Adolescents intentions to behave in both reactive and instrumental aggression were assessed using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB; I. Ajzen, 1985). Along with examining the TPB, perceptions of self-efficacy (A. Bandura, 1982) towards both types of aggression were also assessed. Self-report questionnaires were administered to 162 grade 10 to 12 students in two independent school districts. Using Path Analysis, the TPB was shown to significantly explain both instrumental and reactive aggression. In the context of reactive aggression, attitudes were found to have the greatest influence on intentions to behave aggressively. As for instrumental aggression, self-efficacy was found to have the greatest influence on intentions. Overall, the results of this study provide support for using the TPB to explain adolescent aggression. In addition, this study further demonstrates the value of distinguishing between reactive and instrumental functions of aggression.

Dogs with behavioral problems This study was made to investigate if there was a problem in today’s society regarding dogs showing for example excessive aggression and/or anxiety. The main questions in this study was "is there a problem today" and "if there is a problem, what can we do to prevent it". To investigate these questions interviews were made with six different professions concerning the dog domain. The result of the study shows that three of the interviewed considered it to be a problem, one did not have an opinion on the matter and two choose not to call it a dog related problem because it mostly depends on the owner. Today about 20 – 25 % of the euthanasia’s in Denmark depends on aggressions or anxiety problems. It is the second most common reason for euthanasia. In Sweden 27 dogs were taken into custody during 2010, by the police in Stockholm, when they were considered dangerous to the society because of their aggression and anxiety problems. To prevent the problems from occurring we need to control the breeding more extensively and to be more careful selecting animals on which we choose to breed. Socialization is also an important factor to prevent aggression. Extensive socialization at an early age prevents aggressive behavior towards humans and also other animals. Anders Hallgren, a dog physiologist in Sweden estimates that about 75 % of the dogs that are sent to him for training can be well again.

Adolescents intentions to behave in both reactive and instrumental aggression were assessed using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB; I. Ajzen, 1985). Along with examining the TPB, perceptions of self-efficacy (A. Bandura, 1982) towards both types of aggression were also assessed. Self-report questionnaires were administered to 162 grade 10 to 12 students in two independent school districts. Using Path Analysis, the TPB was shown to significantly explain both instrumental and reactive aggression. In the context of reactive aggression, attitudes were found to have the greatest influence on intentions to behave aggressively. As for instrumental aggression, self-efficacy was found to have the greatest influence on intentions. Overall, the results of this study provide support for using the TPB to explain adolescent aggression. In addition, this study further demonstrates the value of distinguishing between reactive and instrumental functions of aggression.

I föreliggande arbete redovisas en studie gjord för att försöka se hur olika forskare ser på ett intoleransproblem, ett socialt fenomen som mobbning. Hur definieras begreppet och skall problemet lösas på individ- grupp- eller samhällsnivå? Hur kan den praktiskt verksamme pedagogen använda sig av de arbetssätt som idag finns?Angreppsättet i studien bygger uteslutande på dokument. Det är alltså text som utgör mitt empiriska material. Forskningslitteraturen representeras av väl erkända författare. Deras syn på problemet skiljer sig åt på några väsentliga punkter; skall orsaken till problemet analyseras eller skall pedagogen inrikta sig på akuta lösningar här och nu? Hur skall föräldrainformationen hanteras vid upptäckta mobbningsfall?Mina frågor till materialet ger enligt min tolkning svaren att alla nivåer bör synliggöras för att finna den bästa lösningen. De olika arbetssätten och synsätten kompletterar varandra och bör därför användas var för sig och tillsammans.De olika åsikterna om vilken sorts föräldrainformation som skall ges bör enligt min erfarenhet noggrannt diskuteras för att inte förvärra ett redan svårt problem.

Video and industry data were used to assess the inter-relationships of aggression, delivery, coat color, year of birth, number of outs, buckoff percent and score in rodeo bulls. An evaluation of laterality based on observations of how the individual animals were loaded into chutes at 11 bull riding events showed 63% left-handed delivery and 37% right-handed delivery across all observations (n = 525). There was a similar distribution for aggressiveness (based on whether or not the bull charged after the rider dismounted) with 64% of bulls being non-aggressive and 36% of bulls being aggressive. Significant linear relationships existed between score and number of outs and score and buckoff percentage indicating that experience impacted performance. The correlation between number of outs and buckoff percentage was low to moderate (0.06 to 0.30), depending upon the subset of data evaluated. The r-square value for the analysis of score among all bulls was 0.14; however, the r-square value in the subset of bulls with known sires with more than one son was 0.68 when sire was included in the model. Similar increases in r-square values were observed for 2006 average score, career average score, buckoff percentage, and career buckoff percentage, indicating important genetic influences on these traits and/or their component traits. Investigations into the relationship between performance and aggression may help bucking stock producers improve the selection criteria they use. The current trend within the industry is for several breeders to breed ‘hot’ or flighty, nervous cattle to achieve higher performing offspring. Given that there was no association between aggression and score based on chi-square test, aggression may be removed from the criteria for using certain animals for breeding purposes. Based on results from this work, if bucking stock breeders want to make genetic changes in these traits, documentation of pedigree information is vital.

The serious consequences and high prevalence rates of eating disorders among women have been well documented (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Birmingham, Su, Hlynasky, Goldner, & Gao, 2005; Crow, Praus, & Thuras, 1999; Steinhausen, 2009). Factors linked to the development of an eating disorder include competitiveness and group membership (Basow, Foran ,& Bookwala, 2007; Striegel-Moore, Silberstein, Grunberg, & Rodin, 1990). The purpose of this study was to further examine risk factors associated with eating disorder symptomatology by examining the role of sorority membership, different forms of competition, and relational aggression. Sorority membership was hypothesized to impact a participant’s eating disorder symptomatology, competitiveness, and relational aggression. Additionally, this study looked at three different forms of competition (Hypercompetition, Female Competition for mates, and Female Competition for status) and sought to understand which form of competitiveness best predicts eating disorder symptomatology. Female Competition for mates was hypothesized to best predict disordered eating. Lastly, relational aggression was expected to moderate the relationship between competition among women and eating disorder behaviors. An increase in relational aggression was hypothesized to strengthen the relationship between competition among women and eating disorder symptomatology. The reasoning for this relationship was based on an evolutionary framework that proposes aggression is needed to drive competition (Shuster, 1983). Participants included 407 undergraduate women, with a split of 211 sorority members and 196 non-sorority women. Measures included four subscales from the Eating Disorder Inventory (Garner et al., 1983), the Hypercompetitive Attitudes Scale (Ryckman et al., 1996), the Female Competition for mates scale, the Female Competition for status scale (Faer et al., 2005), and the Indirect Aggression Scale (Forrest et al., 2005). Separate regression analyses were conducted to answer each research question. Participants also answered qualitative questions after completing the surveys. Analyses revealed sorority membership significantly predicted a participant’s Female Competition for status. Female Competition for mates was found to best predict both body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness such that the higher a participant’s competition for mates score, the lower these eating disorder symptoms. No moderating effects of relational aggression were found in the model. Additionally, social desirability was included in the regressions as a means of controlling for a participant’s tendency to self-report desirably. An important surprise finding was that social desirability was a significant predictor of eating disorder symptomatology, competition, and relational aggression. Exploratory qualitative analyses suggested women’s acceptance of their bodies, while their conversations with friends included self-deprecating ways of discussing their appearance. Findings also suggest sorority membership predicts higher female competition for mates and status. Results reveal a relationship between competition and disordered eating which suggests important considerations for clinicians to explore with clients who may experience eating disorder symptomatology. / text

College-aged individuals experience verbal and physical dating aggression at high rates, which is troubling given the associated deleterious consequences. Verbal and physical aggression are highly correlated, with verbal aggression often serving as a precursor to physical aggression. The current studies examined factors that may influence the likelihood and escalation of dating aggression in response to a dating conflict scenario, including alcohol intoxication, self-regulation, and trait aggressivity. Study 1 assessed the construct validity of a newly developed audio-taped scenario of mutual aggression as well as a hot sauce task. Men and women with (n=31) and without (n=30) a history of past-year dating aggression provided responses to the conflict scenario using the Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations (ATSS) procedure. Under the guise of an assessment of sensitivity, participants allocated hot sauce for a fictitious participant to consume. Results supported the construct validity of the conflict scenario but not the hot sauce task, which was therefore not included in Study 2. Study 2 examined the influence of alcohol's pharmacological and expectancy effects as well as one’s ability to self-regulate thoughts, feelings, and behavior on aggression intentions in response to the mutual aggression conflict scenario. Participants were randomized to either receive alcohol (n=48; blood alcohol content M = .082%), placebo (n=48), or no alcohol (n=48). Using ATSS procedures identical to Study 1, intoxicated individuals articulated more verbal aggression intentions overall and exhibited a greater increase across the conflict scenario than those who did not receive alcohol, but did not differ from those who received placebo. There were no effects of alcohol on physical aggression intentions. Individuals who received placebo and who were poorer at suppressing emotions articulated more verbal aggression intentions than intoxicated individuals. Additionally, individuals higher in trait aggressivity articulated more physical aggression intentions and intoxicated individuals with lower relationship satisfaction articulated more verbal aggression intentions. Results suggest that both the pharmacological and expectancy effects of alcohol were important to the occurrence of aggression. Whereas higher trait aggressivity and lower relationship satisfaction may be risk  factors  for  aggression,  regulating  one’s  emotions  may  reduce  the frequency of aggression. / text

published_or_final_version / Law / Master / Master of Laws

I Sverige är det omkring 200 000 personer som fått diagnosen demens. Läkemedelskostnaderna för behandling av demenssymtomen anses uppgå till 160 miljoner kronor/år i Sverige. Att använda sig utav icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder kan ses som ett alternativ, både ur etisk synpunkt såväl som ekonomisk. Det är därför viktigt att sjuksköterskan känner till vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som finns tillgängliga. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa sjuksköterskans icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder i omvårdnaden av oroliga, agiterade och aggressiva personer med demens. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där 14 vetenskapliga artiklar och två avhandlingar granskades och analyserades. I resultatet skapades fyra kategorier, aktivitet relaterat till social samvaro, musik, kommunikation och dans. Resultatet visade att för att lindra lidande hos personer med demenssymtom, är insikten om livshistorian och intressen grundläggande för det goda vårdandet. Detta kan ske genom att föreslå en meningsfull aktivitet. Exempel på sådan aktivitet kan vara dans, musik, små gruppträffar eller handarbete. Det framgår att det existerar alternativa icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan lindra oro, agitation och aggression hos personer med demens. Dessa anses inte vila på lika hög vetenskaplig grund som farmakologisk behandling då kunskapen inom det området inte är lika evidensbaserad. Ytterligare forskning inom området är därför önskvärt i form av kliniska framtida pilotprojekt för att bevisa dess effektivitet / The number of people with dementia in Sweden is around 200 000. The costs of medication for those people are 160 million Swedish crones/year. Using non-pharmacological nursing measures can be seen as an alternative, at an ethical point of view as well as an economic. It’s therefore very important that the nurse knows about the different treatments and is capable to delegate this further. The aim of this study was to illuminate the nurse non-pharmacological nursing measures in purpose to reduce the anxiety, agitation and aggression in people with dementia. This study was a literature study where 14 articles and two dissertations were used to form the result. In the result 4 categories were created, activity related to socializing, music, communication and dance. The result shows that to relief suffering in persons with dementia it's important to know the individual and this person’s life-history, for the purpose to relief anxiety but also to divert aggressive behaviors in different situations. To know the persons interests and life-history is important to be able to give the person a meaningful activity. An example of this can be dance, music, small group meetings and handcraft. There exist non-pharmacological approach to reduce anxiety, agitation and aggression in persons with dementia. Those strategies are not as scientific as the pharmacological nursing measures because is not that evidence-based. More research in this area is therefore requested such as a clinical pilot study to prove its effectiveness.

Darbe nagrinėjama fizinių bausmių ir smurto šeimoje įtaka vaikų agresijai. Tyrimais nustatyta, kad ši įtaka yra tiesioginė. Rekomenduojama šviesti tėvus. Siūloma administracinėje ir baudžiamojoje teisėje išplėsti valstybinio kaltinimo ribas,priimti ir įgyvendinti įstatymų pataisas, draudžiančias vaikų mušimą. / The work recommends regularly educate parents and children explaining the causes and reasons of violence. The research states that administrative and criminal law should delegate more rights to state prosecution and violence in the family should be cinsidered as aggravating circumstances and the parliament should adopt amendments to the existing laws forbidding violence to children.