This interdisciplinary research project combines the fields of nautical archaeology and computer visualization in order to create an interactive virtual reconstruction of a Portuguese nau. Information about the shipbuilding process is gathered from 16th and 17th century treaties by Fernando Oliveira and Joao Batista Lavanha, as well as from Dr. Filipe Castro (Texas A&M Department of Anthropology). Eight registered tonnage formulas from the 15th to 17th century are used to estimate the cargo capacity of the nau. Using this information, I develop an algorithm that creates a parametric computer model of a nau hull and calculates its registered tonnage. This parametric model allows the user to choose between the Oliveira and Lavanha hull shapes, adjust parameters to fine tune the hull shape further, and save the information about the hull shape for future editing. The eight registered tonnage estimates are compared to the volume of the parametric hull model below a generic waterline. The process I use to adapt the information provided by the two shipbuilding treatises into an algorithm determines the hull shape of a nau. This allows for projects in the future to introduce other shipbuilding approaches and information as it becomes available to this parametric model.

En français contemporain, l’hésitation dans le choix entre être et avoir comme auxiliaire dans les formes verbale composées (par ex. le passé composé) de certains verbes intransitifs (par ex. tomber), surtout dans des variétés non standards du français, démonte clairement l’écart qui existe entre le français normé et le français oral quotidien. Cette hésitation, voire l’incertitude, dans le choix de l’auxiliaire n’est pas une particularité arbitraire ou aléatoire de la langue contemporaine; elle s’inscrit plutôt dans une tendance diachronique et pan-romane que l’on a pu observer dans la langue française depuis son émancipation du latin. Notre étude, qui se fonde sur la théorie de la grammaticalisation, propose une analyse du discours grammatical de 1500 – époque où sont apparues les premières grammaires du français – jusqu’à 1789 avec la Révolution française, signalant le moment où la langue se serait stabilisée et aurait adopté sa forme moderne. Nous divisons les trois siècles de notre étude en quatre périodes distinctes, déjà bien établies dans les études historiques. Ce sont : - Le XVIe siècle (1530-1599) - La première moitié de la période classique (1600-1650) - La deuxième moitié de la période classique (1651-1715) - Le Siècle des lumières (1716-1789) Pour chacune des quatre périodes, l’analyse se fait en trois temps. Premièrement, nous recensons les grammairiens, les lexicographes et les essayistes qui se sont prononcés, soit explicitement, soit implicitement, sur l’emploi des auxiliaires être et avoir dans les formes verbales composées (FVC). Nous identifions, là où cela est possible, le dialecte maternel de chaque auteur et son modèle d’usage. Deuxièmement, nous résumons les observations et les commentaires sur l’emploi des auxiliaires dans les FVC formulés par chaque auteur, y compris les tentatives d’explication quant à la variation dans le choix de l’auxiliaire. Finalement, nous rapportons la description de l’emploi des auxiliaires dans les FVC proposée par des historiens de la langue française pour la période en question. Notre étude nous permet de confirmer, en ce qui concerne les FVC, certaines tendances déjà reconnues dans la langue française et d’en identifier d’autres. Également, nous avons pu repérer, voire circonscrire des facteurs qui ont eu une influence sur le choix, tels les verbes plus sensibles à l’alternance, les grammairiens dont l’autorité s’est imposé plus que d’autres ou avant les autres dans l’établissement de la norme sur ce point, les contextes sociaux dans lesquels le débat a eu lieu et la période pendant laquelle les préoccupations sur ce choix était les plus intenses. / In contemporary French, the hesitation in the choice between être and avoir as an auxiliary verb in compound verb forms (i.e. the passé composé) of certain intransitive verbs (i.e. tomber), especially in non-standard varieties of French, clearly demonstrates the gap that exists between normative French and everyday spoken French. This hesitation, or uncertainty, in the choice of the auxiliary is not an arbitrary or random characteristics of contemporary French; it falls squarely within a diachronical and cross-Romance trend that can be observed in the French language since its emancipation from Latin. This study, which is based on Grammaticalisation Theory, is an analysis of grammatical discourse from 1500 - the era when the first grammars of French appeared - to 1789 and the French revolution, a period when the language is said to have been standardised and its modern form established. The three centuries that this study covers are divided into four distinct periods, already well established by previous historical studies. These periods are : - The 16th century (1530-1599) - The first half of the Classical Period (1600-1650) - The second half of the Classical Period (1651-1715) - The Enlightenment (1716-1789) For each of these four periods, there are three levels of analysis. First, we identify the grammarians, lexicographers and essayists who, explicitly or implicitly, express their views on the use of the auxiliaries avoir and être in compound verbs forms, as well as, where possible, their native dialect and the model of French (usage) they promote. Second, we summarize the observations and commentaries of each author on the choice of auxiliary in compound verb forms, including any attempts to explain the variation attested during the period. Finally, we look at the description, for each period, of the use of auxiliaries in compound verb forms put forward by historians of the French language. Our study has allowed us to confirm certain established trends related to auxiliary use in compound verb forms in French and to identify others. As well, we identify, or define, the factors that influence auxiliary selection, such as the verbs most likely to alternate between the two auxiliaries, the grammarians who had the greatest influence or who set the groundwork for establishing the norm for this grammatical point, the social contexts in which the grammatical debate took place and the periods during which the concern over auxiliary selection was the most intense.

Denna uppsats gör med hjälp av Erwin Panofskys ikonologiska metod en analys av en serie på nitton porträtt av kända 1600-tals män. Dessa porträtt, vilka idag är placerade i biblioteket på Skoklosters slott utreds i sin ikonografi och sätts in i ett större ikonografiskt sammanhang. Porträtten har ett unikt utseende då de är målade på furupannå och sedan kontursågade kring den porträtterades huvud. Avsikten med uppsatsen är att förstå deras syfte och ursprung. Uppsatsen behandlar frågor som varför man har valt att göra dessa porträtt och om det finns en koppling mellan dessa och bibliotekskonst i stort. Likväl vilka som är avporträtterade, varför just dessa personer är det och vem som låtit göra porträtten undersöks. Det är en uppsats som till stora delar handlar om det adliga idealet på 1600-talet och hur det gav sitt uttryck i konsten. / This essay does, with the help of Erwin Panofsky’s iconological method, provide an analysis of a series of nineteen portraits of famous men of the 17th century. These portraits, which today are placed in the library of Skokloster castle, are analysed in their iconography, and placed in a larger iconographic context. The portraits all have unique appearances, since they are painted on pine panel and then sawed after the contour of the head of the portrayed. The aim with the essay is to understand purpose and origin of the portraits. The essay deals with questions such as why these portraits were chosen to be made, and if a connection exists between these works and library art in a bigger context. Who is being portrayed, why these people in particular, and who has taken the initiative of making the portraits are questions that are investigated as well. It is an essay that to a large extent treats the noble ideal of the 17th century, and how it gave its expression to art.

Afin d’étudier l’influence de la migration sur l’alimentation à Montréal aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, 64 individus de la collection du cimetière Notre-Dame, daté de 1691 à 1796, ont fait l’objet d’analyses ostéologiques et isotopiques. Les analyses isotopiques ont portées sur le carbone (d13C) et l’azote (d15N) du collagène des os, ainsi que sur le d13C et l’oxygène (d18O) du carbonate de l’apatite des os et des dents (prémolaires et troisièmes molaires). Le d18O des dents a permis de définir approximativement trois régions d’origine (région de Montréal, région enrichie en 18O (i.e. Acadie, Louisiane, Nouvelle-Angleterre, France, Antilles et Afrique) et région appauvrie en 18O (intérieur des terres et plus au nord) pour 58 individus, et sept possibles parcours migratoire (N=27). Plus de la moitié de l’échantillon est composé d’individus possiblement natifs de Montréal (55 %). De plus, les résultats indiquent que les gens étaient peu mobiles avant l’âge de 16 ans. Toutefois, 12 individus ont entrepris des déplacements entre 7 et 16 ans, majoritairement d’un environnement enrichi vers Montréal (N=5) ou de Montréal vers une région appauvrie (N=5). L’âge de recrutement des mousses sur les navires, la traite de la fourrure, la coupe du bois et possiblement aussi l’esclavage pourraient expliquer cette « jeune » migration. Sur le plan alimentaire, les végétaux de type C3, la viande nourrie aux ressources C3 et le poisson faisaient partie du menu montréalais. Les plantes C4 (majoritairement maïs mais aussi sucre de canne [rhum]) étaient consommées en quantité variable. La question de l’influence de la migration sur l’alimentation n’a pu être explorée en profondeur en raison de contraintes liées à la contamination du d18O du carbonate des os. La combinaison des données ostéologiques et isotopiques à la distribution spatiale des sépultures, a permis d’étudier un aspect de l’archéologie funéraire à l’échelle individuelle (identité possible), sans toutefois fournir de résultats probants, à l’échelle du cimetière et de son organisation globale. / In order to study whether the migration had an influence on diet in Montréal during the 17th and 18th centuries, 64 human skeletons from Notre-Dame cemetery were used for osteological and isotopic analysis. The latter was carried on bone collagen (carbon (d13C) and nitrogen (d15N)) and on carbonate apatite (d13C and oxygen (d18O)) from bone and tooth (premolars and third molars). d18O obtained on the two types of teeth revealed approximately three origins (Montréal, region enriched in 18O (i.e. Acadia, Louisiana, France, New England, Antilles and Africa) and region depleted in 18O (inland or northern territories)) for 58 persons. Seven possible mobility patterns were also proposed (N=27). More than half of the sample was born in Montreal (55%). It appears that people were often not mobile under the age of 16. However, 12 of the specimens migrated from an 18O enriched environment to Montréal (N=5) or from Montréal to a more 18O depleted area (N=5). The recruiting age of the French “mousses” on transatlantic ships, the fur trade, the wood industry and possibly the slavery could explain that migration at a young age. The diet included C3 plants, meat from animal fed on C3 plants and fish. People of Montreal consumed C4 resources (mostly maize, but sugar cane too as in rhum) in different proportions. We were unable to explore thoroughly whether the migration had an influence on diet due to biases related to the d18O of bone carbonate apatite. Combining data from different sources (osteology, isotopes and spatial organization of the cemetery) allowed us to address issues related to funerary archaeology on an individual level (possibly identity), without any concluding results on a broader level (organization of the cemetery).

Typescript / Errata slip inserted / Bibliography: leaves 360-385 / viii, 385 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1988

Il s’agit d’un projet de thèse doctorale en cotutelle – entre la «Sapienza» Università de Roma et l’Université de Paris I «Panthéon- Sorbonne » – visant à étudier la vie et l’oeuvre architecturale de Jean-Nicolas Servandoni, une figure d’artiste parmi les plus emblématiques et moins connues du XVIIIe siècle. Peintre, architecte et décorateur, Servandoni est connu pour avoir remporté le concours pour le projet de la façade principale de l’église Saint-Sulpice de Paris, et pour le grand nombre des décors réalisés d’abord pour l’Opéra, puis pour la Salle des Machines des Tuileries. Au cours de sa vie il eut la chance de travailler auprès des souverains les plus importants d’Europe, de Paris à Londres, de Madrid à Lisbonne, de Bruxelles à Vienne et encore à Dresde et Stuttgart. Ce travail de recherche s’est fixé pour objectif d’étudier les périodes les moins connues de sa vie, comme sa formation d’abord à Florence puis à Rome, ses premières missions en Angleterre avant son arrivée à Paris en 1724, ses voyages à travers l’Europe, son travail pour les plus importantes familles royales européennes, et les autres commissions d’architecture en France, au-delà du chantier de Saint-Sulpice. La difficulté majeure a été d’identifier les principales sources bibliographiques et documentaires à partir desquelles on a établi des renseignements biographiques qui ont été transmis à travers le temps jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Il était donc nécessaire de réaliser une opération de «nettoyage» de tous les renseignements faux ou inexacts «incrustés» dans les siècles sur la vie de Servandoni. Grâce à ce «nettoyage», il a été possible d’identifier les sources «premières», sur lesquelles reconstruire la biographie de notre architecte. La recherche dans les archives de plusieurs pays a mené à d’importantes découvertes, tel que la présence de Servandoni à Rome entre 1719 et 1720. Ici il résidait dans le palais du Prince Guido Vaini, un homme «entièrement attaché à la France» et lié au milieu du théâtre d’Alibert et Capranica, où Servandoni aurait évidemment pu se former comme scénographe. Tout cela a permis de formuler des hypothèses sur ses contacts dans la capitale de la papauté, comme son lien avec l’atelier de Benedeto Luti dans le Palais de Florence, où travaillaient, parmi d’autres, Jean Paul Pannini et William Kent. Cette étude a donc mis en évidence sa relation étroite et continue avec les britanniques tout au long de sa vie – à commencer par son séjour romain – de sorte qu’on peut relire son oeuvre architecturale avec une nouvelle clé, davantage liée au milieu palladien anglais. En outre, la lecture des documents a permis d’identifier deux enjeux fondamentaux, qui expliquent en même temps la réussite et l’échec de sa carrière : la question de la nationalité de Servandoni et la légitimation de son rôle d’architecte. Servandoni, en effet, par sa naissance italienne – pourtant d’un père d’origine lyonnaise – dès son arrivée en France fut toujours apprécié comme peintre et décorateur «de Florence». Pour sa qualité d’«ultramontain», il fut choisi par le curé Languet de Gergy, comme architecte de la fabrique de Saint-Sulpice, véritable symbole et point de référence de l’Église de Rome à Paris, contre les «novateurs» jansénistes. [...] / This research work - a phd thesis in co-supervision between the "Sapienza" University of Rome and the University of Paris 1 "Panthéon-Sorbonne" - was born with the aim of shedding light on the life and work of the architect Giovanni Niccolo Servandoni, one of the most emblematic figures and less-known artist of the eighteenth century.At the same time he was painter, architect and decorator and his name was famous thanks to a large number of sets made for the Opéra and to the design of the façade of the church of Saint-Sulpice in Paris. During his life, Servandoni had the opportunity to travel throughout Europe, where he worked for the major courts of that time, from Paris to London, from Lisbon to Brussels, Vienna, Dresden and Stuttgart.The research work has the objective to investigating especially the lesser-known aspects of the architect's life, like as the period of his training in Florence and Rome, the years where he lived in England before his arrival in Paris in 1724, his travels in Europe and his architectural work as well as the site of Saint-Sulpice, both in France and abroad.Thanks to this research, Servandoni's complete work- so vaguely interpreted as an anticipation of the "goût à la grecque" and the revival of the classicism of the late of eighteenth century - is reinterpreted as the result of his training in Italy and England. It is indebted, in fact, that as well the classicism that characterized the Florentine architecture of that period as his close contact with the English Palladian circle and with the Wren, Vanbrugh and Hawksmoor's works, exercised a great influence on him. / Questo lavoro di ricerca - una tesi di dottorato in co-tutela tra la « Sapienza » Università di Roma e l’Université de Paris I «Panthéon- Sorbonne» - è nato con l’obiettivo di far luce sulla vita e l’opera dell’architetto Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni, una tra le figure d’artista più emblamatiche e meno conosciute del XVIII secolo. Allo stesso tempo pittore, architetto e decoratore, il suo nome è rimasto famoso per il gran numero di scenografie realizzate per l’Opéra e per il progetto della facciata della chiesa parigina di Saint-Sulpice. Durante il corso della sua vita, Servandoni ebbe l’opportunità di viaggiare in tutta Europa, dove lavorò presso le più importani Corti dell’epoca, da Parigi a Londra, da Lisbona a Bruxelles, Vienna, Dresda e Stoccarda. Una delle problematiche maggiori che il lavoro di ricerca ha manifestato, è stata la verifica della correttezza delle notizie riportate dalle fonti a stampa, sia antiche che moderne. Le biografie esistenti dell’architetto riportavano infatti una serie di notizie inesatte o completamente infondate, che si erano «incrostate» nei secoli sulla sua figura. Si è resa quindi necessaria un’operazione di «pulizia» delle fonti che ha permesso di risalire ad alcune notizie certe e verificabili nei documeni d’archivio, che sono state la base su cui ricostruire la biografia dell’architeto. Il lavoro di ricerca si è posto l’obieivo di indagare in paricolar modo gli aspei meno noi della vita dell’architeto, come il periodo della sua formazione a Firenze e a Roma, i suoi anni di soggiorno in Inghilterra prima del suo arrivo a Parigi nel 1724, i viaggi in Europa e le commissioni di architettura oltre al cantiere di Saint-Sulpice, sia in Francia che all’estero. La ricerca d’archivio ha condotto a scoperte innovative, come la presenza di Servandoni a Roma tra il 1719 e il 1720, all’interno del palazzo del principe Vaini - uomo «entièrement attaché à la France» e legato all’ambiente dei teatri Capranica e d’Alibert - che ha permesso di formulare alcune ipotesi sulla sua vita e i suoi contatti nella cità pontificia. E ancora, lo studio ha messo in luce il forte rapporto che Servandoni ebbe con l’ambiente culturale inglese durante il corso di tutta la sua vita - già a partire dal suo soggiorno romano - tanto da poter rileggere la sua opera architettonica in una chiave nuova, più legata alla corrente palladiana che all’architettura romana o francese di quegli anni. L’interpretazione dei documenti ha portato inoltre all’individuazione di due tematiche fondamentali che, spiegano allo stesso tempo la riuscita e la crisi della carriera di Servandoni : il problema della sua nazionalità e quello della legitimazione del suo ruolo di architetto. [...]

This thesis provides a detailed consideration of the family in Shakespeare’s canon and the engagement therewith in three South African novels: Hill of Fools (1976) by R. L. Peteni, My Son’s Story (1990) by Nadine Gordimer, and Disgrace (1999) by J. M. Coetzee. The study is divided into an introduction, three chapters each addressing one of the South African novels and its relationship with a Shakespeare text or texts, and a conclusion. The introductory chapter provides an analysis of the two strands of criticism in which the thesis is situated – studies of the family in Shakespeare and studies of appropriations of Shakespeare – and discusses the ways in which these two strands may be combined through a detailed discussion of the presence of power dynamics in the relationship between parent and child in all of the texts considered. The three chapters each contextualise the South African text and provide detailed discussions of the family dynamics within the relevant texts, with particular reference to questions of authority and autonomy. The focus in each chapter is determined by the nature of the intertextual relationship between the South African novel and the Shakespearean text being discussed. Thus, the first chapter, “The Dissolution of Familial Structures in Hill of Fools” considers power dynamics in the family as an inherent part of the Romeo and Juliet genre, of which William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is but a part. Similarly, the impact of a socio-political identity, and the secrecy it necessitates, is the focus of the second chapter, “Fathers, Sons and Legacy in My Son’s Story” as is the role of Shakespeare and literature within South Africa. These concerns are connected to the novel’s use of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, King Lear, and Hamlet. In the third chapter, “Reclaiming Agency through the Daughter in Disgrace and The Tempest”, I expand on Laurence Wright’s argument that Disgrace is an engagement with The Tempest and consider ways in which the altered power dynamic between father and daughter results in the reconciliation of the father figure with society. The thesis thus addresses the tension between parental bonds and parental bondage

The author of the diploma thesis endeavoured, with the help of historic-anthropological methods, to depict a variety of forms of the war experience of the south Bohemian aristocracy in the period before the Battle of White Mountain. The subject of his interest focused on the fates of men and women of noble origin, on the background of three key military events of the second half of the 16th century and the early 17th century. Two expeditions of the Bohemian troops against the Turks in 1566 and 1594, and the invasion of Bohemia by the Passau army in 1611 had a very strong impact on the way south Bohemian knights thought, behaved and acted. Personal correspondence of selected aristocratic families served as the heuristic starting point in the search for the answer to the question which ways an aristocrat chose to defend values tested by centuries and to enforce his own or his family?s interests. The objective of the entire research was to amplify the knowledge about the history of lower aristocracy, by stressing the unique role of a historical participant in war. Treating the topic of war experience gave rise to a contribution on the borderline between the political, military, social and cultural areas of history of the early Modern Age.

of the doctoral thesis Title: Recatholisation Practice in Local Perspective Subtitle: The Relationship of Re-Catholisation and Restoration of Ecclesiastical Administration in the Mladá Boleslav District and in the Northern part of the Hradec Králové District (selected questions). Keyword: recatholisation, ecclesiastical administration, baroque devoutness, District of Mladá Boleslav, District of Hradec Králové, 17th century, 18th century In this doctoral thesis I examine the relationship between lower ecclesiastic administration, re-Catholisation practices and advancing penetration of Baroque religiousness into the lives of inhabitants of the Mladá Boleslav district and of the Northern part of the Hradec Králové District in the 17th and 18th century. The activity ratio of mentioned agents is being observed on the basis of several selected questions. First, I define and explain key terms such as Catholic confessionalisation, recatholisation, Counter-Reformation, Catholic reformation and Baroque religiousness. Then I follow the proceeding of re-Catholisation of the Czech lands in the Central European context. The following chapter deals with the re-Catholisation legislation. Next part of my thesis describes gradual improvement in the operation of parish administration from the perspective of...

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