Οι επιχειρήσεις λειτουργούν και αναπτύσσονται σε ένα περιβάλλον που συνεχώς εξελίσσεται και αλλάζει και όπως είναι φυσικό οφείλουν να προσαρμόζονται στα νέα δεδομένα. Το προσωπικό των επιχειρήσεων αποτελεί ένα σημαντικό παράγοντα για την επιβίωση, την εξέλιξη και γενικά την καλή λειτουργία των επιχειρήσεων. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται το πρόβλημα της επιλογής και αξιολόγησης του προσωπικού μιας επιχείρησης. Πρέπει να αναφέρουμε ότι είναι δύο ξεχωριστά προβλήματα που έχουμε να αντιμετωπίσουμε, η επιλογή και η αξιολόγηση, χωρίς αυτό να σημαίνει ότι δεν συνδέονται ή ότι δεν μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν παρόμοια εργαλεία επίλυσης. Έχουν προταθεί αρκετά μαθηματικά υποδείγματα για την επίλυση αυτού του προβλήματος. Τα μαθηματικά υποδείγματα που χρησιμοποιούνται για την επίλυση αυτών των προβλημάτων σκοπό έχουν να βοηθήσουν τους αποφασίζοντες να πάρουν ορθότερες αποφάσεις. Με τη χρήση μαθηματικών μεθοδολογιών για την επιλογή και αξιολόγηση του προσωπικού, επιτυγχάνεται μεγαλύτερη αντικειμενικότητα καθώς και η τυποποίηση της διαδικασίας. Μία τέτοια μεθοδολογία είναι και η TOPSIS, μια από τις πρώτες που παρουσιάστηκε στη βιβλιογραφία. Είναι μια εύκολα εφαρμόσιμη μέθοδος και με αξιόπιστα αποτελέσματα. / Organizations function and grow in an environment that is constantly developing and changing, so they have to adjust with the new data. The personnel has a crucial role for the survival, the evolution and generally the good function of every organization. This dissertation is about the problem of selection and evaluation an organization's personnel. Many mathematical patterns have been proposed for the solution of this problem. We will discuss some of them with details in this dissertation. At this point, we must mention that selection and evaluation process are two different problems that we have to face. This does not mean that they do not connect or that we can not solve both with the same tools. Certainly, the first step is the choice of an employee and the second is the evaluation. Choosing the right employee for the right job is a very difficult problem and that because is hard to judge objectively the candidates΄ personalities. Also, it is difficult to decide about the criteria, based on which the choice will be maid. For example, the experience or the knowledge is more important for a certain job, and how that’s can be represent with numbers or functions at a mathematical pattern. Organizations have to ensure that they made the right choice of a new employee and afterwards they have to measure the efficiency of the other employees. In the first step, we try to predict the future working behavior of a new employee, as well as in the second to describe the working behavior of the employees that already working in an organization.

The growth of the Si(001) surface from gas sources such as disilane is technologically important, as well as scientifically interesting. The aspects of growth covered are: the clean surface, its defects and steps; the action of bismuth, a surfactant; the diffusion behaviour of hydrogen in different environments; and the entire pathway for formation of a new layer of silicon from adsorption of fragments of disilane to nucleation of dimer strings. The theoretical methods used, density functional theory and tight binding, are described. Four linear scaling tight binding methods are compared. The construction of the tight binding parameterisations used is also explained. The structure of the most common defect on the Si(001) surface is identified by comparison of the electronic structure with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images. The energy and structure of steps is calculated, and their kinking behaviour is modelled, achieving good agreement with experimental results. Two unusual features which form when bismuth is placed on the surface and annealed are investigated. The first has possible applications as a quantum wire, and its structure and growth are described. The second relates to a controversial area in the field; a structure is proposed which fits all available experimental evidence. The behaviour of hydrogen is vital to understanding growth, as large amounts are deposited during disilane growth. After validating the tight binding parameterisation against DFT and experiment for the system of a single hydrogen diffusing on the clean Si(001) surface, the barriers for diffusion on the saturated surface, down a step and away from a defect are found, and prove to be in good agreement with available experimental data. The pathway for the formation of a new layer of silicon from disilane is described step by step, giving barriers and structures for all events. The interaction with experiment is highlighted, and demonstrates that great benefit accrues from such close work, and that the atomistic modelling techniques used in the thesis produce results in close agreement with reality.

TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS OF HYDROGENASE GENES IN RHODOBACTER SPHAEROIDES O.U.001 In photosynthetic non-sulphur bacteria, hydrogen production is catalyzed by nitrogenases and hydrogenases. Hydrogenases are metalloenzymes that are basically classified into: the Fe hydrogenases, the Ni-Fe hydrogenases and metal-free hydrogenases. Two distinct Ni-Fe hydrogenases are described as uptake hydrogenases and bidirectional hydrogenases. The uptake hydrogenases are membrane bound dimeric enzymes consisting of small (hupS) and large (hupL) subunits, and are involved in uptake and the recycling of hydrogen, providing energy for nitrogen fixation and other metabolic processes. In this study the presence of the uptake hydrogenase genes was shown in Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 strain for the first time and hupS gene sequence was determined. The sequence shows 93% of homology with the uptake hydrogenase hupS of R.sphaeroides R.V. There was no significant change in growth of the bacteria at different concentrations of metal ions (nickel, molybdenum and iron in growth media). The effect of metal ions on hydrogen production of the organism was also studied. The maximum hydrogen gas production was achieved in 8.4&micro / M of nickel and 0.1 mM of iron containing media. The expression of uptake hydrogenase genes were examined by RT-PCR. Increasing the concentration of Ni++ up to 8.4&micro / M increased the expression of uptake hydrogenase genes (hupS). At varied concentrations of Fe-citrate (0.01 mM-0.1 mM) expression of hupS was not detected until hydrogen production stopped. These results will be significant for the improvement strategies of Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 to increase hydrogen production efficiency. In order to examine the presence of hupL genes, different primers were designed. However, the products could not be observed by PCR.

The main goal of the diploma thesis is to specify the main benefits of the implementation of the Enviromental Management System and to find out other information about the already implemented EMS. The thesis is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part is clarified the term Environmental Management System, its history and standards for the EMS. In the practical part the questionary is presented as the method of the obtaining data from the concrete organisations. At the same time the answers of the respondents are analysed. The end of the thesis also includes the comparison of the study with the analoguous studies from the past.

The diploma thesis deals with the project of composite constuction of aeroplane VUT 001 Marabu and its FEM stress-deformation analysis. The project of pilt´s cockpit is solved in the light of basic ergonomic requirements. Mass analysis, calculation and resulting selection of conclusive events of load are parts of the work. The results are applied on FEM model of fuselage and the state of stress in individual sections of composite structure are determined by the MSC Patran/Nastran system.

The diploma thesis deals with the design, load calculation and stress analysis of a composite wing construction of an airplane based on the construction of the airplane VUT 001 Marabu in order to fulfil conditions of CS-22 specifications. As a part of the thesis are basic mass, moment and aerodynamic characteristic of the airplane analyzed. Also the modification of the center part of the fuselage is designed in order to enable a jet engine instalation inside the construction.

Several cascading outages that have occurred in the past have shown the importance of performing appropriate and coordinated transmission system planning between the different Planning Coordinators and Transmission Planners in a power system. In very large, interconnected systems, this coordinated planning is necessary due to the inherent complexity that characterizes non-lineal electric power systems. A major task in transmission system planning is to conduct contingency studies that would determine the consequences in the system when single or multiple of its elements trip due to failure or are disconnected during scheduled maintenance outages. This work develops general programs aimed at facilitating the performance of such contingency studies based on the latest Transmission System Planning Performance Requirement standard issued by NERC, TPL-001-4. The focus of this work is on the requirements for the steady state analysis described in the standard, which includes specific steady state performance planning events. The developed programs have been tested in a few base cases and have demonstrated their ability to facilitate contingency studies with any system regardless of its size. / Master of Science

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No. of bitstreams: 1 raphaeldasilvaalvin.pdf: 3200596 bytes, checksum: 01129a5b7d70b7b3e44dd871c5c77b1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-19 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os organofosforados encontram aplicações na indústria, nas áreas de corantes, vernizes, couro artificial, isolantes elétricos, impermeabilizantes, plásticos, aditivos de petróleo e dissolventes; também são usados na medicina no tratamento de doenças, como o glaucoma; no uso doméstico e na agricultura encontram aplicabilidade como inseticidas e pesticidas. Além dessas várias utilidades civis, os organofosforados são utilizados, também, como armas químicas de destruição em massa, e possuem estrutura similar àquelas dos compostos utilizados como inseticidas e pesticidas. No caso do VX, um organofosforado utilizado como arma química, a quebra da ligação P­S é essencial na sua degradação química. Embora muitas reações químicas possam ser empregadas para decompor agentes químicos de guerra, somente algumas podem ser utilizadas na prática em uma neutralização, porque estas reações precisam ser simples e os reagentes empregados devem ser estáveis, baratos e de baixa massa molecular. No entanto, muitas das reações que podem ser úteis para a neutralização do agente neurotóxico VX ainda seguem em discussão em recentes pesquisas, mas na maioria delas se limita alguns sucessos a hidrólise catalisada. Nesta dissertação foram estudados processos de hidrólise catalisada do agente VX por MgO(001) por meio de cálculos ab initio. Foi utilizado o programa PWscf ­ Plane­Waves Self Consistent Field. O PWscf utiliza a Teoria do Funcional da Densidade, a partir de um conjunto de base de autofunções dado por ondas planas e pseudopotenciais. Entre outros atributos, este código é capaz de calcular a energia do estado fundamental dos orbitais de Kohn­Sham para um elétron, além de forças atômicas em diferentes condições de tensão, otimização estrutural e estado de transição. A molécula de VX foi substituída por uma molécula menor, chamada de p­VX, em que foram substituídos alguns radicais do VX por grupos metila. Isto foi feito para diminuir o tamanho da molécula, que reduzirá o custo computacional, mas sem afetar substancialmente a química do problema, o estudo da quebra da ligação P­S. O mecanismo de hidrólise proposto esta relacionado com a quebra heterolítica da ligação P­S, com a conseqüente formação de íons intermediários R­P+ e R'­S­, estes, por sua vez, estabilizados por quimissorção na superfície de MgO(001). Em conjunto com essa reação, acontece a dissociação de moléculas de água para a formação dos íons H+ e HO­, cujos íons também são estabilizados na superfície de MgO(001). O passo final é a recombinação desses íons, para gerar os produtos de hidrólise R­POH e R'­SH, seguida pelo processo de dessorção destas moléculas da superfície do catalisador. Para a reação global de hidrólise da molécula de p­VX, a variação da energia interna foi calculada em ­5,66kcal/mol. Foram determinadas as estruturas dos íons R­P+ e R'­S­ estabilizados sobre a superfície de MgO(001), com uma energia de formação calculada em ­0,20kcal/mol, indicando que os intermediários teriam boa estabilidade sobre a superfície se comparados com a molécula de p­VX original. Na quimissorção dissociativa de moléculas de água sobre a superfície de MgO(001), verificou­se que os íons formados somente ficam estabilizados se estiverem a uma distância mínima de 4,70Å. Qualquer distância abaixo desta levará a formação da molécula de água novamente. No processo envolvendo duas moléculas de água, apenas uma delas se dissocia, enquanto a outra estabiliza os íons formados via ligação de hidrogênio. A molécula não dissociada também interage com um sítio superficial de magnésio. Este resultado foi comprovado pelos cálculos de diferença de densidade de carga eletrônica do sistema, determinação do caminho de reação, onde este obteve uma barreira energética calculada em 5,55kcal/mol para a reação direta e em 7,53kcal/mol para a reação inversa, e pela dissociação parcial utilizando um trímero de moléculas de água, com energia calculada em ­5,40kcal/mol. Os resultados permitem concluir que o mecanismo proposto para a hidrólise catalisada do agente neurotóxico VX pelo MgO é possível. Os modelos construídos podem ser modificados para testes de novos catalisadores com estrutura tipo MgO, via adição de defeitos ou dopantes à superfície da estrutura cristalina, visando a elaboração de catalisadores mais eficientes para a reação de hidrólise com o mesmo mecanismo. / The organophosphates are used in industry, in the fields of dyes, varnishes, artificial leather, electrical insulation, waterproofing, plastics, oil additives and solvents, are also used in medicine to treat diseases such as glaucoma, in the household and in agriculture are applied as insecticides and pesticides. Besides these various civilian facilities, the organophosphates are used as well as chemical weapons of mass destruction, and have similar structure to those of compounds used as insecticides and pesticides. In the case of VX, an organophosphate used as a chemical weapon, the fall in P­S binding is essential in its chemical degradation. Although many chemical reactions can be used to decompose the chemical agents of war, only some can be used in practice in a breakthrough, because these reactions need to be simple and the reagents used should be stable, inexpensive and low molecular weight. However, many of the reactions that may be useful for the neutralization of the neurotoxic VX agent still follow under discussion in recent polls, but most of them are confined to some successes catalyzed hydrolysis. In this dissertation we studied processes of the VX agent catalyzed hydrolysis by MgO (001) by means of ab initio calculations. We used the program PWscf ­ Plane Waves Self­Consistent Field. The PWscf using the Density Functional Theory from a set of basic autofunction given by plane waves and pseudopotentials. Among other attributes, this code is able to calculate the energy of the ground state of the Kohn­Sham orbital for an electron, and atomic force under different conditions of stress, structural optimization and transition state. The VX molecule was replaced by a smaller molecule, called a p­VX, which replaced some of the radicals VX for methyl groups. This was done to reduce the size of the molecule, which reduces the computational cost, but not substantially affect the chemistry of the problem, the study of breaking the link P­S. The proposed mechanism of hydrolysis is related to the breaking of the link heterolytic P­S, with the consequent formation of intermediate ion R­P+ and R'­S­, they, in turn, stabilized by quimissorption the MgO(0010 surface. Together with this reaction, is the dissociation of water molecules to the formation of ions H+ and HO­, whose ions are stabilized on the MgO(001) surface. The final step is the recombination of these ions, to generate products of hydrolysis and R­POH and R'­SH, followed by the process of desorption of molecules from the surface of the catalyst. For the overall reaction of hydrolysis of the molecule p­VX, the variation of internal energy was calculated to be ­5.66 kcal/mol. Were determined the structures of ion R­P+ and R'­S­ stabilized on the MgO(001) surface, with an formation energy calculated at ­0.20 kcal/mol, indicating that the middlemen have good stability on the surface is compared with the p­VX molecule original. In dissociative quimissorption of water molecules on the MgO(001) surface, it was found that the ions formed are stable only if a minimum distance of 4.70 Å. Any distance below this will lead to formation of the water molecule again. In the process involving two water molecules, only one is dissociated, while the other ions stabilizes by the hydrogen bonding formed. The non­dissociated molecule also interacts with a surface site of magnesium. This result was confirmed by the calculations of load density difference of the system, determining the reaction path, where he obtained a energy barrier calculated at 5.55 kcal/mol for the direct reaction and 7.53 kcal/mol for the reverse reaction and by partial decoupling using a trimer of water molecules, with energy calculated at ­5.40 kcal/mol. The results show that the proposed mechanism for the catalyzed hydrolysis of the neurotoxic agent VX by MgO is possible. The models constructed can be modified for testing of new catalysts with MgO type structure, via addition of doping or defects on the surface of the crystal structure, to the development of more efficient catalysts for the hydrolysis reaction with the same mechanism.

This master thesis deals with the implementation of the information security management system according to the standard ISO/IEC 27 001 in the environment of a small company. In the first part, it focuses on the theoretical background of the information security. The second part deals with the analysis of the company and concept of a company's measures to increase the security of information within the selected company.

This diploma thesis proposes the implementation of information security management system in a business processing accounting. The first part describes the theoretical background. On the basis, will analyze the company and created the draft measures that will increase the security of information in a selected company.