Die Lymphangioleiomyomatose (LAM) ist eine sehr seltene, ausschließlich Frauen betreffende zystische Lungenerkrankung. Vor einigen Jahren wurde das VEGF-D als diagnostischer Marker etabliert, jedoch ist noch immer unklar, welche Rückschlüsse sich aus der Höhe des VEGF-D auf die Erkrankungen ziehen lassen. Zielstellung dieser Arbeit war es daher, mögliche Confounder herauszufinden, therapiebedingte Veränderungen von VEGF-D und der LAM zu erfassen und daraus eine Aussage zur Relevanz des Parameters als Diagnose-, Verlaufs- und Prognosemarker abzuleiten. Hierfür wurden insgesamt 123 Frauen zwischen 18 und 85 Jahren vom Uniklinikum Leipzig, der Uniklinik Heidelberg sowie aus der LIFE-Studie der Universität Leipzig rekrutiert, darunter 46 LAM-Patientinnen sowie 40 anderweitig lungenkranke und 37 lungengesunde Probandinnen. Bei ihnen allen wurde (zum Teil mehrmals) der VEGF D-Spiegel im Blutserum bestimmt sowie anhand der Krankenakte und eines entworfenen Fragebogens die Anamnese erhoben. Schwerpunkt der Datenerhebung stellten neben der VEGF-D-Messung die allgemeinen deskriptiven Angaben, Informationen zur LAM-Erkrankung, östrogenbetonte Situationen, Nikotinanamnese und Lungenfunktions- und Blutgasparameter im Längs- und Querschnitt dar. Insgesamt bestätigte sich das VEGF-D als relevanter labordiagnostischer Marker für die LAM und zeigte sich bei den Patientinnen signifikant erhöht gegenüber der anderweitig lungenkranken und lungengesunden Kontrollgruppe. Die Abhängigkeit des VEGF-D vom CT-Stadium sowie von der Beeinträchtigung der Diffusionsfähigkeit der Lunge wiesen darauf hin, dass seine Höhe zudem ein Marker für die Schwere der Erkrankungsausprägung ist. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich bei erhöhtem Ausgangs-VEGF D-Spiegel eine schlechtere Entwicklung der DLCO/VA, wodurch er möglicherweise auch prognostische Aussagen erlaubt. Als Confounder des VEGF-D-Spiegels wurde die Nikotinanamnese festgestellt, die so noch keine Erwähnung in der Literatur fand. Ein anamnestischer Nikotinkonsum erhöhte den VEGF-D-Spiegel signifikant (0,820 vs. 1,920 ng/ml, p=.047), darüber hinaus zeigte sich zudem eine Abhängigkeit von der Dauer des Nikotinkonsums. Auch das Vorliegen lymphatischer Ergüsse in der Anamnese ging mit einem erhöhten VEGF D einher. Für östrogenabhängige Situationen wie bspw. eine Schwangerschaft, die zum Teil eine klinische Verschlechterung der Erkrankung bewirken, konnte kein Einfluss auf den VEGF-D-Spiegel nachgewiesen werden. Auch typische Erscheinungen im Rahmen einer LAM wie Pneumothoraces oder das Vorliegen von Angiomyolipomen stellten keine Confounder des VEGF-D dar. Der CO2-Partialdruck, der in bisherigen Studien kaum untersucht worden war, wies von den untersuchten Lungenparametern die stärkste Korrelation zum VEGF-D-Spiegel auf. Zudem zeigte er signifikante Unterschiede je nach CT-Stadium der LAM. Die Patientinnen scheinen in einem bislang noch nicht bekannten Maß mit zunehmender Schwere der Erkrankung eine Hypokapnie und damit Hyperventilation aufzuweisen, die sich jedoch im Verlauf unter Sirolimustherapie signifikant bessert (Differenz des PaCO2: -3,64 ±2,66 mmHg ohne Therapie vs. +2,48 ±3,07 mmHg unter Therapie, p<.001). Der therapeutische Einfluss des mTOR-Inhibitors Sirolimus auf den VEGF-D-Spiegel bestätigte sich in einem Vorher-Nachher-Vergleich zum Zeitpunkt des Therapiebeginns (Differenz der Werte -1,201 ±0,446 ng/ml, p=.004), auch im Langzeitverlauf unter Therapie ergab sich ein Trend hin zur VEGF-D-Abnahme. Daher erscheint eine Verlaufskontrolle vor allem am Anfang einer Therapie mit Sirolimus zur Überprüfung des therapeutischen Erfolges sinnvoll. Eine darüber hinaus durchgeführte VEGF-D-Bestimmung zur Einschätzung des klinischen Verlaufes der Erkrankung ist nach vorliegender Datenlage nicht aussagekräftig, es zeigte sich allenfalls eine schwache Tendenz einer Korrelation von Änderungen des VEGF-D und der klinischen Lungenfunktion. Da die Ergebnisse nur an einer kleinen Stichprobe und die Daten der LAM-Patientinnen größtenteils retrospektiv erhoben wurden, sollten sie im Rahmen einer größeren, prospektiv angelegten Verlaufsstudie geprüft werden, um die aufgedeckten Tendenzen der Relevanz des VEGF-D für die LAM sicherer belegen zu können.

Beginning with a basic definition of what an identity is, this research provides a connection between Santeria, as religion and Afro-Cuban folklore, and identity for a better understanding of the works of Cuban migrant artists. Following a general conclusion that identity is not stable, the question that becomes essential is, what happens during migration? By explaining what Santeria is and how it became an important religion in Latin America, the resea~ch concludes that it is more than a religion or folklore. Santeria is a way of life, a way or representing and preserving the Afro-Cuban heritage and cultural identity. In an effort to maintain their roots, the African slaves in Cuba used the religion as a source of preservation that aided their sense of belonging and survival needs. Today, the religion has b~come an inspirational source for artists such as Wilfredo Lam, Ana Mendieta, Raquelin Mendieta, and Juan Boza. These migrating artists used Santeria as a form of portraying cultural and ethnic identities. Furthermore, using these artists as example, the research concludes that a migrant artist may create their personal visual language as he or she defines his or her identity.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvano Harkatin.pdf: 1558277 bytes, checksum: 5f4533a401fd66edf359180bcca181b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Integrated systems of agricultural production (ISAP), when well managed, can result in environmental benefits, including the optimization of the use of phosphorus (P) for food production. Brazilian soils are presented naturally low in P, and practices aimed at efficient use of this nutrient can result in economic and environmental benefits to society. The objectives of this study were: (i) measure the quantitative yield of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill); (ii) to evaluate the accumulation of P (annual ryegrass and soybean); (iii) investigate the changes in the attributes of soil fertility (pH and available-P); (iv) to assess the yield of dry matter available for grazing (DMA); (v) yield of crude protein (YCP); and (vi) concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP) and P in ryegrass in ISAP undergo sources (triple superphosphate - TSP, reactive phosphate - RP Arad and magnesium thermophosphate - MTP) and P levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 P2O5 total). The experiment was installed in April / 2009 at farm Capon do Cipo, in the municipality of Castro (PR). The experimental design was a randomized complete block in incomplete factorial (3x3 + 1). After 48 months of study, soil samples from the 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 cm were collected to determine the concentrations of available P by two methods (Mehlich-1 – M-1 and ion exchange resin - IER) to assess the availability of P for the soybean crop (2012/13). Similar yields were observed among the evaluated sources (TSP, RP and MTP) at 48 months of experimental evaluation; However, higher accumulation of P were observed for the most soluble sources. The determination of P by the extractors (M-1 and IER) overestimated the concentrations of P in the soil in condition of application of RP. But best fixes between soil P and crop attributes were higher for extraction by IER in 0-20 cm layer. Lower concentrations of NDF in annual ryegrass were verified by applying MTP, without, however, presenting the highest concentrations of P. / Sistemas integrados de produção agropecuário (SIPAs), quando bem manejados, podem resultar em benefícios para o ambiente, inclusive, otimização de uso do fósforo (P) para produção de alimentos. Os solos brasileiros apresentam-se naturalmente pobre em P, e as práticas que visam eficiência de uso deste nutriente podem resultar em benefícios econômicos e ambientais para a sociedade. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) mensurar o rendimento quantitativo do azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam) e da cultura da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill); (ii) avaliar o acúmulo de P (azevém anual e soja); (iii) averiguar as alterações nos atributos de fertilidade do solo (pH e P-disponível); (iv) avaliar o rendimento de massa seca disponível por pastejo (MSP); (v) rendimento de proteína bruta (RPB); e as (vi) concentrações de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido (FDA), proteína bruta (PB) e P no azevém anual, em SIPA submetido a fontes (superfosfato triplo – SFT, fosfato natural reativo – FNR Arad e termofosfato magnesiano – TFM) e doses de P (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de P2O5 total). O experimento foi instalado em abril/2009 na Fazenda Capão do Cipó, no município de Castro (PR). O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial incompleto (3x3+1). Aos 48 meses de estudo, foram coletadas amostras de solo das camadas de 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 e 15-20 cm, para determinação das concentrações de P disponível por dois métodos (Mehlich-1 – M-1 e resina trocadora de íons – RTI) para avaliação da disponibilidade de P para a cultura da soja (2012/13). Foram verificados rendimentos similares entre as fontes avaliadas (SFT, FNR e TFM) aos 48 meses de avaliação experimental; todavia, maiores acúmulos de P foram verificados para as fontes mais solúveis. A determinação de P pelos extratores (M-1 e RTI) superestimou as concentrações de P no solo em condição de aplicação de FNR. Porém, melhores correlações entre o P solo e os atributos das culturas foram maiores para a extração por RTI na camada 0-20 cm. Foram verificadas menores concentrações de FDN na pastagem de azevém anual mediante a aplicação de TFM, sem, no entanto, apresentar as maiores concentrações de P.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica Alves dos Santos.pdf: 679249 bytes, checksum: 3ae55a8cf411c25ba8cb319cec75453b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The liming is essential for building soil fertility, enabling exploitation more sustainable of production systems. However, the efficiency and the residual effect of lime used are dependent on the degree of soil disturbance, which has been distinguished in conservation production systems. The objectives of this work are (i) quantify the yields of dry matter (DM) and content crude protein (CP) in maize silage during the years 2008-2014; and (ii) evaluate the changes in soil fertility attributes: active acidity (pH), potential acidity (H+Al), exchangeable acidity (Al3+) and base saturation (V) 24 and 60 months after of liming, in different methods tillage and uses of annual ryegrass during the autumn-winter. The experiment was conducted in Castro (PR) in an Oxisol dystrophic clayey. The design experimental was a randomized complete block design with split plots and four replications. In the plots were studied four methods of soil tillage: conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), no-tillage (NT) and chiseled no-tillage (CNT). In the subplots were studied three purposes of use of annual ryegrass: cover crop (CC), silage (S) and grazing of the dairy heifers in integrated crop-livestock (ICL). In medium-term, the tillage methods (CT, MT, NT, and CNT) do not influence the yield of DM and CP content of maize silage. The uses annual ryegrass for S and ICL not influence yield of DM and provide high CP in corn silage. Using the preceding crop just as CC provides least amount of benefits systems to annual ryegrass production and maize silage. Lower acidity and higher V were observed in layer the 0-5 cm in NT. Compared to the NT, the CNT not improve the acidity and V. The annual ryegrass for the S and ICL provided, over time, decrease in the acidity of the soil in layers below 10 cm depth. The NT combined with ICL provides improvement in soil acidity conditions after 60 months after liming. / A correção da acidez é fundamental para a construção da fertilidade do solo, possibilitando a exploração mais sustentável dos sistemas de produção. Todavia, a eficiência e o efeito residual do corretivo utilizado são dependentes do grau de perturbação do solo, que tem sido distinto nos sistemas de produção. Os objetivos deste trabalho são (i) quantificar os rendimentos de matéria seca (MS) e teor de proteína bruta (PB) no milho silagem durante os anos 2008-2014; e (ii) avaliar as alterações nos atributos de fertilidade do solo: acidez ativa (pH), potencial (H+Al) e trocável (Al3+) e saturação por bases (V) aos 24 e 60 meses após a calagem, em diferentes métodos de preparo do solo e usos do azevém anual durante o outonoinverno. O experimento foi instalado no município de Castro (PR), em um Latossolo Bruno distrófico de textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Nas parcelas (10 x 30 m) foram empregados quatro métodos de preparo do solo: cultivo convencional (CC), cultivo mínimo (CM), plantio direto (PD) e PD com subsolagem bianual (PDS). Nas subparcelas (10 x 10 m) foram estudadas três propósitos de uso do azevém anual: cobertura do solo (CS), silagem pré-secada (SPS) e pastejo animal em sistema integrado de produção agropecuária (SIPA). Em médio prazo, os métodos de preparo do solo (CC, CM, PD e PDS) não influenciam o rendimento de MS e teor de PB de milho silagem. Os usos de azevém anual para SPS e em SIPA não influenciam o rendimento de MS e proporcionam incremento nos teores de PB no milho silagem. O uso da cultura antecessora apenas como CS proporciona menor quantidade de benefícios aos sistemas de produção de azevém anual e milho silagem. No decorrer do período, menor acidez e maior V foram observadas na camada de 0-5 cm no PD. Quando comparado ao PD, o PDS não proporcionou melhoria nas condições de acidez e V. O azevém anual destinado à SPS e SIPA proporcionou, ao longo do tempo, diminuição da acidez do solo nas camadas abaixo de 10 cm de profundidade. O PD aliado ao SIPA proporciona melhoria nas condições de acidez do solo após 60 meses da aplicação do calcário.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 217-227).

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

The study was conducted with the objective to evaluate the intensity and frequency of defoliation and the tillering dynamics of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) of stages vegetative and reproductive, under rotational grazing. The interval between grazings was set by the thermal sum required for the appearing of 1.5 ryegrass leave (187.5 ºGD). The experimental design was completely randomized, with two phenological stages and six replicated areas for each stage. In the vegetative stage, the intensity defoliation (54%) it was similar in the different types of leaf blades. In the reproductive stage, the intensity of grazing was higher in leaves growing (78%) in relation to the expanded and senescent leaves (67%). Heifers explored 16.7% more grazing area in the reproductive stage compared to vegetative. The most removal intensity the leaves of expansion and the higher frequency defoliation are compensatory mechanisms used by animals when the ryegrass is located the reproductive stage. The first generation of tillers have greater longevity compared to other generations, contributing 58% of total tillers in the late vegetative stage of ryegrass and 36% of tillers in the last month of pasture utilization. The population of tillers in vegetative and reproductive stages of pasture is maintained stable when the ryegrass pasture is managed in a rotational system, considering the thermal sum of 187.5 ºGD and canopy height in the exit of the animals of the plots around 10 cm. / O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a intensidade e frequência de desfolhação e a dinâmica de perfilhamento do azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) nos estádios vegetativo e reprodutivo, sob pastejo rotacionado. O intervalo entre pastejos foi estabelecido considerando a soma térmica necessária para a emissão de 1,5 folha de azevém (187,5º GD). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com dois estádios fenológicos e seis repetições de área para cada estádio. No estádio vegetativo, a intensidade de desfolhação (54%) foi semelhante nos diferentes tipos de lâminas foliares. No estádio reprodutivo, a intensidade de desfolhação foi superior nas folhas em expansão (78%) em relação às folhas expandidas e senescendo (67%). As bezerras exploraram 16,7% a mais a área de pastejo no estádio reprodutivo em relação ao vegetativo. A maior intensidade de remoção de folhas em expansão e a maior frequência de desfolhação são os mecanismos compensatórios utilizados pelos animais quando o azevém encontra-se no estádio reprodutivo. A primeira geração de perfilhos tem maior longevidade em relação às demais gerações, contribuindo com 58% do total de perfilhos no final do estádio vegetativo do azevém e 36% do total de perfilhos no último mês de utilização da pastagem. A população de perfilhos nos estádios vegetativo e reprodutivo do pasto é mantida estável quando a pastagem de azevém é manejada em sistema rotacionado, considerando a soma térmica de 187,5 ºGD e com a altura do dossel na saída dos animais das parcelas ao redor de 10 cm.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:54:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BeatrizCS_DISSERT.pdf: 918722 bytes, checksum: b2749f09237c0c83efd7b3cc8847eed2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-08 / The current environmental crisis demands transformations in the relations among society, nature and development, considering sustainability. In this context, an important theme is replacing fossil fuels with biofuels, such as biodiesel. Moringa oleifera Lam. is a species that can be used as a raw material to produce biodiesel. Besides, it is a multiple purposes plant, which can be used also in water treatment. Thus, the aims of this work were to analyze the anatomical adaptations found in the stem and in the leaf and the seed s oil stores of M. oleifera., to investigate chemical characteristics of M. oleifera s seed oil, considering biodiesel production, and to evaluate the coagulation activity of these seeds in water treatment. Semipermanent histological laminas were made and it follows that the stem has thick cuticle, stomata whose cells guard are below the epidermis line, hollow medulla, druses and tector trichomes as adaptations to climate and soil conditions in which the species is found and the leaf is dorsiventral and it has thick cuticle, tector trichomes and druses. The seed has great reserves of oil. These features favor the use of Moringa oleifera Lam. as a raw material to produce biodiesel in Brazil s Northeast semiarid region. Chemical analysis were made through oil solvent extraction using mechanic stirrer. The oil was analyzed in UV spectrophotometer. A transesterification was made and biodiesel was analyzed in gas chromatography. Oil yield was high and good quality biodiesel was obtained. To evaluate seeds coagulantion activity, coagulation and flocculation essays in jartest were made, using seed extract to treat raw water. Seeds were efficient in cogulation process to treat water. So, they can be used in rudimentary systems or as a raw material to coagulant proteins extraction, as an alternative to traditional coagulants. M. oleifera has characteristics that favor its use to biodiesel production and water treatment / A crise ambiental que vivenciamos hoje exige que transformemos as rela??es entre sociedade, natureza e desenvolvimento, considerando a sustentabilidade. Nesse contexto, um dos principais temas ? a substitui??o de combust?veis f?sseis por biocombust?veis, como o biodiesel. Uma potencial oleaginosa a ser utilizada como matriz para produ??o de biodiesel ? Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa), um vegetal de m?ltiplos usos que tamb?m pode ser utilizado para tratamento de ?gua. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: analisar as adapta??es anat?micas de caule e folha e as reservas ole?feras da semente de moringa, investigar caracter?sticas qu?micas do ?leo da semente de moringa, considerando a produ??o de biodiesel, e avaliar a fun??o coagulante dessas sementes no tratamento de ?gua. Foram confeccionadas l?minas histol?gicas semipermanentes, nas quais observou-se que o caule apresenta cut?cula espessa, est?matos abaixo da linha da epiderme, medula oca, drusas e tricomas tectores como adapta??es ?s condi??es edafoclim?ticas em que a esp?cie est? inserida, enquanto a folha ? dorsivental e possui cut?cula espessa, tricomas tectores e drusas. A semente, por sua vez, possui reservas ole?feras abundantes. Essas caracter?sticas favorecem o cultivo da moringa como matriz para produ??o de biodiesel no semi?rido nordestino. A avalia??o qu?mica foi realizada por meio de extra??o do ?leo com solvente via agita??o mec?nica e an?lise do ?leo em espectrofot?metro UV-Vis?vel. Foi feita a transesterifica??o do ?leo, com an?lise do biodiesel gerado por cromatografia gasosa. Obteve-se bom rendimento de ?leo e biodiesel de boa qualidade. Para avalia??o da atividade coagulante das sementes, foram realizados ensaios de coagula??o e flocula??o em jarteste, nos quais foi aplicado um extrato de sementes de moringa na ?gua a ser tratada. As sementes se mostraram eficientes no processo de coagula??o para tratamento de ?gua, podendo ser utilizadas diretamente em sistemas rudimentares de tratamento ou servindo como mat?ria-prima para a extra??o de prote?nas coagulantes a serem utilizadas em larga escala, como alternativas aos coagulantes tradicionais. Conclui-se que M. oleifera possui caracter?sticas que favorecem sua utiliza??o para as fun??es associadas de produ??o de biodiesel e tratamento de ?gua

Ce travail de thèse est une contribution à l’étude phytochimique par Chromatographie de Partage Centrifuge (CPC), de trois plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle au Soudan : Aristolochia bracteolata (plante entière), Ziziphus spina-christi (feuilles) et Hydnora abyssinica (rhizomes). Ce travail a permis de mettre au point trois méthodologies de purification par CPC, applicables au fractionnement des acides aristolochiques, des flavonoïdes ou des proanthocyanidols (PAC). Dans ce contexte, la première partie de ce manuscrit est consacrée aux notions générales portant sur la CPC. La deuxième partie porte sur l’étude d’Aristolochia bracteolata. Cette plante est utilisée en médecine traditionnelle, malgré la présence d'acides aristolochiques qui confèrent une néphrotoxicité élevée. Ce travail a permis de mettre au point une méthode innovante pour l’isolement et la purification, avec un très haut niveau de pureté, des acides aristolochiques I, II et IIIa à partir d’un extrait brut, en une étape par CPC en mode d’échange d’ions forts (SIX-CPC). L’acide aristolochique IIIa n’avait jamais été décrit dans cette plante auparavant. Ces résultats ont fait l’objet d’une publication en 2015 dans Separation and Purification Technology. Dans la troisième partie de cette thèse, la CPC a été appliquée à l’isolement de flavonosides présents dans Z. spina-christi. Nous appuyant sur l’expérience du laboratoire dans l’extraction par CPC des flavonosides du Ginkgo biloba, nous proposons une méthodologie de purification utilisant les systèmes de solvant biphasiques EtOAc/n-BuOH/MeOH/H2O et EtOAc/n-BuOH/H2O à différents ratios en fonction de la polarité des flavonosides. Dans la dernière partie, l’étude phytochimique de Hydnora abyssinica a mis en évidence la présence de PACs, polymères de hauts poids moléculaires de flavanols. La méthodologie de fractionnement CPC, précédée d’un pré-fractionnement sur résine LH-20, a permis l’isolement pour la première fois dans cette plante de la katsumadine et du rhodioloside. / This work was a contribution to the phytochemical study of three Sudanese medicinal plants: Aristolochia bracteolata (Whole plant), Ziziphus spina-christi (Leaves) and Hydnora abyssinica (Rhizomes). The specificity of this research program was to emphasize the application of Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) for the fractionation of these plants. Three specific CPC methodologies were developed for the purification of either aristolochic acids, flavonoids or proanthocyanidins (PACs). In this context, the first part of this manuscript was devoted to the presentation of the CPC methodology. The second part focused on the fractionation of crude extract of Aristolochia bracteolata. This plant is used in traditional medicine, in spite of the presence of aristolochic acids that confer a high nephrotoxicity. In this work was developed an innovating procedure for the isolation and purification in high purity of aristolochic acids I, II and IIIa, in one step from crude extract, using Strong Ions eXchange CPC (SIX-CPC). These results were published in 2015 in Separation and Purification Technology. In the third part, the flavonosides present in Z. spina-christi were isolated using CPC, either in normal or reverse elution mode, using two phases solvent systems EtOAc/n-BuOH/MeOH/H2O or EtOAc/n-BuOH/H2O with different ratios. In the last part, the phytochemical study of Hydnora abyssinica led to the fractionation of PACs, polymers of high molecular weight of flavanols. The CPC fractionation methodology, preceded by LH-20 resin pre-fractionation, allowed the isolation of katsumadine and rhodioloside.