The present study aims to bring into focus the antinomian doctrine of redemption through sin as it appears in Jules Michelet’s La Sorcière. According to Michelet, the witch-cult was both vestigial paganism and an attempt at overthrowing the Christian political order. The witch redeemed mankind by sinning against the Christian order, thus anticipating the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, as well as the French Revolution. The notion of redemption through sin, borrowed from Gershom Scholem, will enable us to compare Michelet’s and Scholem’s approaches to history and counter-history. It will also allow us to read La Sorcière against a broader religious background than is usually employed. Among the sources of Michelet, the often overlooked kabbalistic, possibly Sabbatian, subtext will be assessed in relation to his peculiar female messianism. Likewise, the episode, in La Sorcière, of the encounter between the witch and the Jew will be thoroughly studied. This may lead us to better comprehend Michelet’s theology, with the biblical God being akin, in his opinion, to that of the witches.

Various interpretations of the Germanic invasions of the early Middle Ages have been advanced. These present to the student of historiography a fertile field for inquiry. In this thesis the interpretations of the Germanic invasions propounded by Jules Michelet (1798-1874) and Gustav Freytag (1816-1875) are examined with a view to establishing the cultural context in which their mutually exclusive versions were formulated, and the extent to which that context lent the interpretations of both writers a perceptible national and aesthetic bias.

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Dans la perspective des chercheurs qui développent une science, la réalité de sa fondation se présente comme la solution imaginaire de quatre énigmes relatives à l’unité et aux progrès de leurs travaux : 1- La fondation est la source stable des principes d’une science qui se maintiennent au fil de ses développements. 2 – Elle donne à lire la finalité commune des développements individuels de ses recherches. 3 – Elle opère une rupture avec la pensée antérieure en définissant le projet d’un savoir original et plus désirable que ce que l’on croyait savoir auparavant. 4 – Elle institue l’esprit distinctif d’une recherche qui estime que le savoir qu’elle procure vaut la peine d’être développé. En sociologie, il y a consensus pour affirmer que la discipline est fondée, mais on ne s’entend ni sur la ou les œuvres qui la fondent ni même sur l’époque où elle débute. À partir d’une analyse comparée des sociologies d’Auguste Comte et d’Émile Durkheim avec d’autres œuvres depuis les études de l’homme et de la cité d’Aristote, nous explorons la réalité d’une fondation qui pourrait résoudre ces quatre énigmes ainsi qu’une cinquième qui est particulière à cette science sociale : 5 – La fondation de la sociologie initie un mode d’organisation de la recherche incompatible avec le modèle kuhnien de la science normale qui progresse dans le développement d’un paradigme commun. / In the perspective of researchers developing a science, the foundation is presented as the imaginary solution to four enigmas regarding the unity and progress of their work: 1- Its foundation is the stable source of the principles of a science that remain throughout its development. 2- It provides a common finality of the individual developments of its research. 3- It contrasts from previous schools of thought by defining the project of an original and more desirable one. 4- It introduces the distinctive characteristics of a research, emphasizing that the knowledge it brings is worth it. In sociology, there is general agreement about sociology having a beginning, only no one agrees on the works that make it, nor the time it all started. By comparing the works of Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim with other works since Aristotle, we explore those four enigmas and even a fifth one that is specific to sociology: 5- The foundation of sociology initiates an organisation of research that is incompatible with the kuhnian model of normal science.

Few students of History understand the derivation and/or origin of the Gqunukhwebe oath "Ndifung' uChungw' efel' ennyameni: I swear by Chungwa who is lying dead at Mnyameni (Alexandria)." A desire to eludicate this point and other related facts inspired me to undertake a close examination of the history of the Gqunukhwebe people, selecting as my main theme the life-work of Chief Kama. In the first chapter I am discussing the creation of the Gqunukhwebe Chiefdom under Khwane by the Xhosa King, Tshiwo. The central theme here is the Black-White confrontation of the 17th - 18th centuries on the Cape Eastern Frontier. As a result of the collision the Gqunukhwebe people were forced to make a home on the banks of the Thwecu River along the east coast. It was here that Kama reached early manhood. The second chapter describes the establishment of Wesleyville Missionary Station by William Shaw in 1823, the first Methodist Missionary Institution in all Xhosaland. In chapter three the discussion centers on the significance of Kama's conversion. An unforeseen outcome of his public profession of the Christian faith was that it not only stigmatized the latter religion as a force destructive of the old order in Xhosa society, but it also reshaped Kama's political image for the good of his religious life. He not only fled from the neighbourhood of his relations and sojourned in a strange land, but also reinforced the Colonial forces in the contemporary frontier struggles. His integrity, self-sacrifice and pro-Colonial inclination eventually won him Middledrift. Chapter four opens with Kama's settling in Middledrift. The theme here is two-pronged. It presents the 'Cattle-Killing' delusion as a source of new trials for the 'priest-chief', and at the same time exposes the Colonial Government's efforts to gain ascendancy above the Xhosa chiefs. Kama's land was the first testing ground in this respect, and the Chief was initially agreeable to the scheme. Chapter five alludes to instances of Chief Kama's unco-operative attitude as signs that his compromising spirit had its limits. An atmosphere of disregard towards Kama pervades the period. But the adversities that threatened to dominate his later life did not by any means shake his Christian principles and convictions. The traces of his good works may to this day be seen in Middledrift, the traditional home of the Kamas.

The traditional narrative of political party development in the United States of America during the latter half of the 1790s ascribes the decline in popularity of the Federalist Party in the Election of 1800 to that party's passage of controversial legislation, specifically the Sedition Act of 1798, prior to the election. Between the passage of the Sedition Act and the Election of 1800, however, the midterm elections of 1798-1799 transpired and resulted in a significant increase in Federalist popularity in four states – North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia. This study seeks to ascertain why these four states increased their support for the Federalist Party in 1798-1799, despite the passage of the Sedition Act by the Federalist Party. By examining newspapers and election results, this study analyzes the reaction of these four states to the passage of the Sedition Act and finds that generally, these states did not react strongly against the Sedition Act in the immediate aftermath of its passage. Instead, all four states urged national unity and emphasized the need to support the national government because the United States faced the threat of war with France. This study employs a state-by-state formula to determine each state's individual reaction to the Sedition Act and the Quasi-War, finding that ultimately, the Sedition Act did not have as significant of an impact in these states as the popular narrative holds.

Chez les historiens Jules Michelet et Louis Blanc, l'interprétation de la Terreur est déterminée par leur conception respective de la République, par leur explication de l'échec de la IIe République et du retour de l'Empire. Pour Michelet, un républicain libéral ouvert à une réforme sociale, la légitimation de l'idée républicaine passe par la dissociation de ce qui l'incarna en l'an II, le peuple et la Convention, de la guillotine et de la dictature de salut public. La faute en revient au « fanatisme monastique » de la secte jacobine et à la démesure idéologique de son pontife, Robespierre. Au contraire, pour le socialiste jacobin qu'était Blanc, l'an II avait été l'anticipation de la fraternité socialiste ; Robespierre et les Jacobins, les défenseurs du peuple et de l'idéal de justice de la Révolution. La Terreur et la dictature furent des nécessités transitoires attribuables au grave péril qui menaçait la République. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2013

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Esta tese abrange manuscritos inéditos dos cadernos da viagem ao Oriente, de Flaubert, e textos publicados postumamente, a partir do que ele copiou dos seus cadernos logo depois da viagem, fazendo mudanças e acréscimos. Esta tese também abrange cartas que ele escreveu no Oriente. Analiso movimentos da sua escritura e a mobilidade de formas textuais, que migram de cartas para textos da viagem e vice-versa. Ele não quis publicar essas anotações, que constituem um lugar de experiência com a linguagem, uma espécie de laboratório de formas, que depois, com mudanças, ele integra em seus romances. Relaciono esses textos a concepções estéticas da época. Comparo o modo descritivo que Flaubert desenvolve durante a viagem com páginas dos cadernos ilustrados de Delacroix, do Marrocos. Identifico nos textos do Oriente de Flaubert correspondências entre composição literária e composição pictural. Seu olhar e imaginação são informados pela arte orientalista, em voga na Europa, na época. O orientalismo é um elo para a análise de mudanças estéticas que acontecem nas duas artes, literatura e pintura, no século XIX. Escrever durante a viagem se associa à ideia de movimentar um repertório de imagens e, ao mesmo tempo, tornar visível o que o texto evoca / This thesis encompasses Flauberts unpublished manuscripts from his travel notes and copies he made from these travel notes, with a few changes and additions, soon after returning from his journey to the Orient and, moreover, letters written while on this journey. I have analyzed Flauberts writing and the mobility of textual variations that migrate from his letters to travel texts and vice versa. He never wished to publish these notes that are an experience in language, a laboratory for variations, which with some changes, he later integrates into his fiction. I have compared these texts with the aesthetic conceptions at that time. I have also analyzed the descriptive mode that Flaubert developed in the Orient, comparing excerpts from his notes to pages from Delacroixs illustrated travel notes made during his trip to Morocco. I identify in Flauberts texts from the Orient the correspondence with pictorial composition. His viewpoint and imagination are informed by Orientalist art, which was popular in Europe at the time. The Orientalism provides a link for analyzing the aesthetic changes that took place in literature and painting in the XIX century. Writing during travel is associated with the idea of creating a repertory of images while at the same time making visible what is evoked in the text

La thèse porte sur le traitement de trois classiques de la littérature italienne durant les vingt-deux années du régime fasciste italien. Ces trois classiques sont : Vittorio Alfieri (1749-1803), Ugo Foscolo (1778-1827) et Giacomo Leopardi (1798-1837). Elle analyse d'une part la place qui est réservée à ces trois poètes dans les histoires littéraires de l'époque, en la comparant avec la production analogue précédente, et les questions esthétiques et thématiques qu'abordent le plus souvent les critiques littéraires, qu'ils soient d'inspiration fasciste ou antifasciste. Elle étudie d'autre part la spécificité du régime totalitaire, et sa vocation à s'approprier le culte de ces trois poètes et à en contrôler les lectures, principalement par le biais de l'enseignement - via les manuels et les programmes scolaires - et des institutions officielles qu'il crée de toute pièce ou qu'il « phagocyte ». En s'appuyant sur un corpus très varié, comportant les textes critiques méconnus ou oubliés des années 1920 et 1930 ainsi que des documents scolaires, des textes officiels, des lettres et différentes formes de témoignage, cette étude pose la question plus générale de l'instrumentalisation de la littérature dans le totalitarisme et du caractère particulier du fascisme italien.