheat varieties Lang and QAlBis. Observed genetic ratios were consistent with two and three gene control, respectively in these populations. QTL mapping was performed in the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. The Diversity Array Technology (DArT) approach was employed to genotype the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. Three highly significant QTLs that control PPO activity were identified on chromosomes 2AL, 2BS and 2DL. Close associations between PPO activity and DArT marker loci wPt-7024, wPt-0094 and wPt-2544 were observed, respectively. Collectively, these loci explained 74% of the observed variation in PPO activity across seasons. Significant QTLs on chromosomes 1B and 3B were also identified that together explained an additional 17% of variation in PPO activity. The relationship between PPO activity and yellow alkaline noodles (YAN) colour stability parameters was investigated in a DM5637*B8 x H45 doubled haploid population. PPO activity and changes in YAN brightness (ΔL* 0-24h) and yellowness (Δb* 0-24h) in both seasons were analysed. Quantitative trait analyses of PPO activity, flour yellowness (b*) and YAN colour stability was also conducted in this population. QTL mapping of variation in PPO activity in the DM5637*B8 x H45 DH population identified a highly significant QTL on chromosome 2AL, which explained 52% of the observed variation across seasons. Regression analysis identified that wPt-7024 was highly significantly associated with PPO activity in this population. A highly significant association between this marker and PPO was also identified in the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. Collectively, the three identified QTLs (on chromosomes 2AL, 7A and 7B) explained 71% of variation in PPO activity across seasons. A highly significant (P<0.001) QTL on chromosome 2B along with significant (P<0.01) QTLs on the chromosomes 1A, 3B, 4B and 5B were found to control flour yellowness. The QTLs on 2B, 4B and 5B were detected in both seasons analysed and accounted for 90% of variation in flour b* across seasons. The study on YAN colour stability located two highly significant (P<0.001) QTLs and two significant (P<0.01) QTLs that controlled the change in brightness of yellow alkaline noodle. The 2A QTL accounted for 64% of observed variation across seasons. It was in the same location as the PPO QTL and shared a common closest marker wPt-7024. Only one significant QTL for YAN a* (0-24h) was identified. It accounted for 12% of variation across seasons and was only detected in one season. One highly significant (P<0.001) QTL and two significant (P<0.01) QTLs were identified that controlled the change in yellowness of yellow alkaline noodle. The 2A QTL accounted for 68% of observed variation across seasons. The location of this QTL corresponded with that of 2A QTLs for PPO activity and L* of YAN in this study. Furthermore, wPt-7024 was also identified as the marker with the most significant association with L*. The identification of a correlation between the characters and a common location of a highly significant QTL for each of these characters indicates that it is likely that PPO activity is directly responsible for a large proportion of the changes in brightness and yellowness of YAN. QTLs for L* and b* of YAN were detected in a common location on chromosome 1A. However, no corresponding QTL was identified that controls PPO activity, highlighting the complexity of the relationship between these traits. Resistance to three rust pathogens (Puccinia graminis, Puccinia striiformis, and Puccinia triticina) was also investigated in the DM5637*B8 x H45 DH population because they are major yield limiting diseases in wheat. Disease response data at the seedling stage were converted to genotypic scores for rust genes Sr24/Lr24, Sr36, Lr13 and Yr7 to construct a genetic linkage map. No recombination was observed between rust resistance genes Sr36, Lr13 and Yr7 in this DH population. Therefore, these genes mapped in the same position on chromosome 2B. The Lr24/Sr24 locus was incorporated into the chromosome 3D map. Interval mapping analysis identified QTLs on chromosomes 2B, 3B, 4B and 5B that control adult plant resistance (APR) to stripe rust. Two QTLs on chromosomes 2B and 3D were identified that controlled APR to leaf rust in this DH population.

O tratamento radioterápico para pacientes com neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço pode trazer consequências secundárias graves como alterações da estrutura dental, com conseguinte prejuízo da função oral, a qual influencia negativamente a qualidade de vida. Recentemente trabalhos de pesquisa tem demonstrado que a radiação induz a expressão e ativação das metaloproteinases da matriz (MMPs), consideradas as principais enzimas responsáveis pela remodelação da matriz orgânica, incluindo os componentes e estruturas da junção amelodentinária (JAD). Questiona-se então se as alterações dentais observadas em pacientes pós-radioterapia poderiam ser causadas também pela ativação das MMPs que se encontram na JAD. O presente estudo apresentou três avaliações: a ativação e expressão das MMPs, a implementação de inibidores de proteases como método de inibição das MMPs e a ativação das MMPs devido a um desafio ácido. Para as medições foram utilizados 178 fragmentos dentais de molares, divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos (decíduos e permanentes) / 4 subgrupos experimentais (irradiados e não-irradiados). Os fragmentos foram expostos à radiacao com Co-60, com fracao de dose de 2 Gy, 5 dias consecutivos, ate atingirem a dose total de 60 Gy, com um total de 30 ciclos, durante 6 semanas. Com o objetivo de determinar a expressão e atividade das MMPs, foram realizados os ensaios de imunofluorescência e zimografia in situ, nos fragmentos dentais de 0,6mm, analisando os tecidos duros do esmalte, dentina e JAD. Para avaliar se produtos odontológicos inativam as MMPs, os dentes foram imersos em 0,5ml de digluconato de clorexidina a 0,12%, fluoreto de sódio a 0,05%, polifenol epigalocatequina 3-galato 400&mu;M e água destilada (grupo controle), por 1 hora. Assim também com objetivo de avaliar se em um ambiente ácido, as MMPs apresentariam maior atividade, os dentes foram colocados em contato com 20&mu;l de solucao desmineralizadora com pH de 4,8, por um minuto, e posteriormente lavados com 20&mu;l de água deionizada, por um minuto. De maneira geral pudemos observar que a irradiação ativa as MMPs na JAD e estes efeitos foram mais evidentes nos dentes permanentes que nos decíduos. Com relação à expressão das diferentes MMPs, foi observada uma maior expressão das MMPs-9 e -20 para dentes decíduos, e para dentes permanentes as MMPs-2, -9 e -20 apresentaram expressão semelhante. Tendo em vista que a irradiação foi capaz de ativar as MMPs expressas na JAD de dentes permanentes, e em busca de soluções capazes de inibi-las, observamos que o Digluconato de Clorexidina, o Fluoreto de Sódio e o Polifenol Epigalocatequina 3-galato inibiram a atividade das MMPs na JAD em dentes permanentes. Por último ao investigar o efeito de um desafio ácido, na atividade das MMPs, observamos que a desmineralização não aumentou a atividade das MMPs em dentes não irradiados, porém aumentou a atividade das MMPs em dentes irradiados. Comparando dentes irradiados submetidos ou não à desmineralização, observou-se que a desmineralização incrementou a atividade das MMPs, já induzida pela irradiação. / Radiotherapy for patients with head and neck cancer can have serious secondary consequences such as changes in tooth structure, with consequent loss of oral function which negatively influences an individual\'s quality of life. Recently research work has shown that radiation induces the expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) which are considered the major enzymes responsible for the remodeling of the organic matrix, including the components and structures of the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ). It is questionable if the dental changes observed in post-radiotherapy patients could also be caused by the activation of MMPs that are in the DEJ. The present study has three assessments: the activation and expression of MMPs, the implementation of protease inhibitors such as method of inactivating MMPs and the activation of MMPs due to an acid challenge. The measurements that were used were 178 molar dental fragments randomly divided into 2 groups (deciduous and permanent) / 4 experimental subgroups (irradiated and non-irradiated). The samples were exposed to radiation using Co-60 at a cumulative dose of 2 Gy fraction, 5 consecutive days, until they reached a total dose of 60 Gy, with a total of 30 cycles for 6 weeks. In order to determine the expression and activity of MMPs immunofluorescence assays were performed and in situ zymography, the dental fragments of 0.6mm, analyzing the DEJ in three areas of the tooth (cervical, cuspal and groove of pit). To assess whether MMPs inactivate dental products, the teeth were immersed in 0.5 ml of chlorhexidine digluconate at 0.12%, sodium fluoride 0.05%, polyphenol epigallocatechin-3 gallate 400&mu;M and distilled water (control group) for 1 hour. To evaluate effects in an acidic environment, MMPs have higher activity, the teeth were put in contact with 20&mu;l of demineralizing solution with pH 4.8, for a minute, and then washed with 20&mu;l of deionized water, one minute. In general we observed that the radiation active MMPs in DEJ and these effects were more evident in the permanent teeth than in the primary teeth. Regarding the expression of different MMPs, showed the greatest expression of MMP-9 and -20 for deciduous teeth, and permanent teeth MMPs-2, -9 and -20 showed similar expression. Given that the irradiation was able to activate MMPs expressed in the DEJ permanent teeth, and looking for solutions that inactive them, we observed that the digluconate Chlorhexidine, the Sodium Fluoride and Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibited activity of MMPs in the DEJ in permanent teeth. Finally, to investigate the effect of an acid challenge, in the activity of MMPs, we observed that the demineralization did not increase the activity of MMPs in non-irradiated teeth but increased the activity of MMPs in irradiated teeth. Comparing irradiated whether subjected to demineralization teeth or not, it was found that demineralization increased activity of MMPs, induced by the radiation.

Orientador: José Fernando Durigan / Banca: Ben-Hur Mattiuz / Banca: Ricardo Alfredo Kluge / Banca: Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta / Banca: Marcos David Ferreira / Resumo: Visando prolongar a vida útil da lichia, principalmente quanto à manutenção da cor e da qualidade, executaram-se experimentos para avaliar a eficiência dos tratamentos hidrotérmico e com solução de ácido clorídrico (HCl); do armazenamento sob refrigeração, em atmosfera controlada e em diferentes embalagens plásticas e de coberturas com quitosana. No Experimento I, testou-se a imersão em HCl a 0,087M por 6 minutos; o tratamento hidrotérmico por imersão a 52ºC por 1 minuto, seguido de resfriamento em água a 10ºC por 6 minutos; e o tratamento hidrotérmico com resfriamento em HCl a 0,087M a 10ºC por 6 minutos. O tratamento hidrotérmico seguido de resfriamento em HCl conservou a coloração dos frutos até o 3º dia, e a polpa com qualidade adequada até o 12º dia. No Experimento II, utilizou-se o melhor tratamento do experimento anterior (hidrotérmico com resfriamento em HCl) e testaramse diferentes temperaturas de armazenamento: 2ºC (91% UR); 5ºC (98% UR); 10ºC (80% UR); e 20ºC (70% UR). Os frutos foram analisados após 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22 e 25 dias. O armazenamento de lichia a 5 ºC manteve a boa aparência por até 13 dias e a qualidade da polpa até o final do período, 25 dias. O armazenamento a 2 ºC levou a maiores prejuízos na aparência. As temperaturas, de 10 ºC e 20 ºC, não foram efetivas para a manutenção da cor vermelha da casca. No Experimento III, foi testado o efeito da atmosfera controlada, associado aos melhores tratamentos dos experimentos anteriores. Os frutos foram armazenados a 5ºC e 94% UR, em atmosfera controlada contendo 5%, 10%, 20% e 80% de O2, com avaliações após 0 (inicial), 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 dias. As lichias de todos os tratamentos mantiveram a boa qualidade da polpa por até 21 dias, com os frutos sob atmosfera com 5% de O2, apresentando menor escurecimento da casca. As lichias apresentaram escurecimento da casca... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Aiming to extend litchi life, especially regarding to color and quality maintenance, experiments were performed to evaluate the treatment efficiency under heat and using hydrochloric acid solution (HCl), refrigerated storage, controlled atmosphere, different plastic containers, and chitosan coatings. In Experiment I, it was tested immersion in 0,087M HCl for 6 minutes; hydrothermal treatment by immersion at 52ºC for 1 minute, followed by water cooling at 10ºC for 6 minutes; and hydrothermal treatment with 0,087M HCl cooling at 10 ºC for 6 minutes. Hydrothermal treatment followed by HCl cooling preserved fruit color until the 3rd day and adequate pulp quality until the 12th day. In Experiment II, it was used the best treatment in the previous experiment (hydrothermal with HCl cooling) and different storage temperatures were tested: 2ºC (91% RH), 5ºC (98% RH), 10ºC (80% RH), and 20ºC (70% RH). Fruits were analyzed after 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, and 25 days. Storage at 5ºC kept the good fruit appearance for up to 13 days, and pulp quality until the 25th day. The 2ºC led to to ligher losses in appearance. The temperatures of 10ºC and 20ºC, were not effective for maintaining the red color of the skin. In Experiment III, the effects of controlled atmosphere combined with improved treatments of previous experiments were tested. Fruits were stored at 5ºC and 94% RH in a controlled atmosphere containing 5%, 10%, 20% and 80% O2, with evaluations after 0 (initial), 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days. Litchis in all treatments maintained good pulp quality for up to 21 days, with the fruits under a 5% O2 atmosphere showing a lower skin browning. Litchis showed over 50% skin browning after 7 days. In Experiment IV, different concentrations of CO2 (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) combined with the best concentration in the previous experiment, 5% O2, were tested... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The family Amaranthaceae consist of approximately 65 genus and 1000 species of herbaceous plants. The genus Alternanthera is in this family and can be found spread worldwide. The Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze and Alternanthera dentata (Moench) Stuchlik species are known as penicillin and can be found in Brazil, commonly in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. The popular usage of the A. brasiliana specie is for the treatment of tonsillitis, cold and the influenza and the A. dentata is used to treat infections, fever along with headache and is also used as antiseptical for the treatment of itches and wounds. This work aims at to stipulate pharmacognostics parameters of distinguishment between the two cited species because there is a disagreement among the botanics about the existence of the dentata species. The macroscopical characteristics that can help authenticate them are: the perimeter, color, the abundance of trichomas in the limb and the shape of the stalk. The anatomical analysis had allowed the distinction through the type of found stomata (anfiestomatic and hipostomatic), the existence of the collenchyma disposal of the phloem and the absence of trichomes in the adaxial surface of A. dentata. The presence of the Kranz sheath characterized the type C4 of the Amaranthaceae family. Additionally, this work describes the identification of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and espinasterol isolated from dichloromethane fraction of A. brasiliana leaves. The A. brasiliana leaves used in the pharmacobotanic and phytochemistry analyses and in the biological activities were collected in December 2004 and March 2005 in Santa Cruz do Sul (RS) and Santa Maria (RS), the leaves were identified by the biologist Dr. Thaís do Canto Dorow (Dpt. of Biology, UFSM). The vouchers are deposited in the Department of Biology herbarium of UFSM respectively under the register numbers SMDB 10038 and 10039. The A. dentata specie used in the morphoanatomic study was collected in Florianópolis (SC) and was identified by the researcher Antônio Amaury Silva Jr. of EPAGRI-SC and confirmed by Elen N. Garcia and Sílvia Rubin, both biologists of the Federal University of Pelotas. This specie used in the study is registered in the institution 03 herbarium (PEL-UFPEL) 04/07/06 and in the UFSM herbarium SMDB 10100. In relation to the antimicrobial activity the best result was obtained in the dichloromethane fraction with the Prototheca zopffi algae but it was also found satisfactory MIC for the Gram-positive S. aureus and B. subtillis bacteria and for the S. cerevisiae fungus. The biggest antioxidant activity was found in the acetate of ethyla fraction wich evidenced a IC50=163, 01ug/mL. The correlation between the polyphenol tenors and the antioxidant activity was not possible. / A família Amaranthaceae compreende, aproximadamente 65 gêneros e 1000 espécies de herbáceas. O gênero Alternanthera está inserido nesta família e encontra-se amplamente distribuído pelo mundo. As espécies Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze e Alternanthera dentata (Moench) Stuchlik são igualmente conhecidas por penicilina , sendo encontradas no Brasil, mais comumente nos estados de Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul. O uso popular da espécie A. brasiliana destina-se ao tratamento de amigdalites, gripes e resfriados já para a espécie A. dentata foi referenciada em infecções, febre acompanhadas de dor de cabeça e também como antiséptico para sarnas e feridas. Este trabalho visa determinar parâmetros farmacognósticos de diferenciação entre as referidas espécies, uma vez que há discordância entre botânicos da existência da espécie dentata. As características macroscópicas que podem auxiliar na autenticação das espécies são contorno, cor, abundância de tricomas no limbo e a forma do pecíolo. As análises anatômicas permitiram a diferenciação através do tipo de estômatos encontrados (anfiestomático e hipostomático) além da ocorrência do colênquima, disposição do floema e a ausência de tricomas tectores na face adaxial de A. dentata. A presença da bainha vascular com anatomia de Kranz caracterizou o tipo C4 da família Amaranthacea. Adicionalmente, o trabalho descreve a identificação de β-sitosterol, estigmasterol e espinasterol oriundos da fração diclorometânica das folhas de A. brasiliana. As folhas de A. brasiliana para as análises farmacobotânica, fitoquímicas e atividades biológicas foram coletadas em dezembro de 2004 e março de 2005 nos municípios de Santa Cruz do Sul e Santa Maria, sendo identificadas pela bióloga Drª. Thaís do Canto Dorow (Dpto. Biologia, UFSM). As excicatas estão depositadas no Herbário do Departamento de Biologia da UFSM sob registro SMDB10038 e 10039, respectivamente. A espécie A. dentata utilizada no estudo morfo-anatômico foi coletada no município de Florianópolis, sendo identificada pelo pesquisador da EPAGRI-SC Antônio Amaury Silva Jr., e confirmada pelas biólogas da Universidade Federal de Pelotas Elen N. Garcia e Sílvia Rubin, tendo seu registro no herbário da instituição 03 (PEL-UFPEL) 04/07/06 e no Herbário da UFSM SMDB 10100. Quanto a atividade antimicrobiana, a melhor resposta obtida foi com a fração diclorometânica frente a alga Prototheca zopffi mas também foram encontrados CIM satisfatórios para as bactérias Gram-positivas S. aureus e B. subtillis e para o fungo S. cerevisiae. A maior atividade antioxidante foi encontrada na fração acetato de etila, a qual evidenciou um IC50=163, 01μg/mL. Não foi evidenciada correlação entre teores de polifenóis e atividade antioxidante.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeandroFD.pdf: 1531484 bytes, checksum: 8c328385e5fe3dc7294b86f55a82c108 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The cashew, a fruit from Brazilian Northeast is used to produce juice due to its flavor and vitamin C richness. However, its acceptance is limited due to its astringency. Caju?na is a derivate product appreciated by its characteristic flavor, freshness and lack of astringency, due to tannin removal. Caju?na is a light yellow beverage made from clarified cashew juice and sterilized after bottling. It differs from the integral and concentrated juice by the clarification and thermal treatment steps. Many problems such as haze and excessive browning could appear if these steps are not controlled. The objective of this work was divided into two stages with the aim to supply process information in order to obtain a good quality product with uniform characteristics (sensory and nutritional). Polyphenol-protein interaction was studied at the clarification step, which is an empirical process, to provide values on the amount of clarifying solution (gelatin) that must be added to achieve a complete juice clarification. Clarification essays were performed with juice dilutions of 1:2 and 1:10 and the effect of metabissulfite and tannic acid addition was evaluated. It was not possible to establish a clarification point. Metabissulfite did not influenced the clarification process however tannic acid addition displaced the clarification point, showing the difficulty visual monitoring of the process. Thermal treatment of clarified juice was studied at 88, 100, 111 e 121 ?C. To evaluate the non-enzymatic browning, vitamin C, 5-hidroximetilfurfural (5-HMF) and sugar variation were correlated with color parameters (reflectance spectra, color difference and CIELAB). Kinetic models were obtained for reflectance spectra, ascorbic acid and 5-HMF. It was observed that 5-HMF introduction followed a first order kinetic rate at the beginning of the thermal treatment and a zero order kinetic at later process stages. An inverse correlation was observed between absorbance at 420 nm and ascorbic acid degradation, which indicates that ascorbic acid might be the principal factor on caju?na non-enzymatic browning. Constant sugar concentration showed that this parameter did not contribute directly to the nonenzymatic browning. Optimization techniques showed showed that to obtain a high vitamin C and a low 5-HMF content, the process must be done at 120 ?C. With the water-bath thermal treatment, the 90 ?C temperature promoted a lower ascorbic acid degradation at the expense of a higher 5-HMF level / O caju, frut?fera origin?ria do Nordeste brasileiro ? utilizado para produ??o de suco devido ao seu sabor e ser rico em vitamina C. Entretanto, sua aceita??o ? limitada devido a sua adstring?ncia. Um produto bastante apreciado pelo seu sabor caracter?stico, refrescante e n?o adstringente, devido ? remo??o dos taninos, ? a caju?na. A caju?na ? uma bebida elaborada a partir do suco de caju clarificado e esterilizada no interior de garrafas, apresentando uma colora??o amarelo-?mbar. Ela diferencia-se dos sucos de caju integral e concentrado por meio das etapas de clarifica??o e tratamento t?rmico. Uma s?rie de problemas como turva??o e escurecimento excessivo do produto, pode aparecer se estas etapas n?o forem bem controladas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas, mas com o mesmo prop?sito de fornecer subs?dios que possibilitem o controle do processo de maneira a se obter um produto de qualidade, com caracter?sticas mais uniformes (em termos sensoriais e nutricionais). Na clarifica??o, por se tratar de um processo emp?rico, buscou-se o entendimento das intera??es polifenol-prote?na para fornecer valores adequados de solu??o de clarificante (gelatina) necess?ria para promover a clarifica??o completa do suco. Realizaramse ensaios de clarifica??o com suco de caju dilu?do nas propor??es 1:2 e 1:10 e avaliou-se a influ?ncia da adi??o de metabissulfito e ?cido t?nico ao suco. Pelas t?cnicas utilizadas n?o foi poss?vel determinar um ponto de clarifica??o completa do suco de caju. O metabissulfito n?o influenciou o processo de clarifica??o enquanto que adi??o de ?cido t?nico deslocou o ponto de clarifica??o, mostrando a dificuldade da observa??o deste ponto pelo operador. O efeito do tratamento t?rmico no suco clarificado foi estudado nas temperaturas de 88, 100, 111 e 121 ?C. Para avaliar o escurecimento n?o-enzim?tico, a varia??o de vitamina C, 5- hidroximetilfurfural (5-HMF) e a??cares foram correlacionados com par?metros colorim?tricos (espectro de reflect?ncia, diferen?a de cor e CIELAB). Modelos cin?ticos foram obtidos para a mudan?a no espectro de reflect?ncia, ?cido asc?rbico e 5-HMF. A forma??o de 5-HMF seguiu dois mecanismos cin?ticos: taxa cin?tica de primeira ordem no come?o do tratamento t?rmico e taxa cin?tica de ordem zero em um per?odo mais avan?ado do processo. Observou-se correla??o inversa da absorb?ncia a 420 nm e a perda de ?cido asc?rbico, o que indica que o ?cido asc?rbico pode ser o fator principal que causa o escurecimento da caju?na. A concentra??o constante dos a??cares mostrou que eles n?o influenciaram diretamente o escurecimento n?o-enzim?tico. T?cnicas de otimiza??o mostraram que para se obter uma caju?na com concentra??o elevada de vitamina C e baixo teor de 5-HMF, o tratamento t?rmico deve ser realizado a 120 ?C. No caso da utiliza??o de banho-maria para o tratamento t?rmico, a temperatura de 90 ?C promove uma menor degrada??o de ?cido asc?rbico ? custa de um ?ndice de 5-HMF mais elevado

Les légumineuses permettent de réduire les intrants en élevage (engrais, concentrés) en raison notamment de leurs niveaux élevés en protéines. Cependant, à la fois pendant le processus d'ensilage et celui de fermentation dans le rumen, les protéines peuvent subir une importante dégradation, ce qui affecte la valeur nutritive des fourrages et induit des rejets d'azote (N) importants, notamment dans l'urine. Certaines légumineuses peuvent alors être d'un intérêt particulier car elles produisent des composés secondaires qui peuvent modifier positivement les processus fermentaires et digestifs. Ainsi, les tannins condensés (CT) présents dans le sainfoin (SF, Onobrychis viciifolia) sont capables de se lier aux protéines, réduisant leur dégradation dans le silo et le rumen et se traduisant par un transfert de l'excrétion d'azote de l'urine vers les fèces. Le trèfle violet (RC, Trifolium pratense) contient la polyphénoloxydase (PPO), une enzyme qui catalyse l'oxydation de différents composés phénoliques en quinones. Comme les CTs, les quinones sont capables de former des complexes avec les protéines permettant de réduire leur dégradation dans le silo et le rumen. L'objectif de cette thèse était alors d'étudier et de quantifier les bénéfices potentiels de l'utilisation de ces deux espèces de légumineuses bioactives sur i) la qualité et la conservation des ensilages, ii) la fermentation ruminale, l'efficacité digestive et les performances des ovins, et iii) l'empreinte environnementale (excrétion d'N et de CH4). Nous avons effectué deux essais in vitro et deux essais in vivo, basés sur des ensilages composés de ces deux légumineuses, seules ou en mélange avec une graminée (la fléole- T, Phleum pratense L.) qui nous a servie de contrôle. Les essais in vitro nous ont permis de nous focaliser sur la qualité et la conservation des ensilages ainsi que sur la fermentation ruminale, tandis que les essais in vivo se sont concentrés sur la performance et l'efficacité digestive des agneaux, ainsi que sur leur bilan azoté et leurs émissions de CH4. L'inclusion de légumineuses bioactives dans les ensilages d'herbe a amélioré la qualité du fourrage, la fermentation pendant le processus d'ensilage ainsi que la protection des protéines contre une dégradation au sein du silo et du rumen. Globalement, l'alimentation des agneaux avec des mélanges comportant ces légumineuses s'est traduite par une augmentation de l'ingestion de matière sèche, en comparaison des agneaux alimentés avec la graminée pure. Néanmoins, en raison de la digestibilité nettement plus faible de T-SF, probablement due à une composition et une nature des fibres différentes ainsi qu'à la présence de CT, les agneaux ayant reçu T-SF ont montré une ingestion et des performances plus faibles que ceux ayant reçu les ensilages contenant RC. Dans le rumen, il semble que les protéines de RC aient été plus protégées de la dégradation que celles de SF, tandis que dans la suite du tractus digestif, les complexes formés entre protéines et CT (avec SF) se seraient moins dissociés que ceux formés entre protéines et quinones (avec RC), ce qui pourrait en partie expliquer le transfert d'excrétion de l'N de l'urine vers les fèces, observé chez les agneaux alimentés avec T-SF et bénéfique pour l'environnement. SF a également permis de réduire légèrement les émissions de CH4. Ainsi, utiliser des légumineuses bioactives dans les pratiques d'alimentation des ruminants apparaît une stratégie prometteuse pour fournir des produits animaux de façon plus durable. Nos résultats montrent que chaque espèce apporte des avantages différents, plutôt orientés vers la qualité de l'aliment et les performances animales pour RC mais plutôt orientés vers la réduction des rejets pour SF. Des recherches complémentaires sont donc nécessaires pour mieux caractériser ces avantages et élargir les investigations à d'autres espèces, d'autres mélanges et d'autres bénéfices potentiels. (...) / Fodder legume species allow to reduce inputs in livestock breeding systems (fertilizer, concentrates) notably because they contain high levels of crude proteins which are of primary importance in ruminant nutrition. However, during both silage and rumen fermentation processes, proteins are submitted to degradation which affects forage nutritive value and leads to nitrogen (N) losses notably via urine. Some specific legumes can then be of particular interest as they produce plant secondary compounds that can positively affect silage and digestive processes. Condensed tannins (CTs) present in sainfoin (SF, Onobrychis viciifolia) are able to bind with proteins thereby reducing their degradation in the silo and the rumen, resulting in a shift in N excretion from urine to faeces. Red clover (RC, Trifolium pratense) contains polyphenol oxidase (PPO), an enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of different phenolics into quinones. As CTs, quinones are able to form complexes with proteins that will similarly reduce their degradation in the silo and the rumen. The aim of this thesis was to investigate and quantify the potential benefits of using these two bioactive legume species on i) quality and conservation of silages, ii) rumen fermentation, digestive efficiency and sheep performance, and iii) environmental footprint (N excretion and CH4 emissions). We conducted two in vitro and two in vivo trials which were based on silages of pure legumes or of different mixtures with the grass species (timothy T, Phleum pratense L.), which served as control. In the in vitro trials, we focussed on silage quality, silage conservation and rumen fermentation, while in the in vivo trials, we focussed on lambs' performance, digestion efficiency, N balance and CH4 emissions. Including bioactive legumes in mixtures with grass improved, compared to pure grass, forage quality and fermentation during the silage making process, as well as proteins' protection from degradation within both the silos and the rumen. Lambs fed with the mixtures involving legumes responded with an increase in DM intake compared to their counterparts fed with T. Nevertheless, due to a possibly different fibre composition and to the presence of CT which impaired SF digestibility, lambs that consumed T-SF showed lower intake and performance than those that received RC-containing silages. In the rumen, RC proteins appeared more protected from degradation than SF ones, while in the subsequent parts of the digestive tract, the proteins-CT complexes (from SF) might less dissociate than the proteins-quinones ones (from RC). This could partly explain the environment-friendly shift in N excretion from urine to faeces when animals are fed with T-SF. SF also allowed to slightly reduce CH4 emissions. Thus, utilizing bioactive legumes in livestock feeding practices is a promising strategy to produce animal products more sustainably. Our results show different benefits relative to the bioactive legume species involved, directed towards boosted forage quality and animals' performance for RC but towards lowered wastes for SF. Further research is thus needed to better characterize these benefits and enlarging investigations to other plant species, mixtures and potential benefits (e.g. health). This will help to determine the appropriate choice of plant species according to the objectives.

Masters of Science / The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-diabesity potential of a hot water extract of C. maculata in non-cell based assays and correlate the activities with phenolic composition. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was assessed in terms of free radical scavenging and iron reducing ability. The DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and FRAP assays were employed. Anti-diabesity potential was assessed in terms of the inhibition of the digestive enzymes, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Actualmente, hay un progresivo interés por una dieta equilibrada y saludable, rica en frutas y verduras con un efecto positivo en la salud y, particularmente, con alto contenido en antioxidantes. Paralelamente existe una demanda, por parte del consumidor, de fruta de alta calidad que tenga un sabor equilibrado y que recuerde a las variedades tradicionales. Todo ello ha propiciado que los programas de mejora genética también tengan como objetivo la mejora de la calidad de la fruta, tanto en propiedades fisicoquímicas del fruto como de su perfil nutricional. Desde este punto de vista, el albaricoque es un fruto muy completo ya que es una fuente extraordinaria de fibra, vitaminas, compuestos fenólicos y ácidos orgánicos. Sus propiedades hacen posible su consumo tanto en fresco o como procesado, lo que es aprovechado por las industrias agroalimentaria, farmacéutica y cosmética para la elaboración de una amplia variedad de productos. En el Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA) se está llevando a cabo un programa de mejora para la obtención de nuevas variedades de albaricoquero que, además de solucionar factores que afectan directamente a la producción, como son la autocompatibilidad o resistencia a Sharka, también tiene por objetivo la mejora de la calidad de la fruta. Como primer paso en todo programa de mejora, en este trabajo se han identificado fuentes de variación entre la colección de accesiones del banco de germoplasma del IVIA, quedando detallada la composición del perfil para los principales azúcares, ácidos orgánicos, compuestos fenólicos y de vitamina C. Además, se ha identificado una mayor concentración de compuestos en la piel del fruto que en su pulpa, lo que hace de este tejido una fuente de compuestos de interés para la industria. Por otro lado, para un mejor conocimiento del control genético del metabolismo de azúcares, se estudió la expresión de los genes clave implicados en esta ruta (SUS, SPS y FK), relacionados con QTLs previamente descritos en materia de sólidos solubles. Además, también se reforzó el estudio con el correspondiente análisis filogenético entre diferentes especies, observándose el grado de conservación entre las mismas y confirmándose el alto grado de sintenia en el género Prunus. Con relación a los compuestos fenólicos, se ha analizado la expresión de genes implicados en puntos críticos de la ruta metabólica (DRF, PAL y FLS). Nuestros resultados revelaron que las variedades más rojizas se asocian a una mayor expresión de ParDFR y ParPAL2, así como también que las diferencias de expresión entre parálogos podría deberse a la presencia de un BOXCOREDLPAL, relacionado también con los genes implicados en la síntesis de antocianinas (ParDFR, ParFLS2 y ParPAL2). Paralelamente, también se estudió el efecto genético que ejerce sobre su descendencia la variedad 'Goldrich', uno de los principales genitores empleados en el programa de mejora para la introgresión de la resistencia a Sharka, concluyendo que favorece la concentración de neoclorogénico y clorogénico, así como en la expresión génica de ParPAL1. / [CA] Actualment, hi ha un progressiu interés per una dieta equilibrada i saludable, rica en fruites i verdures amb un efecte positiu en la salut i, particularment, amb alt contingut en antioxidants. Paral·lelament existeix una demanda, per part del consumidor, de fruita d'alta qualitat que tinga un sabor equilibrat i que recorde a les varietats tradicionals. Tot això, ha propiciat que els programes de millora genètica també tinguen com a objectiu la millora de la qualitat de la fruita, tant en propietats fisicoquímiques del fruit com del seu perfil nutricional. Des d'aquest punt de vista, l'albercoc és un fruit molt complet ja que és una font extraordinària de fibra, vitamines, compostos fenòlics i àcids orgànics. Les seues propietats fan possible el seu consum tant en fresc com processat, sent també aprofitat per les indústries agroalimentària, farmacèutica i cosmètica per a l'elaboració d'una àmplia varietat de productes. A l'Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries (IVIA) s'està duent a terme un programa de millora per a l'obtenció de noves varietats d'albercoquer que, a més de solucionar factors que afecten directament la producció, com són l'autocompatibilitat o resistència a Sharka, també té per objectiu la millora de la qualitat de la fruita. Com a primer pas en qualsevol programa de millora, en aquest treball s'han identificat fonts de variació entre la col·lecció d'accessions del banc de germoplasma de l'IVIA, quedant detallada la composició del perfil per als principals sucres, àcids orgànics, compostos fenòlics i de vitamina C. A més, s'ha identificat una major concentració de compostos en la pell del fruit que en la seua polpa, convertint aquest teixit en una font de compostos d'interés per a la indústria. D'altra banda, per a un millor coneixement del control genètic del metabolisme de sucres, es va estudiar l'expressió dels gens clau implicats en aquesta ruta (SUS, SPS i FK), relacionats amb QTLs prèviament descrits en matèria de sòlids solubles. A més, també es va reforçar l'estudi amb la corresponent anàlisi filogenètica entre diferents espècies, observant-se el grau de conservació entre les mateixes i confirmant-se l'alt grau de sintenia al gènere Prunus. En relació amb els compostos fenòlics, s'ha analitzat l'expressió de gens implicats en punts crítics de la ruta metabòlica (DRF, PAL i FLS). Els nostres resultats van revelar que les varietats més vermelles s'associen a una major expressió de ParDFR i ParPAL2, així com també que les diferències d'expressió entre paràlogs podria deure's a la presència d'un BOXCOREDLPAL, relacionat també amb els gens implicats en la síntesi de antocianines (ParDFR, ParFLS2 i ParPAL2). Paral·lelament, també es va estudiar l'efecte genètic que exerceix sobre la seua descendència la varietat 'Goldrich', un dels principals genitors empleats al programa de millora per a la introgressió de la resistència a Sharka, concloent que afavoreix la concentració de neoclorogènic i clorogènic, així com en l'expressió gènica de ParPAL1. / [EN] Nowadays, there is a growing interest in a balanced and healthy diet, rich in fruit and vegetables with a positive effect on health and, particularly, with high antioxidant content. Simultaneously exists a consumer demand for high quality fruit with a balanced flavour and reminiscent of traditional varieties. As a result, breeding programmes are also aimed at improving the quality of the fruit, both in terms of the physicochemical properties of the fruit and its nutritional profile. From this point of view, the apricot is a complete fruit as far it is an extraordinary source of fibre, vitamins, phenolic compounds, and organic acids. Apricot properties make it possible to consume fruits both fresh and processed, which is exploited by the agri-food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries for the production of a wide variety of products. At the Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA) a breeding program is carrying out to obtain new apricot varieties but also to solve factors that directly affect production, such as self-compatibility or resistance to Sharka, but also is aimed to improve fruit quality. As the first step in any breeding program, this work has identified sources of variation among the collection of accessions in the IVIA's apricot collection, detailing the composition profiles for the main sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and vitamin C. In addition, a higher concentration of compounds has been identified in the peel than in the flesh, which makes this tissue a source of compounds of interest for the industry. On the other hand, for a better knowledge of the genetic control of sugar metabolism, the expression of the key genes involved in this pathway (SUS, SPS and FK), related to QTLs previously described in soluble solids, was studied. In addition, the study was also supported with the corresponding phylogenetic analysis among different species, revealing the level of conservation among them and confirming the high level of synteny in the genus Prunus. Regarding phenolic compounds, the expression of genes involved in critical points of the metabolic pathway (DRF, PAL and FLS) was analysed. Our results revealed that the red-blushed accessions are associated with a higher expression of ParDFR and ParPAL2, and the expression differences among paralogues could be due to the presence of a BOXCOREDLPAL, also related to genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (ParDFR, ParFLS2 and ParPAL2). Simultaneously, the genetic effect in the offspring of 'Goldrich', one of the main genitors used at the breeding program for the introgression of Sharka resistance, was also studied. Results revealed that it improves the concentration of neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acids, as well as the genetic expression of ParPAL1. / Este trabajo ha sido posible gracias a la ayuda predoctoral FPI-INIA-2015, del Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), bajo el proyecto FPI2015-0042 con la denominación ‘CPD2015-0245 Mejora sostenible de albaricoquero y melocotonero’ y desarrollado en el Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), dependiente de la Generalitat Valenciana. / Gómez Martínez, H. (2021). Variation of Fruit Quality Traits in Apricot as Sources for Nutraceutical Breeding [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/178973 / TESIS / Compendio

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