Híbridos poliuretano-acrílicos foram sintetizados via polimerização em emulsão, utilizando uma dispersão de poliuretano base poliol poliéster como semente para a polimerização dos monômeros acrílicos, no caso, acrilato de butila e ácido metacrílico. As propriedades das dispersões híbridas resultantes foram avaliadas por espalhamento dinâmico de luz, teor de sólidos, pH e potencial Zeta. Os polímeros resultantes da secagem das dispersões aquosas foram caracterizados por cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho, calorimetria exploratória de varredura, análise dinâmico-mecânica, dureza, microscopia ótica do processo de cristalização, microscopia de força atômica, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A influência do método de síntese na morfologia dos híbridos foi avaliada. / PU-acrylic hybrids were prepared via emulsion polymerization, using an aqueous polyurethane dispersion as a seed for the acrylic monomers polymerization. Different quantities of acrylic monomers (butyl acrylate and methacrylic acid) were polymerized. The properties of the resulting hybrid dispersions were evaluated through dynamic light scattering, solid content, pH and Zeta potential. The resulting polymers obtained from dried dispersions were characterized via size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, optical microscopy of the crystallization process, atom force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of the synthetic method on the morphology of the hybrids was evaluated.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2035.pdf: 2216348 bytes, checksum: 3c9eeba4a9f95b09746c4737499e2dde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-22 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Some materials can be encapsulated with metals, inorganic solids and biomolecules, in a nanometric scale, to form a nanocomposite which has specific properties that can be open to research and technology works. In the literature, they are represented as core@shell. When silica particles are coated with a luminescent material, as the Eu2O3, the final material will have different properties from the core and the shell material. The silica used as a core in this work is the silica-germania VAD, synthesized by the Vapor-phase Axial Deposition (VAD) technique, which has been given by the PhD. Carlos K. Suzuki from FEM-UNICAMP. The luminescent properties of the Eu3+ ion in the SiO2-GeO2@Eu2O3 material, has been studied to get some information about the environment around this ion during the heat treatment process. The emission spectra of the samples presented the main Eu3+ characteristics 5D0→7FJ ( J= 0,1,2,3, 4) bands. The degradation of the polymeric shell which involves the Eu3+ ions degradation occurs as the temperature increases, causing structural changes around this ion. With its degradation, the Eu3+ ion is incorporated to the silica-germania matrix. The interaction between this ion and the matrix is through Ge-O-Eu linkages, which suppress the Eu3+ luminescence. The same luminescence behavior is observed for the SiO2@Eu2O3 and SiO2@Eu2O3 spherical samples heat treat in the same temperatures. The lifetime curves for these materials when they are excited in its respective maximum of emission and excitation, present a mono-exponential feature and the values are higher than Eu2O3 pure. This material presented some novel optical properties, which makes it in a potential candidate to be used in a photonic area. / Materiais quando encapsulados com metais, sólidos inorgânicos e biomoléculas, em escala nanométrica, formam um nanocompósito com propriedades específicas, que podem ser estendidas para diversas áreas da pesquisa e da tecnologia. Este material, na literatura, é designado como core shell ou core@shell. Quando a sílica é revestida com um material luminescente, como o Eu2O3, este material formado terá propriedades diferentes da sílica que constitui o núcleo e do Eu2O3 que constitui a nanocamada. Neste trabalho, a sílica utilizada no encapsulamento, foi a sílica-cermânia VAD, sintetizada pelo método Deposição por fase de vapor (VAD), que nos foi fornecida pelo Prof. Dr. Carlos K. Suzuki, da FEM - Unicamp. As propriedades luminescentes do íon Eu3+, no material SiO2-GeO2@Eu2O3 obtido, foram estudadas para se obter informações do ambiente em que este íon se encontra durante a calcinação do material. Os espectros de emissão das amostras obtidas apresentaram as bandas referentes às transições 5D0→7FJ (J= 0,1,2,3, 4), características do íon Eu3+. Com o aumento da temperatura, ocorre a degradação da camada polimérica que envolvia o íon Eu3+, causando mudanças estruturais ao seu redor. Com a sua degradação, o Eu3+ é incorporado á matriz de sílica. A interação deste íon com a matriz de sílica-germânia se dá através da formação de ligações Ge-O-Eu, que suprimem sua luminescência. O comportamento da luminescência deste íon foi semelhante ao observado nas amostras de SiO2@Eu2O3 e SiO2@Eu2O3 esférica tratadas nas mesmas temperaturas. As curvas de tempo de vida dos materiais quando excitados em seus respectivos máximos de emissão e excitação, apresentaram um comportamento monoexponencial e os valores são maiores quando comparados com o Eu2O3 puro. Este material apresentou algumas propriedades ópticas interessantes, que o torna um candidato em potencial para ser utilizado na área de fotônica.

Electrospinning or electrostatic fibre spinning employs electrostatic force to draw fibres from a liquid, either a polymeric solution or a polymer melt in the form of a charged jet. The jet solidifies and is deposited on a collector in the form of a non-woven fibrous mat. Electrospun fibres have diameters between several nanometres to a few microns, which is one of the main advantages of the process, as materials at the nanoscale have shown great potential in a wide range of healthcare and energy applications. The initial selection of solvents to dissolve the polymer for production of electrospun defect-free nanofibres has generally been based on experience from similar polymer-solvent systems. The selection of a solvent is important to control the fibre surface morphology that would eventually determine the field of application for the electrospun nanofibrous structures. However, little attempt has been made to study the correlation between the solubility behaviour of the polymer in different solvents and the electrospinnability of the polymer solutions. From this perspective, the first part of this thesis focused on the selection of different solvents for the production of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibres. Solution properties were measured and the electrospun nanofibrous structures were analysed in terms of morphology and nanofibre diameter. Understanding the molecular interactions between polymer and solvents enables the correct solvent selection to ensure the desired nanofibrous structure. Solubility is not the only criterion for nanofibre formation from a polymer solution. Polymer concentration is one of the main factors affecting electrospinning. For this reason, a relationship between PLA concentration and nanofibre morphology was determined by solution property measurements. A three step systematic methodology has been proposed in this thesis in order to select appropriate solvent and polymer concentration for the production of homogeneous electrospun mats made of defect-free nanofibres. This methodology was validated for PLA nanofibres, but it can be used for a wide range of polymers. It simplifies the solvent selection process and can significantly improve the trial and error approaches used at present. Despite several models for electrospinning having been proposed to predict the behaviour of the electrospun jet, there are no simple methods for a priori prediction of the final morphology of the electrospun mat from the knowledge of solution properties and electrospinning process parameters. Moreover the prediction of nanofibre diameter is still a difficulty and little research has been done on this. For these reasons, the second part of this thesis is dedicated to understanding the effect of some process parameters on the jet electric current and hence on the morphology of PLA nanofibres. The values of current measured were used to verify an equation proposed in the literature for the prediction of the final diameter. The experimental diameter of the PLA nanofibres was compared with the predicted value. In the last chapter coaxial electrospinning was employed to produce PLA nanofibres with a core shell structure for the incorporation of a model hydrophilic drug in the nanofibre core. The large surface area to volume ratio of nanofibres offers the great advantage of higher efficiency of encapsulation and better control of the release profile compared with other drug delivery systems. Even though successful encapsulation of drug and proteins have been reported, it is not clear how to verify the continuous drug distribution in the core throughout the whole length of the fibre. The solution properties of both core and shell strongly affect the outcome of the electrospinning process. For this reason, several techniques have been used to verify the formation of a core shell structure and proper encapsulation of the drug. In addition, the efficiency of drug encapsulation was evaluated and drug release studies were performed.

L'étude de cette thèse est focalisée sur la compréhension des caractéristiques du transport dans des systèmes granulaires cœur - coquille (cobalt - cobalt oxyde). Nous avons étudié le comportement magnétique et de transport de notre système granulaire ferromagnétique/antiferromagnétique. Les agrégats de cobalt de 4 nm sont fabriqués par une source à pulvérisation magnétron et condensation en phase vapeur. Lorsque les agrégats sont oxydés pendant le dépôt ils adoptent une géométrie en cœur – coquille avec un cœur icosaédrique et une coquille CoO de structure cfc. Après le dépôt, les agrégats sont caractérisés par différentes méthodes. In situ, elles sont caractérisées en fonction de la quantité déposée par le spectromètre à temps vol. Ex situ, elles sont analysées par le SQUID (mesure magnétique) et par les mesures de transport. Plusieurs caractéristiques de nos échantillons ont été mises en évidence lors de l'analyse magnétique. Trois propriétés magnétiques nous intéressent principalement. La première est le couplage d'échange F/AF, étudié sur l'ensemble des agrégats de cobalt avec différents pourcentages d'oxydation (entre 33% de CoO et 95% de CoO). Nous avons constaté que l'effet maximum est obtenu pour l'échantillon le plus oxydé à cause de l'augmentation de la coquille d'oxyde. La deuxième propriété magnétique concerne la présence d'un superparamagnétisme modifié par l'interaction d'échange entre le cœur et la coquille. La troisième est l'effet de traînage qui se manifeste le plus souvent par une diminution du décalage d'échange et du champ coercitif après plusieurs mesures successives. Ce phénomène est dû à une instabilité de la configuration magnétique obtenue lors du refroidissement sous champ mais il est cependant difficile d'identifier l'origine exacte. Les propriétés de transport de notre système sont mises en évidence par l'étude de la résistivité, de la magnétorésistance et de la résistance du Hall en fonction de la température et du champ magnétique appliqué. La variation de la résistivité avec la température présente un minimum et qu'elle varie très peu avec la température. Ce comportent est typique des systèmes transitoires, se situant entre le régime métallique et le régime isolant. La faible magnétorésistance varie très peu avec la température. Son amplitude ne dépasse pas 0.1% dans tous les alliages granulaires mesurés. Le système étudié est caractérisé par une résistivité de Hall extraordinaire positive à toutes les températures de mesure. / This study is focused on understanding the transport properties of granular systems core - shell with emphasis on cobalt - cobalt oxide materials. We studied the magnetic and transport behavior of our granular system ferromagnetic/ antiferromagnetic. The cobalt clusters of 4 nm are obtained by a magnetron sputtering source and vapor phase condensation. The clusters oxidized during deposition adopt a core – shell geometry with icosahedra core and a fcc structure of CoO shell. After deposition, the clusters are characterized by different methods. In situ, they are characterized in terms of the amount of matter deposited by time flight spectrometer. Ex situ, they are analyzed by the SQUID (magnetic measurement) and transport measurements. Several characteristics of our samples have been identified during the magnetic analyses. Three magnetic properties are mainly interest. The first is the exchange bias F/AF, studied on the cobalt clusters with different oxidation percentages (between 33%CoO and 95% of CoO). We found that the maximum effect is obtained for the the oxidized samples due to the increased oxide shell size. The second magnetic property is the presence of superparamagnetism modified by the exchange interaction between the core and the shell. The third is the training effect shown often by a decrease in the exchange bias and coercive field after several successive measurements. This might be attributed to the instability of the magnetic configuration obtained upon cooling under a field, but it is difficult to identify the exact origin. The transport properties of our system are underlined by the study of the resistivity, magnetoresistance and Hall resistance as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field. The variation of resistivity with temperature shows a minimum. In the same time this variation is small as a function of the temperature. This behavior is associated with the transition systems which are found between the metallic and insulator regime. The variation of the magnetoresistance with temperature is small. Its amplitude does not exceed 0.1% in all granular alloys measured. The studied system is characterized by a positive extraordinary Hall resistivity at all temperatures of measurement.

Híbridos poliuretano-acrílicos foram sintetizados via polimerização em emulsão, utilizando uma dispersão de poliuretano base poliol poliéster como semente para a polimerização dos monômeros acrílicos, no caso, acrilato de butila e ácido metacrílico. As propriedades das dispersões híbridas resultantes foram avaliadas por espalhamento dinâmico de luz, teor de sólidos, pH e potencial Zeta. Os polímeros resultantes da secagem das dispersões aquosas foram caracterizados por cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho, calorimetria exploratória de varredura, análise dinâmico-mecânica, dureza, microscopia ótica do processo de cristalização, microscopia de força atômica, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A influência do método de síntese na morfologia dos híbridos foi avaliada. / PU-acrylic hybrids were prepared via emulsion polymerization, using an aqueous polyurethane dispersion as a seed for the acrylic monomers polymerization. Different quantities of acrylic monomers (butyl acrylate and methacrylic acid) were polymerized. The properties of the resulting hybrid dispersions were evaluated through dynamic light scattering, solid content, pH and Zeta potential. The resulting polymers obtained from dried dispersions were characterized via size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, optical microscopy of the crystallization process, atom force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of the synthetic method on the morphology of the hybrids was evaluated.

Le travail décrit dans cette thèse est basé sur la synthèse et l’étude de nanoparticules cœur-coquille capables de capter du césium radioactif. Ces travaux s’inscrivent dans l’amélioration d’un procédé de sorption du césium déjà existant et utilisant des monolithes de silice poreux fonctionnalisés avec des nanoparticules (NPs) d’Analogue du bleu de Prusse (ABP) ou plus précisément K2CuFe(CN)6 (CuABP). Les nanoparticules issues de cette famille sont très connues pour leur capacité de sorption et leur sélectivité vis-à-vis du césium. Ainsi afin d’éviter l’agrégation des NPs au sein du monolithe et d’augmenter les capacités de sorption, il a été décidé de synthétiser des nanoparticules cœur-coquille avec un cœur d’ABP protégé par une coquille de silice poreuse. La voie de synthèse choisie pour réaliser ce type de nanoparticules est celle qui utilise une microémulsion inverse afin de contrôler la forme et la taille des nanoparticules finales. Ce choix a permis de réaliser la synthèse in situ des NPs d’ABP avec une excellente stabilité des nanoparticules dans les gouttes d’eau dans certaines conditions opératoires. Les microémulsions ont été caractérisées grâce aux SAXS (Small Angle X-ray Scattering). Grâce à des modèles de simulation, des tailles de gouttes d’eau allant de 0.5 à 3 nm de rayon ont été déterminées selon la quantité d’eau introduite. Le paramètre w correspondant au rapport molaire entre l’eau et le tensioactif (w=[H2O]/[tensioactif]) es un bon moyen d’exprimer la quantité d’eau présente dans le système. La croissance de la coquille de silice est réalisée grâce au procédé sol-gel en milieu basique en présence de TEOS. La morphologie des nanoparticules cœur-coquille a ensuite été étudiée grâce à la microscopie électronique (HRTEM/STEM/HAADF) et l’analyse chimique et structurale a été réalisée grâce à la spectroscopie infrarouge (FTIR-ATR) et à la DRX. Ainsi, pour la première fois, des nanoparticules cœur-coquille telles que définies ici ont été synthétisées. Des tests de sorption du césium par ces nanoparticules cœur-coquille ont également été mis en œuvre avec des résultats encourageants (Qmax(NPs cœur-coquille)=125 mg/g). De plus ces nanoparticules ne sont pas seulement utiles pour la décontamination d’effluents aqueux, elles ouvrent aussi de nouvelles portes pour l’auto-irradiation et l’auto-confinement de radioéléments. / The research work described below is based on the synthesis and the study of core-shell nanoparticles able to entrap radioactive cesium. A sorption process of radionuclides on porous silica monoliths has already been described to capture radioactive cesium and to anchor it on a solid phase. Those materials were therefore functionalized with Prussian Blue Analogous (PBA) nanoparticles or more precisely K2CuFe(CN)6 (CuPBA) that are well known to be highly selective towards Cs. However, those materials did not allow optimal Cs sorption because of strong aggregation of PBA nanoparticles within the monoliths. Thereby, the solution developed is the use of core-shell nanoparticles in order to avoid the PBA aggregation. The core of these nanoparticles is made with PBA and protected by a porous silica shell.A reverse microemulsion is chosen as main synthetic route to synthesize and control the size and shape of these nanoparticles. That synthetic route allows in-situ synthesis of CuPBA nanoparticles in the microemulsion with an excellent stability of the particles in the water droplets. Microemulsions, characterized with SAXS, show droplets radius varying from 0.5 to 3 nm with regard to the water content defined by w parameter (w=[H2O]/[surfactant]). The growth of the silica shell is then achieved after the synthesis of CuPBA, using a classical basic conditions sol-gel process. The morphology of the core-shell nanoparticles is controlled with HRTEM/STEM-HAADF and the structural and chemical analysis are followed by XRD and FTIR-ATR. Finally, this study enables, for the first time, the synthesis of these core-shell nanoparticles. Then, recent sorption experiments highlighted that these core-shell nanoparticles can be used to entrap cesium with interesting capacity ((Qmax(core-shell NPs)=125 mg/g)). Moreover, these nanoparticles are useful for decontamination process and they open the way in the study of the self-irradiation and self-containment of radionuclides.

Nanoclusters a base de platina vêm sendo amplamente estudados devido à possibilidade de ajustar suas propriedades físicas e químicas através da manipulação de seu tamanho, forma e composição. No entanto, nossa compreensão em nível atomístico dos mecanismos que determinam a estabilidade desses sistemas está longe de ser ideal. Nesta dissertação de mestrado, utilizamos a teoria do funcional da densidade, empregando o método de projeção de onda aumentada com a aproximação do gradiente generalizado, para investigar as propriedades enérgicas, estruturais e eletrônicas de nanoligas PtnMT55-n (MT = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn). Usando uma energia relativa (energia excedente) para medir a estabilidade de uma nanoliga, sendo obtidas as seguintes composições de menor energia: Pt35Fe20, Pt42Co13, Pt28Ni27, Pt20Cu35 e Pt20Zn35. Com exceção da estrutura do tipo caroço-casca Pt42Co13 icosaedrica (ICO), os demais sistemas possuem ambos os átomos Pt e MT expostos diretamente à região de vácuo, o que é interessante para reações químicas. Das análises estruturais, obtivemos a relação entre tamanho, ordem de ligação e tendência de segregação. Para Zn55 e Pt55, as estruturas de caroço reduzido (RCORE) são preferidas, enquanto para MTs como Fe, Co, Ni e Cu que são menores do que a Pt em 10.6, 11.3, 11.3 e 8,5%, a geometria icosaedrica é favorecida. Portanto, a combinação de Pt com átomos de MT em uma nanoliga (PtMT) favorece a configuração ICO para átomos de MT pequenos (Fe, Co, Ni e Cu), devido a grande liberação de tensão. Já PtnZn55-n que apresentam pequena diferença de tamanho (Zn é menor do que a Pt em apenas 2,1%), consequentemente, a estabilização de estrutura ICO não é possível e uma estrutura RCORE é obtida para todas as composições analisadas. A posição do centro de gravidade dos estados-d ocupados em relação ao nível de Fermi pode ser ajustada em função da composição de Pt. Assim, a energia de adsorção do adsorbato para o nanoligas pode ser alterada, o que afeta a reatividade das nanoligas PtnMT55-n. / Platinum-based nanoclusters have been widely studied due to the possibility to tune their physical and chemical properties through size, shape, and composition. However, our atom-level understanding of the mechanisms that determines the stability of those systems is far from ideal. In this dissertation, we use the density functional theory, using the projected augmented wave method with the generalized gradient approximation, to investigate the energetic, structural, and electronic properties of the PtnTM55-n (TM = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) nanoclusters. Using a relative energy (excess energy) to measure the stability of a nanoalloy, we have obtained the lowest energy compositions Pt20Fe35, Pt42Co13, Pt28Ni27, Pt20Cu35, and Pt20Zn35. Except for the core-shell Pt42Co13 icosahedron (ICO) structure, the other systems have both Pt and TM atoms exposed directly to the vacuum region, which is interesting for chemical reactions. From structural analyses we have obtained an interplay of size mismatch, bond-order parameter, and the segregation tendency. For Zn55 and Pt55, the reduced-core (RCORE) structures are preferred, while for small size TMs, like Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu that are smaller than Pt by 10.6, 11.3, 11.3, and 8.5%, the icosahedral geometry is stabilized. The combination of Pt with TM atoms in a nanoalloy (PtTM) favors the ICO configuration for small TM atoms (Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu), because of the larger release of the strain energy. PtnZn55-n presents a small size mismatch (Zn is smaller than Pt by only 2.1%), consequently, the ICO stabilization is not possible and RCORE structure is obtained for all compositions. The position of the center of the gravity of the occupied d -states in relation to the Fermi level can be tuned as a function of the Pt composition. Thus, the adsorption energy of adsorbate to the nanoalloys can be changed, which can affect the reactivity of the PtnTM55-n nanoclusters.

No presente trabalho propõe-se o uso de substratos de Au poli e monocristalinos modificados superficialmente com Pt para o estudo da reação de oxidação de etanol. Serão apresentados os resultados obtidos no estudo da influência da concentração superficial de Pt depositada na distribuição dos produtos da eletrooxidação de etanol. Os resultados mostram que no caso do sistema Pt/Au-poli, a superfície de Au que possui o menor teor superficial de Pt depositada tem uma habilidade maior para quebrar a ligação C-C. Porém quanto menor a quantidade de Pt depositada na superfície de Au, maior o efeito de desativação. Estes comportamentos são explicados pelas estruturas superficiais formadas pelos depósitos. Adicionalmente, são apresentados os resultados obtidos no estudo sistemático da influência de defeitos superficiais nos substratos de Au na atividade catalítica de camadas de Pt. Os resultados sugerem que, mesmo que os substratos de Au não estejam em contato com a solução eletrolítica devido ao grau de cobertura utilizado, a presença de defeitos nos substratos de Au induzem variações na distribuição de produtos resultantes da eletrooxidação de etanol. Mais especificamente, quanto maior é a densidade de defeitos nos substratos de Au a via de produção de ácido acético é favorecida, com a consequênte inibição na produção de CO2. / In this work we propose the use of poly and single crystalline Au surfaces modified with Pt as a model system of core-shell nanoparticles to study the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR). Results regarding the study of the influence of Pt coverage on the product yields of EOR are presented. The results show that the in the case of the Pt/Au-poly system, the Au surface modified with lower amounts of Pt has a higher ability to break the C-C bond present in the ethanol molecule. On the other hand, deposits having small amounts of Pt suffer a faster deactivation due to CO poisoning. This behavior is explained by the structure adopted by the catalytic layer. Additionally, results regarding the study of the influence of defects on the Au surfaces on the catalytic behavior of Pt layer will be shown. The results suggest that, even though Au active site are not in contact with electrolityc solution, the defects lying under the Pt layer influence the catalytic response of the layer. Specifically, as the step density in the Au substrate increases, the acetic acid path is privileged over the CO2 production path.

Orientador: Ítalo Odone Mazali / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T20:07:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_CristineSantosde_M.pdf: 3527061 bytes, checksum: 7dfe90cc79337811bc7955e8a1531586 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O trabalho consistiu na síntese de sistemas nanoestruturados de ZnO contendo Eu em sílica mesoporosa, o vidro poroso Vycor (PVG), utilizando o método de ciclos de impregnação-decomposição (CIDs). Sistemas de nanopartículas puras de ZnO, na forma PVG/10ZnO mostraram que o ZnO apresentou-se predominantemente na forma de sítios de ZnO monodispersos com absorção em 245-250 nm e na forma de nanopartículas, com tamanho médio em torno de 4,5 nm, para as quais inicialmente não se observou uma absorção característica. Através de espectroscopia de luminescência observou-se transferência de energia do ZnO monodisperso para a matriz, porém nenhuma emissão no visível característica de defeitos. Para o sistema PVG/10Eu observou-se transições f-f características nos espectros de emissão e excitação, e a transferência de carga O¿¿Eu. Os sistemas seguintes sintetizados na forma PVG/ZnO@ZnO/M@ZnO, com M = Eu, Al, Sr, Pr e Yb visaram o estudo do sistema principal PVG/ZnO@ZnO/Eu@ZnO, o qual apresentou emissões do Eu relativamente mais intensas do que no sistema PVG/10Eu além de apresentar o favorecimento do crescimento do ZnO sob a forma de nanopartículas, crescendo sobre os aglomerados de dopante. Nessas condições, surge a banda proibida do ZnO em torno de 360 nm, cuja borda é deslocada para menores energias com o número de CIDs, em acordo com uma equação da literatura, indicando um regime de confinamento quântico. Esta banda é observada na luminescência e também transfere energia para a matriz, ainda não sendo observadas emissões de defeitos do ZnO. Estudos com Sr e Al não confirmaram a formação de defeito do tipo Zni decorrente da inserção do íon Eu na rede do óxido. Os espectros de excitação para os sistemas de ZnO contendo Eu não foram conclusivos quanto à transferência de energia devido à presença de bandas do Eu, e num sistema similar substituindo-se por Yb não foi observada esta transferência. Medidas de tempo de vida mostraram um aumento da estabilidade do Eu no sistema com a presença prévia do ZnO, e também sob seu recobrimento. Através das emissões excitônicas do ZnO observou-se o efeito de confinamento quântico também na luminescência, o qual se deu de forma similar ao observado para a análise por absorção no UV-Vis / Abstract: The work consisted in the synthesis of nanostructured systems of ZnO containing Eu loaded in a mesoporous silica, the porous Vycor glass (PVG), using the impregnation-decomposition cycles method (IDCs). Pure ZnO nanoparticles systems synthesized in the form PVG/10ZnO have shown that ZnO presents itself predominantly as monodisperse ZnO sites with absorption at 245-250 nm, and nanoparticles, with mean size around 4,5 nm, for which initially no characteristic absorption had been observed. Through luminescence spectroscopy an energy transfer from monodisperse ZnO to the matrix was observed, but no defect-related emissions. For the PVG/10Eu system Eu characteristic f-f transitions were observed in both emission and excitation spectra, as well as the O¿¿Eu charge transfer. The following systems synthesized in a PVG/ZnO@ZnO/M@ZnO pattern, with M = Eu, Al, Sr, Pr e Yb sought the study of the main system PVG/ZnO@ZnO/Eu@ZnO, which presented Eu emissions relatively more intense than the PVG/10Eu system, also showing favoring growth of ZnO under the form of nanoparticles, which now grow over dopant clusters. Under such condition the ZnO band gap is now observed in UV-Vis absorption analysis, with peaks around 360 nm, whose edge is displaced towards lower energies with increasing number of IDCs, also in agreement with a theoretical equation from the literature, pointing to a condition of quantum confinement. This band is observed in luminescence, and also transfers energy to the matrix, and yet no defect-related emissions are observed for ZnO. Studies with Sr and Al did not confirm the formation of a Zni defect due to the insertion of Eu ions into the oxidefs structure. Excitation spectra for Eu-containing ZnO systems were not conclusive as to the existence of an energy transfer due to the presence of Eu bands in the same range, and in the similar system exchanging Eu3+ for Yb3+ such transfer was not observed. Lifetime measurements have shown an increase in Eu stability within the system with ZnO presence previous to its insertion, or after its coating layer(s). Quantum confinement effect was also observed for the ZnO excitonic emissions in luminescence, showing a similar behavior to that obtained thru UV-Vis absorption analysis / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

Orientadores: Italo Odone Mazali, Fernando Aparecido Sigoli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T18:04:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_LuizPereirada_D.pdf: 7505198 bytes, checksum: 4a358fa524fc2f2a6b3eadb7a1e9f27a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi empregada uma rota de síntese de nanopartículas de prata metálica (NPAg), via redução química de um sal precursor do metal, usando o solvente orgânico N,N-dimetilacetamida (DMA) como agente de redução e estabilização. Foi feito estudo comparativo com a síntese usando o solvente N,N-dimetilformamida (DMF), a fim de relacionar efeito de coordenação das moléculas dos solventes aos íons Ag e o efetivo controle de morfologia, tamanho e grau de dispersão das NPAg formadas. O solvente DMA apresentou maior eficiência no controle do tamanho de NPAg (4-10 nm), cuja morfologia esferoidal não sofreu alteração com o decorrer do tempo (até 24 horas) sob condições ambiente. Na síntese em DMF, o tamanho médio das NPAg obtidas (da ordem de 40-60 nm), indicou menor eficiência de estabilização, observada pela formação de aglomerados de NPAg. Cálculos mecânico-quânticos, a partir da Teoria Funcional de Densidade (DFT) e medidas de voltametria cíclica foram decisivos na proposição de um modelo de cinética de redução dos íons Ag e da influência de algumas propriedades das moléculas orgânicas no efetivo controle de morfologia e tamanho das NPAg obtidas. Foram sintetizadas NPAg suportadas in situ em matrizes hospedeiras de diferentes naturezas: i) suportes mesoporosos e ii) lamelares, a partir de metodologia de síntese simples, em única etapa reacional. Foi possível inferir sobre o papel de matrizes hospedeiras como agentes controladores de morfologia e tamanho das NPAg. Para a matriz mesoporosa de canais ordenados (SBA-15) observou-se a formação de nanobastões e esferas e para as matrizes de estrutura de poros desordenada (PVG® e SMD) observou-se a formação de NPAg esferoidais, variando apenas o tamanho, sugerindo que o crescimento das NPAg está associado ao ambiente em que se encontram confinadas. No estudo inédito da influência das interações interlamelares de matrizes lamelares no controle efetivo da morfologia das NPAg preparadas in situ, observou-se que na matriz lamelar de interação interlamelar mais forte (CTA-Magadiíta) formaram-se nanodiscos de prata, enquanto que para a matriz de interação interlamelar mais fraca (n-but,n-dod-AIPO-Kanemita) formaram-se NPAg esferoidais. A possibilidade de obtenção de nanoestruturas hierarquicamente organizadas, na formação de nanopartículas caroço@casca (NCC) do tipo Ag@SnO2, em reação que combina a redução dos íons Ag e hidrólise e condensação do precursor alcoóxido em única etapa reacional também foi investigada. Técnicas de caracterização como: espectroscopia de absorção na região do UV-Vis e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foram determinantes na realização deste trabalho, além da difratometria de raios X, espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho e análise elementar, entre outras, que trouxeram informações complementares importantes, conduziram à proposição de afirmativas sobre as sínteses realizadas. Os resultados obtidos permitiram inferir sobre fatores que contribuem para a síntese de NPAg em sistema coloidal, além da síntese de NPAg suportadas em rota experimental simples, bemcom da possibilidade de preparação de NCC Ag@SnO2 / Abstract: This work proposes a new route for the synthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles (NPAg) by chemical reduction of a metal salt precursor (AgNO3), using the organic solvent N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. A comparative study was performed using the solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in order to correlate the coordination of the solvent molecules and metal ions with the shape, size and dispersion of NPAg. The DMA shows greater efficiency in controlling the particle size of NPAg (4-10 nm), whose spheroidal morphology did not change with time. In the synthesis in DMF, the average particle size is in the range of 40-60 nm, due to lower efficiency of surface stabilization during the formation of the NPAg. Quantum-mechanical calculations, based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) and cyclic voltammetry were used to investigate some physico-chemical characteristics of the solvents and their powerfulness as soft base against Ag ions. The results indicate that the DMA is softer than DMF and therefore may coordinate better Ag or Agn species that DMF does. Supported NPAg were synthesized in situ in host matrices of different natures: i) mesoporous supports and ii) layered materials. It was possible to infer about the use of host matrix structure as control agents of the morphology and size of NPAg. For matrix with ordered mesoporous channels (SBA-15) the formation of silver nanorods is observed while spheroidal NPAg is obtained in disordered mesopore structure (PVG® e SMD). Differences in the average particle sizes suggest that the growth of NPAg may be related to the environment in which they are confined. A pioneering study about the influence of the interactions between the layers of lamellar hosts in the effective control of the morphology of in situ prepared NPAg is also presented. Silver nanodisks are obtained into the lamellas of the CTA-Magadiíte that presents strong interlayer interaction, while spheroidal NPAg are formed into the lamellas of the n-but,n-dod-AIPO-Kanemite that has weak chemical forces between the lamellas. The possibility of obtaining hierarchically organized nanostructures, such as the formation of Ag@SnO2 core@shell nanoparticles (NCC), in reaction that combines the reduction of Ag ions and hydrolysis and condensation of the alkoxide precursor in a single step reaction was also investigated. The results allows to infer the factors that contribute to the synthesis of NPAg in colloidal system, and the synthesis of supported NPAg in simple experimental route, as well as the possibility of preparation of Ag@SnO2 NCC / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Ciências