This dissertation examines Leonardo da Vinci’s literary writings, namely those known as the Bestiario, Favole, Facezie, and Profezia, as compelling expressions of how Leonardo envisioned the role and influence of morality in human life. Through an analysis of these four literary collections from the perspective of their genre history, literariness, and philosophical dimension, it aims to bring to light the depth with which Leonardo reflected upon the human condition. The Bestiario, Favole, Facezie, and Profezia are writings that have considerable literary value in their own right but can also be examined in a wider historical, literary, and philosophical context so as to reveal the ethical ideas that they convey. By studying them from a historical perspective, it is possible to contextualize Leonardo’s four collections within the tradition of their respective genres (the bestiary, fable, facetia, and riddle) and thus recognize their adherence as well as contribution to these traditions. The literary context brings to light Leonardo’s intentionality and ingenuity as a writer who uses generic conventions in order to voice his ethical views. Assessed from a philosophical standpoint, these four literary collections prove to be meaningful reflections on the moral state of humanity, thereby justifying the characterization of Leonardo as a moral philosopher. Current scholarship on the Bestiario, Favole, Facezie, and Profezia generally views these writings as minor Leonardo works and treats them as ancillary parts of his production. This dissertation, conceiving Leonardo as a moral philosopher, provides interpretations that lead to the conclusion that his thought pervades both his major and minor works and that these literary writings must be viewed as an extension (and result) of Leonardo’s greater notions of the world and of how all parts relate to one another. The Bestiario, Favole, Facezie, and Profezia are works that deserve greater attention reflecting as they do the thought of this Renaissance man.

Master of Arts / Department of English / Dean G. Hall / Salman Rushdie's 1999 novel The Ground Beneath Her Feet is ostensibly a rock 'n' roll novel, largely set in the 1960s, that traces the commercial rise of Indian rock star protagonists Vina Apsara and Ormus Cama. As their fame and wealth rise to global status and their stage show comes to entail a logistical complexity of military proportions, it becomes increasingly difficult to discern the couple's earlier countercultural ideals within their new established culture status. I argue that despite the change from countercultural to establishment-based values in the novel's protagonists, Rushdie does make a case in The Ground Beneath Her Feet for the possibility of countercultural efficacy against the commodifying culture of global capitalism (which I refer to as the "Frame"). His recipe for combating the exclusive hierarchies produced by the Frame is a combination of the non-totalizing politics of postmodernism and the subversive potential of uncommodified rock music. I pay close attention to establishing the historical templates--John Lennon of the Beatles and Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys--of the novel's protagonists in an effort to understand the sort of countercultural alternative Rushdie is proposing. I likewise focus on the novel's depiction of the Beach Boys' Smile album, which as a still commercially unreleased record, reinforces Rushdie's imperative in The Ground Beneath Her Feet for an uncommodifying counterculture and works in tandem with his portrayals of the artistic plights of several minor characters in the novel as well.

Ce mémoire propose des lectures croisées de la mémoire urbaine dans Dora Bruder de Patrick Modiano et La Québécoite de Régine Robin. Les deux récits mettent en scène des narrateurs héritiers de la mémoire de la Shoah qui déambulent dans les villes de Paris et Montréal. La ville est espace d’intelligibilité dont les signes sont porteurs de sens à activer par l’observateur. À l’aide de la sémiotique de la ville (Benjamin) et des pratiques de la ville (De Certeau) et en tenant compte de la position particulière des narrateurs autour des enjeux du témoignage et de l’écriture, ce mémoire cherche à étudier comment la ville participe au déploiement d’une mémoire juive en même temps qu’elle contribue à son inévitable perte. La Deuxième Guerre mondiale a eu lieu en partie à Paris, qui en porte les traces dans une forte densité mémorielle, tandis que Montréal, ville diasporique où les événements ne se sont pas déroulés, accueille les mémoires écorchées qui se fixent d’une autre manière dans l’espace urbain. Dans les deux récits, l’espace urbain est nécessaire à la mise en texte de la rupture et de la perte, qui se dévoilent à la fois au niveau thématique (destruction urbaine, échecs répétés, perte identitaire) et formel (remise en question du récit, hybridité générique.) / This thesis offers crossed readings of urban memory in Dora Bruder from Patrick Modiano and La Québécoite from Régine Robin. Both stories depict narrators heirs of the Holocaust memory who roam the cities of Paris and Montreal. The city is a space of intelligibility whose signs are meaningful to the observer. Using the semiotics of the city (Benjamin), the practices of the city (De Certeau) and taking into account the specific position of both narrators on the issues of testimony and writing, this study seeks to explore how the city spreads the Jewish memory while at the same time contributing to its inevitable loss. The Second World War took partly place in Paris, which bears the traces in a high density of memory, while Montreal, a city where Holocaust events did not unfold, is hosting memories otherwise within its urban space. In both stories, the city is necessary to the writing of the breakdown and loss, which reveal themselves both in the background (urban destruction, repeated failures, loss of identity) and form (question of the story, generic hybridity.)

Ce mémoire propose une lecture du recueil Art poétique d’Eugène Guillevic. Art poétique parait non seulement comme un livre où se développe la recherche patiente d’un principe directeur, mais aussi comme « l’autoportrait d’un poète qui continue de s’interroger et d’interroger le monde » . Le poète a résumé cette double interrogation dans l’expression suivante : « Écrire, c’est bien s’inscrire dans le monde » . Cette formule inspire notre réflexion sur le recueil et nous amène à avancer l’hypothèse suivante : la reprise du genre de l’art poétique par Guillevic s’accorde paradoxalement avec sa recherche d’une expression subjective et singulière. Au cours de ce mémoire, nous allons examiner les relations que le sujet guillevicien entretient avec l’espace et le temps. Nous allons chercher notre appui dans la théorie du discours, telle que la décrit Émile Benveniste. / This dissertation will develop an interpretation of Art poétique by Eugène Guillevic. This anthology in not only a treatise on poetry, but also a “self-portrait of a poet who continues to interrogate himself, and interrogates the world” . This issue is expressed by Guillevic himself: “Writing means making ourselves part of the world” . This sentence leads to the following hypothesis: the genre of “ars poetica” is a means that paradoxically leads Guillevic to write in an intimate manner. This dissertation is an outline of the relations that the poetical subject attempts to maintain with space and time. The theory of discourse of Emile Benveniste will constitute the primary theoretical background for this analysis.

Ce mémoire en recherche-création explore l’enfermement volontaire et les différents types de tensions qu’il provoque. Court roman prenant la forme du journal intime, La Parenthèse met en scène un jeune homme qui décide de s’enfermer chez lui une semaine durant et s’interdit tout contact avec l’extérieur – autant pour prendre un congé temporaire de la vie qu’il mène que pour examiner les raisons de sa détresse quotidienne. Le monologue intérieur se transforme rapidement en dialogue, dès lors qu’un double vindicatif, interrompant la voix principale par des « répliques » entre parenthèses, fait son apparition. Une relation houleuse – sous tension – se tisse entre ces deux facettes du personnage tout au long des sept jours de la réclusion, les passages de dispute alternant avec des récits de souvenirs. En somme, le roman tente de dramatiser la question de l’emprisonnement de soi-même et de la limitation de l’écriture, cette limitation pouvant être à la fois malsaine et libératrice. Quant à l’essai, Tensions et enfermement dans les Cent Vingt Journées de Sodome du marquis de Sade, il part du thème de l’enfermement (en l’occurrence, celui des quatre amis qui exécutent le projet de passer quatre mois dans un château isolé) pour postuler une « architecture du désir » dans Les Cent Vingt Journées de Sodome. L’essai mobilise les ressources de la narratologie en prenant en compte les effets du texte sur le lecteur ; sont ainsi mises en évidence les tensions – sexuelle pour les protagonistes, narrative pour le lecteur – élaborées par cette écriture de l’enfermement et de la contrainte, dans laquelle le désir est toujours maintenu mais rarement satisfait. / This M.A. thesis combining research and creative writing globally focuses on self-confinement and the various tensions that it creates. La Parenthèse, a novel in the form of a diary, depicts a young man who decides to confine himself in his apartment for a week without any contact with the outside world, taking a break of his life in order to question himself about his daily angst. The inner monologue changes quickly into a dialogue, as soon as a vindictive alter ego begins to interrupt the main voice with “repartees” in parenthesis. A stormy – tense – relationship builds itself between these two sides of the character throughout the seven days he stays locked indoors, passages of arguments alternating with recollections of memories. In short, the novel proposes a reflection about self-confinement and constrained writing, which is both unwholesome and liberatory. As for the essay, Tensions et enfermement dans Les Cent Vingt Journées de Sodome du marquis de Sade, it takes us from self-confinement (namely, the four friends deciding to confine themselves for four months in a distant castle) to an “architecture of desire” in Les Cent Vingt Journées de Sodome. The essay is based on narratology without neglecting the effects the text has on its reader to bring out the tensions – sexual ones regarding the protagonists, narrative ones regarding the reader – elaborated by Sade’s confinement writing, which unfolds a desire much celebrated but seldom fulfilled.

Theodore Stanton’s career as a literary middleman exemplifies several of the intermediary professions in book and periodical publishing that were being created and tested in the late nineteenth century in response to expanded publishing opportunities in France, Great Britain, the United States, and Canada. The need for professional middlemen between writers and publishers developed differently in each country, thus their roles and activities, the literary agent’s in particular, varied according to regional demands. Different interpretations of intellectual property in copyright laws determined the balance of power between creators and producers of texts. In turn, writers’ relative ability to control copyrights shaped the middleman’s field of endeavour. The range of professional middleman specializations is described. A case study of some American publications of Émile Zola’s novels shows the legal and logistical difficulties of transatlantic publishing in practice. In chapter 3, Stanton’s beginnings as an American newspaper correspondent in Paris precede his middleman role as editor of the European Correspondent, a weekly galley-proof service printed in English in Paris and syndicated to American newspaper editors. Stanton’s work as a European sub-editor of the North American Review and other magazines is detailed in chapter 4. As the Paris representative of Harper & Brothers from 1899, Stanton presented previously unpublished writings of Honoré de Balzac, Victor Hugo, Émile Zola, and others to American readers, also co-operating with French publishers. Case studies portray the challenges and successes of a middleman position within a large, complex enterprise. In chapter 5, a more independent Stanton arranges the simultaneous, posthumous publication of the memoirs of Eugénie, ex-Empress of France, by D. Appleton and Company in New York and London, and in four European translations. Count Maurice Fleury compiled and authored the two-volume work, which was not published in France. The manuscript took a circuitous path to publication through Stanton’s efforts to ensure authenticity, maintain exclusivity, and protect copyright. Methodological approaches of correspondence editing, bibliography, and textual criticism reveal both the processes and the results of Stanton’s mediation and illuminate how the participation of literary middlemen shaped the way French culture was received and understood in North America.

This thesis considers how the digital medium and social networks affect the short story. I argue that digital short fiction has shown changes, such as signs of becoming more modular or briefer than its print counterparts, and that it has also reflected a shift to the personal or semi-autobiographical story. Digital short fiction has also been used increasingly to market a publisher’s or author’s name or non-digital works. I begin contextualizing this shift in Chapter 1 by analyzing different approaches to the study of the short story, including an overview of generic and historical scholarship, and I conclude with a working definition of the short story. In Chapter 2, I analyze early digital short fiction along with the themes of contemporary fiction in general that have been affected by digital media, social networks, and other changes. I also consider digital short fiction in the context of its publication media, postmodernism, and changes in communication in general. In Chapter 3, I verify these considerations with responses to questionnaires sent to writers of short fiction both on the Web and off. By studying these writers’ conceptions of the short story, preferred publication media, and writing habits, I build on the working definitions of the short story from Chapters 1 and 2. In Chapter 4, I consider the effects on the short story and conclude that we can update print-based conceptions of the short story to include born-digital short fiction and accommodate the contemporary shift in general to modularity, open source, social networks, and the focus on the self. Rather than establishing a concrete definition of what short fiction is at this time, I conclude that a better approach is to replace pre-defined categories with an acknowledgement that the short story is perhaps shifting closer to pre-print storytelling roots, although within the confines of current limitations such as copyright and the attention span of contemporary readers. Although we cannot fully quantify these changes at this time, I argue that they impact the short story and require scholars to consider its paratexts and publication media differently than in pre-Web years.

Cette thèse a pour but d’analyser la construction textuelle du trauma dans le récit d’enfance dans la littérature française contemporaine au féminin. Ce travail montre comment chaque auteure articule la scène traumatique, l’organise au sein du récit et manie les procédés narratifs et énonciatifs pour saisir le réel traumatique. Le chapitre I trace l’évolution du récit d’enfance en tant que pratique littéraire depuis deux siècles pour ensuite s’arrêter sur la modification de la notion de trauma depuis les recherches sur l’hystérie de Freud, en passant par les effets du choc initial sur le moi pour arriver à la nécessité de regagner contrôle des souvenirs traumatiques par la mise en récit. Ce chapitre théorique se termine par une discussion sur les limites et détours de l’écriture du trauma dans les récits autobiographiques. Le chapitre II commence par un bref survol sur l’enfance maltraitée dans la littérature française et sur les différents types de maltraitance et leurs effets persistants sur l’individu. Puis, l’analyse des textes de Marguerite Duras (Un barrage contre le Pacifique, L’amant et L’amant de la Chine du Nord) et de Chloé Delaume (Le cri du sablier) fait ressortir le jeu avec le réel et le fictif pour parler du trauma de la maltraitance. Le chapitre III sur le trauma de l’inceste débute sur les recherches de Ferenczi sur la séduction, pour ensuite démontrer, d’une part, que Béatrice de Jurquet (La traversée des lignes) favorise des stratégies textuelles mettant en avant une identité plurielle, et que, d’autre part, Colette Mainguy (La Juive) multiplie les discours qui lui permettent d’agir sur la reconstruction de son trauma d’inceste. Le chapitre IV s’ouvre sur une discussion sur le deuil dans la littérature française contemporaine suivie d’une analyse sur l’hétérogénéité énonciative chez Chantal Chawaf (Le manteau noir), qui se traduit par l’emploi de la troisième personne du singulier et par la présence spectrale des parents et d’une étude de la structure dialogique chez Marie Nimier (La reine du silence). Notre déplacement vers l’analyse des stratégies textuelles montre comment la forme de la prise de parole dans le récit négocie le choc consécutif au trauma, l’intègre, le transforme pour tenter de dépasser un blocage.

This study investigates how minimalist narrative techniques in American modernist literature oblige us, as readers and critics, to be self-reflexive about the ethical basis of interpretation. Through a concentrated narratological analysis of Hemingway’s and Cather’s fiction, I identify three major elements of what I term the “simple text”—thinness, smoothness, and spaciousness—and I show how each category engages a hermeneutic ethics. By gesturing towards accessibility and straightforward comprehension while also producing moments of indeterminacy that subtly resist the reader’s inferences, the simple text challenges the reader to conceive interpretation both as a positive exercise of individuation and imagination and, simultaneously, as a potentially unethical mode of critical violation and imposition. My introduction contemplates the ethical foundations of Hemingway’s and Cather’s famous aesthetics of omission to argue that such simplicity conveys a complex theory of reader engagement. Chapter One defines “thinness” by examining “thin characters” in A Farewell to Arms and My Ántonia—characters whose simplicity makes them paradoxically unreadable in a way that foregrounds the nature of our accountability towards others. The second chapter, focusing on In Our Time and Death Comes for the Archbishop, defines “smoothness” as a simple paratactic patterning that challenges our critical desire to generalize meanings from particular experiences. While the smooth surface invites our interpretive touch, its structural integrity resists marking and inscription. The final chapter details the element of “spaciousness,” showing how open and simple settings in The Old Man and the Sea and The Professor’s House inspire, in the protagonists, moments of self-conscious interpretation of the nonhuman other and solicit a practice of accountable freedom. I argue that the foregrounding of such spaces proffers a subtle yet pointed critique of American individualism, but this critique is learned only through our encounter with the text’s interpretive limits. The study concludes by suggesting how these strategies both respond to and participate in specific criticisms of American democracy that circulated during the modernist period.

This thesis considers how the digital medium and social networks affect the short story. I argue that digital short fiction has shown changes, such as signs of becoming more modular or briefer than its print counterparts, and that it has also reflected a shift to the personal or semi-autobiographical story. Digital short fiction has also been used increasingly to market a publisher’s or author’s name or non-digital works. I begin contextualizing this shift in Chapter 1 by analyzing different approaches to the study of the short story, including an overview of generic and historical scholarship, and I conclude with a working definition of the short story. In Chapter 2, I analyze early digital short fiction along with the themes of contemporary fiction in general that have been affected by digital media, social networks, and other changes. I also consider digital short fiction in the context of its publication media, postmodernism, and changes in communication in general. In Chapter 3, I verify these considerations with responses to questionnaires sent to writers of short fiction both on the Web and off. By studying these writers’ conceptions of the short story, preferred publication media, and writing habits, I build on the working definitions of the short story from Chapters 1 and 2. In Chapter 4, I consider the effects on the short story and conclude that we can update print-based conceptions of the short story to include born-digital short fiction and accommodate the contemporary shift in general to modularity, open source, social networks, and the focus on the self. Rather than establishing a concrete definition of what short fiction is at this time, I conclude that a better approach is to replace pre-defined categories with an acknowledgement that the short story is perhaps shifting closer to pre-print storytelling roots, although within the confines of current limitations such as copyright and the attention span of contemporary readers. Although we cannot fully quantify these changes at this time, I argue that they impact the short story and require scholars to consider its paratexts and publication media differently than in pre-Web years.