Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont pour but de mieux comprendre l’électrodéposition de revêtements nanocomposites et d’approfondir leur caractérisation. Le système étudié est un revêtement de zinc renforcé par des nanoparticules de cérine. Les dépôts de zinc sont élaborés par électrodéposition en courant continu et pulsé dans un bain ammonium chlorure dans lequel sont introduites des nanoparticules de cérine commerciales de 50 nm de diamètre. A l’issue d’une phase d’optimisation, des conditions de bain particulières caractérisées par un pH basique et l’utilisation d’un surfactant anionique ont ainsi été sélectionnées afin de s’assurer d’une suffisante stabilité de la suspension. L’influence des nanoparticules sur les mécanismes et rendements d’électrodéposition est étudiée. Une caractérisation précise des revêtements élaborés en courant continu a été développée au moyen de diverses techniques (MEB-EDS, DRX, SIMS, SDL, MET). Cette approche multi-disciplinaire a pour but d’évaluer l’incorporation de cérine dans le composite et localiser celle-ci dans l’épaisseur, approche originale et novatrice dans le domaine des revêtements composites à matrice zinc. Les nanoparticules influencent les propriétés des revêtements, avec une augmentation de dureté jusqu’à quarante pourcents. L’impact sur le comportement à la corrosion est mineur mais une amélioration en immersion longue durée est observée. Dans le but d’augmenter plus drastiquement l’incorporation et donc les propriétés, une modification de la morphologie du zinc parait indispensable. Dans cette optique, une démarche d’élaboration en courants pulsés a été conduite avec des résultats limités du fait de la forte influence des particules sur les mécanismes de germination/croissance en pulsés. L’utilisation d’un élément d’alliage tel le nickel est une perspective encourageante pour obtenir des revêtements composites aux propriétés optimisées. / The work presented within this thesis aims to better understand the electrodeposition of nanocomposite coatings and to improve their characterization. The system studied is a zinc coating reinforced by nanoparticles of ceria (50 nm in size). Zinc coatings are produced by DC and PC electroplating from an ammonium chloride bath in which the commercial ceria nanoparticles were introduced. Following an optimization stage, specific bath conditions with a alcaline pH and the use of an anionic surfactant have been selected to ensure sufficient stability of the suspension. The influence of nanoparticles on the mechanisms and plating efficiency is studied. A deep characterization of coatings was performed using various techniques (SEM-EDS, XRD, SIMS, GDOES, TEM). This plural approach aims to assess the dispersion of ceria in the composite surface and bulk, which leads to an original and innovative approach in the field of zinc matrix composite coatings. Nanoparticles influence the properties of coatings, increasing hardness up to forty percent. The impact on the corrosion behavior is minor but a slight improvement in long-term immersion is observed. In order to increase more drastically the incorporation of ceria and therefore properties of the resulting coating, change in the morphology of the zinc seems essential. In this context, an approach developed towards pulsed currents was conducted with limited results because of the strong influence of particles on the mechanisms of germination / growth. The use of an alloying element such as nickel is a promising prospect for composite coatings with optimal properties.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a single gene Mendelian disorder characterized by pulmonary disease and pancreatic insufficiency. Pulmonary disease is the major cause of death in CF patients. Although some cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) genotypes are associated with less severe disease, patients possessing the same genotype show great variation in pulmonary disease severity and progression. Genes involved in modulating the inflammatory response and genes increasing susceptibility to infection are proposed as modifiers of pulmonary disease severity. Polymorphisms selected for based on evidence that they affect the function of the gene and prevalence of the putative risk allele: 1) antiprotease gene alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha-1-AT), 2) innate immunity genes: mannose binding lectin (MBL2) (promoter [G→C] at -221 and codon 52 (Arg52Cys, D allele), 54 (Gly54Asp, B allele), and 57 (Gly57Glu, C allele), and pulmonary surfactant genes SPA-1 (Arg219Trp), SPA-2 (Thr9Asn, Lys223Gln) and SPD (Thr11Met), 3) antioxidant genes GSTM1 and T1 (gene deletion polymorphisms), GSTP1 (Ile105Val) and GCLC repeats, 4) mucin genes (MUC2 and MUC5B). Pulmonary disease progression and survival in patients with chronic Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) infection were also investigated controlling for genomovar and RAPD type of the organism. BCC infection was associated with more severe pulmonary disease progression and worse survival. Alpha-1-AT genotype was not a major contributor to variability of pulmonary disease severity, but the results suggest that alpha-1-AT plasma levels during pulmonary infections may be affected by poor nutritional status. We showed similar pulmonary disease progression and MBL2 genotype. Contrary to the previous literature, wild-type MBL2 genotype was associated with steeper decline in pulmonary disease over time following chronic infection with BCC, but genotype was not associated with increased susceptibility to BCC infection. We showed inconsistant results for the pulmonary surfactant gene polymorphisms, GSTM1, T1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms, and number of repeats for GCLC and MUC5B depending on the phenotype investigated. We conclude that some of the variability in pulmonary disease severity and progression in CF is explained by polymorphisms in secondary genes. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medicine, Department of / Experimental Medicine, Division of / Graduate

[pt] Os métodos de recuperação terciária ou avançada de petróleo (EOR) permitem fatores de recuperação de até 70 por cento. A injeção de surfactantes aniônicos, amplamente empregados em EOR químico, pode se tornar inviável devido às perdas após precipitação, difusão para o interior de poros sem conectividade e especialmente adsorção sobre a superfície da rocha reservatório. Este trabalho almejou modificar a superfície de nanopartículas de sílica com alcoxisilanos para que possam ser utilizadas como nanocarreadores de surfactantes aniônicos em EOR químico, diminuindo desta forma as perdas por adsorção. Técnicas de caracterização foram empregadas para confirmar a modificação ocorrida na superfície da sílica, obtendo-se graus de modificação estimados entre 11 e 14 por cento. A inserção de grupos alquila (C8 e C16) na superfície da sílica aumentou significativamente a interação com o surfactante aniônico (dodecil sulfato de sódio, SDS), em comparação com as nanopartículas sem modificação, ampliando em até 11x a quantidade de surfactante retido na superfície das nanopartículas. Os nanomateriais híbridos obtidos possuem maior capacidade de manter adsorvido o tensoativo em soluções aquosas e salinas, bem como liberá-lo quando na interface salmoura/óleo. Ao fim, as nanopartículas de sílica modificadas contendo surfactante adsorvido na sua superfície atuaram sinergicamente na redução da tensão interfacial, sem afetar o desempenho do surfactante após liberação na interface água/óleo. Sendo assim, as nanopartículas modificadas com alcoxisilanos obtidas neste trabalho podem atuar como nanocarreadores de surfactantes em fluidos de injeção para EOR químico. / [en] The tertiary oil recovery methods or enhanced oi recovery (EOR) allow a recovery factor up to 70 percent. The injection of anionic surfactants, widely used in chemical EOR, could become unfeasible due to losses after precipitation, diffusion to the interior of non-connected pores and specially adsorption over reservoir rock surface. This work aimed to modify the surface of silica nanoparticles with alkoxysilanes in order to be used as surfactant nanocarriers in chemical EOR, reducing surfactant loss by adsorption. Characterization techniques were employed to confirm the modifications on silica surface, obtaining degrees of modification between 11 and 14 percent. The attachment of alkyl groups (C8 and C16) on the silica surface raised significantly the interaction with an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), in comparison to bare silica nanoparticles, increasing up to 11x the amount of adsorbed surfactant over silica s surface. The hybrid nanomaterials obtained in this work have a high capacity to keep the tensoactive in aqueous solutions and brine, as well as releasing it at the brine/oil interface. Finally, the modified silica nanoparticles containing surfactant adsorbed on their surface showed a synergy in reducing interfacial tension, without affecting the surfactant performance after the release at the water/oil interface. Thus, the nanoparticles modified with alkoxysilanes obtained in this work can act as surfactant nanocarriers in injection fluids for chemical EOR.

<p>Emulsions are advantageous in many applications including healthcare, food science, and detergency due to their ability to disperse one fluid in another, otherwise immiscible fluid. For the same reason, emulsions are also problematic when mixtures of oil and water are undesirable like in industrial wastewater pollution and fuel systems. Whether an emulsion is desirable or not, both benefit from understanding the fundamental relationship of emulsion formation and stability to the physical and chemical properties of the oil-water-surfactant mixture. This work identifies the formation and stability mechanisms of model emulsion systems through the perspective of emulsion prevention for applications in shipboard wastewater (bilge water) treatment. Although experiments in this study were designed to model bilge water systems, their fundamental approach makes them practical for many different applications like food science, pharmaceuticals, and detergency.</p> <p>The impact of salts on emulsion formation and stability to coalescence were studied to understand how emulsions stabilized by ionic surfactant behave in saltwater environments. Droplet size analysis revealed that emulsion stability to coalescence improved with salt concentration. Through interfacial tension and zeta potential measurements, it was found that the addition of salt promoted close surfactant packing and faster surfactant adsorption kinetics at the oil-water interface. This aided in preventing coalescence and created conditions favorable for the formation of a stable Newton black film. Extended DLVO calculations were used to model the interaction energy between droplets and suggested that hydration forces play an important role in stabilizing these systems. These emulsions were then studied under dynamic ageing conditions to observe the impact of motion on emulsion stability. While statically aged emulsions were stable to coalescence, dynamic ageing induced coalescence (increased droplet size) or emulsified the oil droplets (decreased droplet size) depending on the surfactant concentration and energy input during ageing.</p> Formation mechanisms and stability of spontaneous emulsion systems were also investigated. Low molecular weight oils (e.g., toluene, xylenes, and cyclohexane) were found to spontaneously emulsify with nonylphenol polyethoxylated (NPE) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS). NPE emulsions spontaneously emulsified via diffusion and micelle swelling and displayed limited stability due to Ostwald ripening. SDBS emulsions also spontaneously emulsified with toluene but only in saltwater environments. As the concentration of salt in the aqueous phase increased, the spontaneity of these emulsions also increased. These systems were analyzed using the hydrophilic lipophilic difference (HLD) theory to evaluate its efficacy for predicting the conditions favorable for spontaneous emulsification. Limitations and practicality of using the HLD model for these systems were also explored.

Les poumons présentent de nombreux avantages en tant que voie d’administration de médicaments. Ils possèdent une grande surface (70-100 m2) pour l’adsorption de molécules et de particules, une mince barrière épithéliale, une faible acidité ainsi qu’un système vasculaire sous-jacent abondant. L’administration par inhalation est une approche prometteuse pour le traitement du cancer des poumons et des infections microbiennes comorbides dans 33% des cas puisqu’elle permet la livraison ciblée d’agents chimiothérapeutiques. Les nanoparticules sont des vecteurs idéaux d’acheminements ciblés de médicaments avec des avantages tels qu’une stabilité élevée/une longue durée de conservation ainsi qu’une capacité de transport élevée. Les nanoparticules inhalées atteignant les alvéoles pulmonaires interagissent avec le surfactant pulmonaire. Ce mélange de lipides et de protéines tapisse l’interface eau/air des alvéoles servant ainsi de barrière. L’interaction physique et chimique des nanoparticules avec le surfactant pulmonaire déterminera leur clairance, rétention et translocation. Nous proposons l’utilisation de nanoparticules de phytoglycogène, extraites de maïs sans OGM, pour l’administration pulmonaire d’un peptide anticancéreux et antimicrobien à double action dont l’administration par voie orale ou par injection est problématique. Le nanophytoglycogène, composé de molécules de glucose, est non-biopersistant, non-toxique et est certifié GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) par le Food and Drug Administration pour l’ingestion. Cependant, son innocuité pour l’inhalation reste à déterminer. Avant de déterminer l’efficacité du nanophytoglycogène à des fins de nanotransporteur organique pour la délivrance par aérosol de peptides thérapeutiques, son impact sur les propriétés biophysiques et sur la structure de phase du surfactant pulmonaire doit premièrement être caractérisé. L’objectif du projet est d’étudier les effets de nanophytoglycogène de différentes charges sur les propriétés physicochimiques de modèles du surfactant pulmonaire en utilisant les monocouches Langmuir. Plus précisément, il est question d’étudier les effets des nanoparticules sur l’activité de surface, la morphologie, la réversibilité ainsi que l’épaisseur du film du surfactant pulmonaire. L’imagerie par microscopie à angle de Brewster (BAM, Brewster Angle Microscopy), les isothermes (pression de surface vs aire moléculaire) ainsi que l’ellipsométrie à l’interface eau-air permettent une conjecture des effets néfastes potentielles du nanophytoglycogène sur les poumons. À l’aide de ces techniques, il a été possible d’étudier des monocouches de phospholipides et de protéines, représentant le surfactant pulmonaire. En présence de nanoparticules anioniques et quasi-neutres, les différentes monocouches ne subissaient aucune perturbation. Cependant, les résultats ont démontré que les nanoparticules cationiques se lient aux phospholipides anioniques, ce qui augmente l’épaisseur de la monocouche et ainsi le travail requis pour effectuer un cycle respiratoire. Ces travaux ont démontré l’importance de la charge des nanomatériaux lors de leur interaction avec le surfactant pulmonaire. De plus, les résultats de cette étude ont aussi permis de classer les nanophytoglycogènes quasi-neutre et anionique comme étant des vecteurs de médicaments potentiels. / The human lungs present many advantages as a drug delivery route, namely a high surface area (70-100 m2) for the adsorption of molecular species and particles, a thin epithelial barrier, an abundant underlying vasculature, and low acidity. Inhalation delivery is expected to be an ideal approach for the treatment of lung cancer and associated pulmonary infection (33% of cases) as it allows the site-specific physical delivery of chemotherapeutic. Nanoparticle carriers broaden the options for targeted drug delivery systems with advantages including high stability/long shelf life and high carrier capacity. In the alveoli, inhaled nanoparticles interact with lung (pulmonary) surfactant, a lipid/protein mixture that lines the alveolar air/fluid interface and serves as a primary barrier to uptake. The physical/chemical interaction of the nanoparticles with the surfactant determines their clearance, retention, and translocation. We propose to use novel phytoglycogen nanoparticles, extracted from non-GMO corn, for the pulmonary delivery of a dual action anticancer and antimicrobial peptide that is problematic to deliver orally or by injection. Nanophytoglycogen, composed of glucose molecules, is non-biopersistent, non-toxic and is GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) for oral ingestion. However, its safety for inhalation remains to be determined. Before evaluating the efficacy of nanophytoglycogen to serve as an organic nanocarrier for the aerosol delivery of peptide therapeutics, their impact on the biophysical properties and phase structure of lung surfactant must first be characterized. The objective of the research is to investigate the effect of nanophytoglycogens of different surface charge on the physicochemical properties of pulmonary surfactant model systems using Langmuir monolayers. More specifically, the effect of the nanoparticles on the surface activity, morphology, reversibility, and film thickness of pulmonary surfactant is studied. Isotherms (surface pressure vs. molecular area), BAM (Brewster Angle Microscopy) imaging, and ellipsometry at the air-water interface allow a surmise of the potential adverse effects of nanophytoglycogen on the lungs. Using these techniques, it was possible to study monolayers of phospholipids and proteins, representing the pulmonary surfactant. In the presence of anionic and quasi-neutral iv nanoparticles, the different monolayers didn’t undergo any disturbance. However, the results demonstrated that cationic nanoparticles bind to anionic phospholipids, which increases the thickness of the monolayer and thus the work required to complete a respiratory cycle. This study has demonstrated the importance of nanoparticle’s surface charge during their interaction with pulmonary surfactant. In addition, the results of this study also made it possible to classify the quasi-neutral and anionic nanophytoglycogens as being potential drug vectors.

No description available.

No description available.

[pt] Cristais líquidos são formados em alta concentração de surfactantes e apresentam muitas propriedades interessantes como a auto-organização, alta capacidade de incorporação de substâncias hidrofóbicas, propriedades reológicas únicas, além de conservarem as propriedades úteis e versáteis dos surfactantes. Entretanto, devido sua alta viscosidade, são inviáveis para determinadas aplicações, como por sprays e por injeções, por exemplo. Portanto, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é dispersar e estabilizar os cristais líquidos sob a forma de partículas em meio aquoso, que sejam capazes de encapsular óleos e ou substâncias hidrofóbicas, mantendo. Para isso, diferentes sistemas foram preparados combinando surfactantes iônicos, álcoois graxos e surfactantes não-iônicos etoxilados, com diferentes comprimentos de cadeias. A adição de álcoois graxos a surfactantes iônicos já é comumente usada para garantir a formação de cristais líquidos de estrutura lamelar. E a adição de surfactantes etoxilados foi realizada como uma tentativa de promover a dispersão dos cristais líquidos na forma de partículas em água. Isso se daria graças às cadeias etoxiladas hidrofílicas que poderiam se estender em direção ao meio aquoso, garantindo uma alta estabilização. Para o planejamento otimizado destes sistemas, primeiramente foi realizado um estudo de caracterização das estruturas formadas entre os pares dos reagentes em água, que permitiu compreender o efeito das diferentes proporções entre eles. A partir disso, algumas composições foram selecionadas para o preparo e caracterização das dispersões de partículas líquido-cristalinas. Os resultados de espalhamento de raios X a baixos ângulos e microscopia óptica confirmaram a estrutura líquido-cristalina lamelar, forneceram informações sobre a morfologia e dimensões das partículas. Por fim, foram realizados testes que confirmaram a capacidade de incorporação de óleo mineral pelas partículas selecionadas. Estes sistemas possuem a vantagem de serem preparados com substâncias já amplamente utilizadas na indústria de cosméticos. Desta forma, se confirmado o potencial de aplicação para liberação controlada, poderiam ser facilmente direcionados para aplicações em escala industrial com matérias primas de fácil acesso, com bastante disponibilidade comercialmente e custos relativamente baixos. / [en] Liquid crystals are formed in high concentration of surfactants and present many interesting properties such as self-organization, high uptake capacity of hydrophobic substances, unique rheological properties, despite of keeping the useful and versatile properties of surfactants. However, due to their high viscosity, they are inadequate to certain applications, such as spraying or injections. Hence, the main objective of this work is dispersing and stabilizing liquid crystals in the shape of particles in aqueous medium, being capable of encapsulate oils and or hydrophobic substances. For this, different systems were prepared by combining ionic surfactants, fatty alcohols and ethoxylated non-ionic surfactants, with different chain lengths. The addition of fatty alcohols to ionic surfactants is commonly used to guarantee the formation of liquid crystals with lamellar structure. And the addition of ethoxylated surfactants was performed as an attempt to promote the dispersion of liquid crystal in the shape of particles in water. It should occur due to the hydrophilic chains of ethylene oxide, which could extend towards the aqueous medium, guaranteeing high stability. To optimize the design of the systems, first, a study was performed to characterize the structures formed by the pairs of reactants in water, allowing to comprehend the effect of different proportions between them. From that, some compositions were selected to the preparation and characterization of dispersions of liquid-crystalline particles. The results of Small Angle X-Ray Scattering and optical microscopy confirmed the lamellar liquid-crystalline structure and provided information about the morphology and dimensions of the particles. Finally, tests were performed to confirm the capacity of uptake mineral oil by the selected particles. These systems possess the advantage of being prepared with substances widely used in the cosmetics industry. Thus, if the potential application to controlled delivery is confirmed, they could easily be directed to applications in industrial scale with easily accessible raw materials, with plenty of commercial availability and relatively low costs.

Mise en contexte: Le syndrome d'aspiration méconiale (SAM) sévère est une détresse respiratoire causée par l'inhalation de liquide amniotique teinté de méconium. Les nouveau-nés atteints d'un SAM sévère nécessitent souvent un support ventilatoire invasif qui mène à un haut taux de morbidité et de mortalité. La ventilation liquidienne totale (VLT) est considérée comme une avenue thérapeutique prometteuse de lavage bronchoalvéolaire (LBA) effectué avec un perfluorocarbone dans le cas d'un SAM sévère. L'équipe Inolivent a développé récemment un 4 e prototype de ventilateur liquidien total (Inolivent 4) conçu pour des applications pédiatriques qui fait l'objet d'études expérimentales. Objectif: Les objectifs de cette maîtrise étaient de valider le ventilateur liquidien, d'optimiser les paramètres ventilatoires de la VLT, de mettre au point un modèle néonatal ovin de SAM ainsi que de caractériser l'efficacité et la tolérance d'un VLT-LBA en comparaison avec un lavage bronchoalvéolaire contenant une dilution de surfactant exogène (S-LBA) dans ce même modèle. Notre hypothèse est que le VLT-LBA sera mieux toléré et plus efficace qu'un S-LBA dans le cas d'un SAM sévère. Matériel et méthode: La validation du prototype 4 a été effectuée avec cinq agneaux à poumons sains et plusieurs paramètres ont été testés de façon à optimiser la ventilation. Ensuite, sept agneaux ont servis à développer le modèle pathologique de SAM. Étude animale randomisée contrôlée approuvée par notre comité d'éthique institutionnel. Une fois anesthésiés et paralysés, 20 agneaux nouveau-nés ont subis une chirurgie visant le monitorage des gaz du sang (GDS) et les paramètres hémodynamiques par thermodilution (Pulsion medical system, Ger). Un SAM sévère fut alors induit à l'aide de l'instillation de 2 aliquotes de 1mL/kg d'une dilution à 25% de méconium humain dans le salin. Les agneaux ont ensuite été randomisés dans deux groupes : VLT-LBA (n=10) à une ventilation minute de 160 mL/kg/min avec le PFDEC (Perfluorodecalin; F2Chemicals, UK) et S-LBA (n=10) ventilé conventionnellement en administrant deux LBA de 15 mL/kg contenant 5mg/mL de surfactant (BLES biochemicals Inc., Canada). Les deux groupes furent ventilés pour un total de 4 heures suivant la randomisation. Résultats: Le VLT-LBA permet une PaO[indice inférieur 2] significativement supérieure au S-LBA tout au long de l'expérimentation. Les valeurs de PaCO[indice inférieur 2], de pH ainsi que les paramètres hémodynamiques sont comparables pour les deux groupes à l'exception d'une augmentation de la pression artérielle pulmonaire moyenne (PaPm) durant la VLT. Le VLT-LBA permet le lavage de 43.14% du méconium instillé alors qu'avec le S-LBA on en retire 28.10% (p < 0,022). L'analyse histologique des coupes de poumons n'a montré aucune différence entre les scores totaux. Conclusion: Le VLT-LBA est bien toléré et est plus efficace que le S-LBA dans ce model expérimental ovin de SAM sévère. Les niveaux surélevés de PaPm durant la VLT nécessite d'être investigués. Cette expérimentation ouvre la voie à une éventuelle étude clinique avec le VLT-LBA comme traitement d'un SAM sévère.

Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The study described in this dissertation examines the synthesis of mainly acrylate-based surfactants and their subsequent use as emulsifiers/stabilisers in the emulsion polymerisation of styrene. Some acrylamide-based surfactants were also studied, for comparison purposes only. Two major types of surfactants, polymerisable (surfactant monomers or surfmers) and polymeric, were synthesised, characterised and used in emulsion polymerisation reactions. The prepared polymerisable surfactants, 12-acryloyloxydodecanoic acid (12-ADA) and 11-acrylamidoundecanoic acid (11-AAUA), and their sodium salts, had reactive acryloyl functionalities.