OLIVEIRA, Carla Silvino de. Cidade (in) salubre: idéias e práticas médicas em Fortaleza - (1838-1853). 2007. 156 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-ce, 2007. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-22T14:05:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_CSOliveira.pdf: 2924100 bytes, checksum: 7d99551b0ba52fb41a7986feffd54b96 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-25T11:44:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_CSOliveira.pdf: 2924100 bytes, checksum: 7d99551b0ba52fb41a7986feffd54b96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-25T11:44:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_CSOliveira.pdf: 2924100 bytes, checksum: 7d99551b0ba52fb41a7986feffd54b96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The following work analizes the ideas and the medical practice, mainly the ones from José Lourenço de Castro Silva and Liberato de Castro Carreira, the first Cearence doctors graduated at Rio de Janeiro medical shcool, working in Fortaleza since 1838. It states the starting point of the medical actions influenced by social medicine, in which it thinks over the day-to-day actions considering the desease and the unhealthy city. The medical actions put into effect are the following: the creation and organization of urban areas(graveyards, hospitas, markets, penitenciary), the preventive orientation and the healing of the deseases, mainly the epidemics of smallpox in 1845 and yellow fever from 1851 to 1853. In this study, the main sources used were The Description of epidemics of yellow fever in the province of Ceará State in 1851 and 1852 by Castro Carreira, from Rio de Janeiro National Library: forms and medical manuals, from the Unicamp central library: medical and presidential forms, laws, correspondences, diverse documents belonging to the Ceará State Public Archive (APEC), and also documents from the Governor Menezes Pimentel Public Library. / O trabalho analisa as idéias e práticas médicas, principalmente as de José Lourenço de Castro e Silva e Liberato de Castro Carreira, primeiros médicos cearenses formados pela Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro, com atuação em Fortaleza, a partir do ano de 1838. Marca o início da ação médica influenciada pela medicina social, a qual (re)pensa as práticas do cotidiano diante da doença e da cidade (in)salubre. As ações médicas possibilitam: a criação e organização dos espaços urbanos (cemitério, hospital, mercado, cadeia), a orientação preventiva e de cura das doenças, principalmente as epidemias de varíola em 1845, e febre amarela nos anos de 1851 a 1853. No estudo foram utilizadas como fontes principais a obra do Castro Carreira Descripção da epidemia da febre amarella na Província do Ceará em 1851 e 1852. da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Formulários e guias médicos da Biblioteca Central da Unicamp, além de Relatórios médicos e presidenciais, Leis, Correspondências, documentos diversos pertencentes ao acervo do Arquivo Público do Estado do Ceará – APEC e da Biblioteca Pública Governador Menezes Pimentel - CE.

Cette étude est une analyse de l’évolution de la notion de photographie pure, dans les discours en Grande-Bretagne, entre 1860 et 1917. Définie comme une image non retouchée ni manipulée, la photographie pure est envisagée en miroir de la retouche et des interventions sur les négatifs et positifs. Une exploration des journaux britanniques a mis en lumière cette préoccupation constante pour la définition et la légitimité des moyens de la photographie. Premièrement, la question des combination printings, de la notion de vérité comme essence de la photographie ainsi que l’aspect des images photographiques sont source de débats. Les discours d’acceptation et de rejet des pratiques de ciels rapportés, de coloriage et de la retouche apportent un éclairage sur la genèse de la retouche. Ces points, corrélés à la présence de la photographie pure dans les expositions, soulignent l’émergence d’une volonté puriste dès les années 1860. Enfin, les discours sur la photographie pure de Peter Henry Emerson et de Frederick H. Evans sont mis en parallèle et contextualisés au sein du pictorialisme, pour mieux en dessiner la définition. Ainsi se relient, dans ces débats sur la pureté, les limites de l’expérimentation et les aspects de la photographie, les figures d'Alfred H. Wall, Oscar Gustav Rejlander, Julia Margaret Cameron, Robert Demachy, Alvin Langdon Coburn et Alfred Stieglitz. Leurs discours et leurs recherches éclairent un idéal à atteindre, difficilement applicable, un mythe plus qu’une réalité. / This study is an analysis of the evolution of the notion of pure photography, in discourses happening in Great Britain between 1860 and 1917. Defined as a photograph that is neither retouched nor manipulated, pure photography is envisaged in regard to retouching and negative and positive interventions. An exploration of British periodicals has brought to light the constant preoccupation for the definition and legitimacy of the photographic tools. First, the question of combination printings, the notion of truth as the essence of photography and the aspect of photographic images are a source of debate. The discourses of acceptance and rejection of practices such as printing-in clouds, colouring and retouching shine light on the genesis of retouching. These aspects, paralleled with the presence of pure photography in exhibitions, highlight the emergence of a purist aspiration as early as 1860. Finally, the discourses of Peter Henry Emerson and Frederick H. Evans on pure photography are confronted and contextualized within pictorialism, to further its definition. Thus, through these debates on purity, the limits of experimentation and the aspects of photography, the figures of Alfred H. Wall, Oscar Gustav Rejlander, Julia Margaret Cameron, Robert Demachy, Alvin Langdon Coburn and Alfred Stieglitz are connecting. Their discourses and research put forth an ideal, out of reach, impractical, a myth more than a reality.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Lucena dos Santos.pdf: 819420 bytes, checksum: ab8fef8cfd594fdbf30b6232acbdd3e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation discusses the challenge of confronting word and painting, from a verbal and a non-verbal document, in a linguistic historiography approach, following the principles of contextualization, immanence and adequacy. This way, it is a comparative study of linguistic organization of the 16th century, more specifically of the adjectives and sentences according to this period, in the Diary of Navigation of Pero Lopes de Sousa, guiding to the grammar of João de Barros and the grammar of Evanildo Bechara, and of the organization of the transition period of the 19th and 20th centuries, concerning the tones of the colors and the strategies of painting historical pictures of Benedito Calixto. In this case, the principle of the immanence and the adequacy are applied together, because as we put our hands on verbal corpus we remember the proximity with the present language. The spirit of the time of each author is reconstructed, therefore the principle of the contextualization is respected. The research has the objective of making a historiography study, describing and explaining how the linguistic and visual knowledge was acquired, produced and developed, inserted in a scientific-historical context by means of documents of the 16th and 19th-20th centuries. Taking into consideration the results obtained, we can infer that in the selected corpus, the verbal and image languages show a tune capable of visualizing the influences of each time. The distinction between the Diary of Navigation and the Historical Paintings occurs in the political and linguistic influences of each century. Pero Lopes lived and described facts by means of feather and paper, still in a period when the systematization of the language was about to happen. Benedito Calixto studied and described the facts by means of canvas and brush, in a period when political autonomy was searched / Esta dissertação trata do desafio de confrontar palavra e pintura, a partir de um documento verbal e outro não-verbal, numa abordagem da Historiografia Lingüística, seguindo os princípios da contextualização, imanência e adequação. Assim, é um estudo comparativo da organização lingüística do século XVI, mais especificamente dos adjetivos e orações correspondentes desse período, no Diário da Navegação de Pero Lopes de Sousa, à luz da gramática de João de Barros e da gramática de Evanildo Bechara, e da organização pictórica do período de transição dos séculos XIX-XX, no que concerne às tonalidades das cores e às estratégias de pintura nos quadros históricos de Benedito Calixto. No caso, os princípios da imanência e da adequação são aplicados juntos, pois, à medida que colocamos as mãos no corpus verbal, atinamos a aproximação com a linguagem atual. O espírito de época de cada autor é reconstruído, portanto o princípio da contextualização é respeitado. A pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar um estudo historiográfico, descrever e explicar como se adquiriu, produziu e desenvolveu o conhecimento lingüístico e visual, inserido em um contexto histórico-científico por meio de documentos dos séculos XVI e XIX-XX. Levando em consideração os resultados obtidos, podemos afirmar que, no corpus selecionado, a linguagem verbal e a imagética apresentam uma sintonia capaz de permitir a visualização das influências de cada época. A distinção entre Diário da Navegação e os Quadros Históricos ocorre nas influências políticas e lingüísticas de cada século. Pero Lopes vivenciou e descreveu fatos por meio da pena e do papel, ainda num período em que a sistematização da língua estava por acontecer. Benedito Calixto estudou e descreveu os fatos por meio da tela e do pincel, num período em que se buscava uma autonomia política

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2012-04-19T19:50:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_VozesCabanagemDiscursos.pdf: 745202 bytes, checksum: 47ec103a413d5a6dcd9f85d88a366d45 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos(edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2012-04-19T19:51:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_VozesCabanagemDiscursos.pdf: 745202 bytes, checksum: 47ec103a413d5a6dcd9f85d88a366d45 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-19T19:51:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_VozesCabanagemDiscursos.pdf: 745202 bytes, checksum: 47ec103a413d5a6dcd9f85d88a366d45 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / O conto - “O Rebelde”, da obra Contos Amazônicos (1893), do escritor Inglês de Sousa, apresenta em seu enredo um fato da história paraense, a Cabanagem. Na narrativa os personagens vivenciam as primeiras manifestações dos revoltosos em 1832. Foi a partir da constatação desse fato histórico, no conto, que se desenvolveu a pesquisa em questão, atentando para o jogo estabelecido entre o real e o ficcional, ou seja, como um fato histórico foi recriado no universo ficcional inglesiano. Nesse sentido, foram observados os discursos da história, nos séculos XIX e XX, nas obras Motins Políticos (1865-1890) de Domingos Antônio Raiol, Cabanagem: o povo no poder (1984) de Julio José Chiavenato, e Cabanagem: a revolução popular da Amazônia (1985) de Pasquale Di Paolo, e o discurso da literatura, em - O “Rebelde” do século XIX, na construção das versões sobre a Cabanagem, com o objetivo de verificar como cada historiador e literato se posicionou sobre a Cabanagem elegendo vítimas, vilões e heróis; além de verificar como as vozes dos personagens e do narrador do conto se posicionam condenando ou justificando a ação cabana. A discussão apresenta os pressupostos teóricos baseados em Paul Ricoeur (1999), Jacques Le Goff (2005), Beatriz Sarlo (2007) e Umberto Eco (2004). / The short story "O Rebelde", from Inglês de Souza‘s Contos Amazônicos (1893), presents in its plot a fact of the history of Pará, the Cabanagem. In this narrative the characters experience the first manifestations of the rebels in 1832. The research was developed based on the evidence of this historical fact in the short story, observing the interaction between real and fictional, that is, how the historical fact has been recreated in the fictional universe of the author. This way, the discourses of the history were observed, from the 19th and 20th centuries, in the books Motins Políticos (1865-1890) by Domingos Antônio Raiol, Cabanagem: o povo no poder (1984) by Julio José Chiavenato, and Cabanagem: a revolução popular da Amazônia (1985) by Pasquale Di Paolo, as well as the discourse of the literature, in "O Rebelde" from the 19th century, in the construction of versions of the Cabanagem, in order to verify how each historian and writer has positioned in relation to the Cabanagem, electing victims, villains and heroes. We also aimed at verifying how the voices of the characters and the narrator of the short story condemn or justify the Cabanagem. The discussion presents the theoretical assumptions based on Paul Ricoeur (1999), Jacques Le Goff (2005), Beatriz Sarlo (2007) and Umberto Eco (2004).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sabrina Pascoli Rodrigues.pdf: 875300 bytes, checksum: 66664297b23253c6407081e34fa819d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nowadays, in general, the chemist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) takes all the credit for the researches that led to the production of the vaccine against hydrophobia. This dissertation deals with Pasteur s contributions concerning this subject, from 1879 to1885, taking into account its context. It also discusses the contributions from the veterinary Pierre Victor Galtier (1846-1908) and the physician Émile Roux (1853-1933). The aim of this research is trying to elucidate the existence of a possible superiority or priority concerning some important contributions related to rabies considering Pasteur, Galtier and Roux s publications on the subject during the period. This dissertation contains an introduction and four chapters. Chapter 1 provides an overview of Pasteur s researches before carrying out his researches on rabies, as well as its scientific context. Chapter 2 discusses the researches on rabies did by Galtier (1846-1908). Chapter 3 analyses the researches on rabies conducted by Pasteur and his collaborator, Roux. Chapter 4 presents some final remarks on the subject. This study led to the conclusion that the vaccine against rabies is the product of several scientists work such as Galtier, Roux and Pasteur. Besides that, it pointed out that Pasteur s contribution on the subject was not so significant as it is normally thought. Galtier and Roux should have achieved recognition indeed. Moreover, the popular version of this episode cannot be explained only taking into account Pasteur s scientific contributions on the subject / Hoje em dia, geralmente, é o químico Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) quem recebe o crédito pelas pesquisas que levaram à produção da vacina anti-rábica. Esta dissertação trata das contribuições de Pasteur sobre o assunto durante o período compreendido entre 1879 e 1895, levando em conta seu contexto. Discute também as contribuições do veterinário Pierre Victor Galtier (1846-1908) e do médico Émile Roux (1853-1933). O objetivo desta pesquisa é procurar elucidar a existência de uma possível superioridade ou prioridade em relação a importantes contribuições relacionadas à raiva considerando as publicações de Pasteur, Galtier e Roux sobre o assunto no período. Esta dissertação contém uma introdução e quatro capítulos. O Capítulo 1 oferece uma visão geral das pesquisas de Pasteur que antecederam seus estudos sobre a raiva, bem como seu contexto científico. O Capítulo 2 discute as pesquisas sobre a raiva feitas por Galtier (1846-1908). O Capítulo 3 analisa as pesquisas sobre a raiva desenvolvidas por Pasteur e seu colaborador, Roux (1853-1933). O Capítulo 4 apresenta algumas considerações finais sobre o assunto. Este estudo levou à conclusão de que a vacina contra a raiva é o produto do trabalho de vários cientistas tais como Galtier, Roux e Pasteur. Além disso, indica que a contribuição de Pasteur sobre o assunto não é tão significativa como se pensa geralmente. Certamente Galtier e Roux mereciam ter recebido um maior reconhecimento por suas contribuições. Além disso, a versão aceita popularmente sobre este episódio não pode ser explicada somente através das contribuições científicas de Pasteur

Die Arbeit untersucht erstmals die evangelischen Vereine für weibliche Jugendliche, die so genannten Jungfrauenvereine, von ihrer Entstehung in den 1840er Jahren bis zum 1. Weltkrieg, sowie insbesondere den 1893 gegründeten Verband der evangelischen Jungfrauenvereine Deutschlands (später Evangelischer Verband zur Pflege der weiblichen Jugend Deutschlands, ab 1929 Evangelischer Reichsverband weiblicher Jugend). <br><br> In der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhundert begann ein Teil des protestantischen Bürgertums damit, für die hochmobilen Unterschichts-Jugendlichen, die im Zuge der Industrialisierung als Handwerksgesellen und Dienstmädchen, später als Fabrikarbeiter und -arbeiterinnen in die expandierenden Großstädten gingen, Herbergen und Vereine zu gründen. Damit trugen die Initiatoren wesentlich zur Entstehung eines öffentliches Bewusstsein für die prekäre Lebenssituation der Unterschichtsjugend und für die Notwendigkeit präventiver Jugendarbeit bei. Der Verband initiierte dann in den Jahren um 1900 zahlreiche innovative soziale Projekte in der weiblichen Jugendpflege und Jugendfürsorge. Die Arbeit untersucht drei Bereiche: 1. Vereine (sog. Abendheime) und Wohnheime für Fabrikarbeiterinnen; 2. die 1894 begonnene Bahnhofmission, die sich der mobilen weiblichen Jugendlichen direkt an die Bahnhöfen annahm; 3. Erholungshäuser für erwerbstätige Jugendliche. Bei allen Initiativen arbeitete der Verband eng mit seinem lokalen Partner, dem Berliner Verein zur Fürsorge für die weibliche Jugend zusammen, der neue Arbeitsbereiche in der Praxis testete. <br><br> Neben der Verbandsgeschichte im engeren Sinne thematisiert die Untersuchung auch die Konzeption und die Inhalte der Vereinsarbeit. Orientiert an dem Konzept einer christlichen Persönlichkeitsbildung sollte die Vereinsarbeit möglichst viele Bereiche jugendlichen Lebens umfassen: Arbeit (inkl. Erholungsurlaub), Wohnen, Freizeit (Geselligkeit, Lektüre), Gesundheit und Bildung. Da jedoch aufgrund der Orientierung an einem konservativen Frauenbild der Bereich jugendlicher Sexualität bewusst ausgeklammert wurde, erreichte man mit diesem Konzept präventiver Jugendarbeit im wesentlichen nur die ohnehin wohlanständigen Jugendlichen. <br><br> Die Spannung zwischen einem konservativen Frauenbild einerseits und den modernisierenden Impulsen einer Jugendarbeit mit weiblichen Jugendlichen andererseits zeigt sich auch daran, dass der Verband durch die Gründung eines Berufsverbandes für Sozialarbeiterinnen (Verband der Berufsarbeiterinnen der Inneren Mission) und der Einrichtung von Ausbildungsstätten wesentlichen Anteil an den modernisierenden Prozessen der Verberuflichung der sozialen Arbeit und der kirchlichen Jugendpflege zu Berufen bürgerlicher Frauen hatte. / This is the first study into the Protestant association for female youths, the so-called Jungfrauenvereine, from their origins in the 1840s until World War I, and especially the German Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) founded in 1893. <br><br> In the first half of the 19th century, members of the Protestant middle-class began founding hostels and associations for the highly mobile youth from the lower classes that went to the expanding cities to find jobs as manual labourers or housemaids, then later as factory workers. As a consequence, the initiators of Protestant youth welfare contributed significantly to the common awareness for the precarious situation of lower class youth (females) and of the necessity for preventive youth care. <br><br> In the decade preceding and subsequent to 1900, the Association initiated various pioneering social projects in the area of female youth work and youth welfare. This study examines three areas: 1. The associations and homes for young female workers; 2. The Railway Station Mission (Bahnhofsmission) which was founded in 1894 and cared for mobile female youths directly at the central stations of big cities. 3. Rest homes for young working women. In all these efforts the national associations worked together very closely with their local partner, the Berlin Association for the Welfare of Female Youths (Berliner Verein zur Fürsorge für die weibliche Jugend), which tested and practised new forms of social work. <br><br> Apart from the history of the German Young Women’s Christian Association in a narrower sense, this study also explores the conception and content of the Association’s work. Based on the concept of Christian inspired personal development, the work of the Association sought to encompass various parts of juvenile life such as: work (including holiday), living, leisure (social gatherings, reading), health and education. Because of the focus on conservative female role models, juvenile sexuality was explicitly ignored. This meant that this concept of preventive youth care only reached those young women who already conducted themselves in the perceived decency. <br><br> The tension between the conservative female role model on the one hand and the modernising impact of new models of youth welfare on the other hand is also visible in the fact that the Association made an essential contribution to the institutionalisation of new social professions for middle-class women by founding a vocational association of social workers and vocational schools and colleges.

William Jay (1769-1853) was an Independent minister of the Argyle Chapel in Bath for sixty-two years. His career bridged the time between the Evangelical Revival of the eighteenth century and the formal Congregational denominationalism of the nineteenth century. Jay’s autobiography is used among historians for its first-hand accounts of other notable evangelical figures such as William Wilberforce (1759-1833), Hannah More (1745-1833) and John Newton (1725-1807). Too often his own influence has been overlooked, but at the time he was regarded as one of the foremost Dissenting preachers of his era. His ministry within a fashionable spa city increased the respectability of evangelical religion among the growing middle classes in Bath. This thesis examines the evangelicalism of William Jay in the context of his times. The scope of Jay’s life and popularity will be examined in six chapters. Following the introduction, chapter two will examine his direct impact through the Argyle Chapel upon Bath. Chapter three will review the early life of William Jay that was much neglected by his biographers. It will demonstrate the formation of his evangelicalism first introduced to him by Joanna Turner (1732-1784) and instilled in his training by Cornelius Winter (1742-1807). The social composition of the Argyle Chapel will be evaluated in the fourth chapter. Those that Jay attracted to the chapel not only promoted his cause to advance the gospel, but also increased the prestige of the minister and his place of worship. In chapter five, Jay’s preaching, which attracted celebrity and commoner alike, will be analyzed for form, style, content, delivery and the receptivity of his audience. Likewise, the spirituality of the man, which will be reviewed in chapter six, induced similar qualities to stimulate evangelical religion. Finally, the polity and ecclesiology of William Jay will be examined in the seventh chapter. The Argyle Chapel was under strong pastoral guidance for the vast majority of the minister’s service until Jay lost that influence shortly before his retirement in 1852. The biography will conclude with an appraisal of R.W. Dale’s (1829-1895) categorization of Jay and his chapel as representative of older evangelical religion and criticism of the early participants of the revival found in Dale’s sermon The Old Evangelicalism and the New (1889). William Jay promoted a religious perspective that exhorted the individual to dwell on the self yet sought to do so through a united Christian movement that crossed denominational barriers.

Four of the composers of the Second New England School, Amy Cheney Beach (1867-1944), Arthur Foote (1853-1937), George Whitefield Chadwick (1854-1931), and Horatio Parker (1863-1919), led the flowering of America's art music in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This study focused on these composers' partsongs that contain an original piano part and also on one chamber work with piano by each of them. The role of pianism within these works was the primary topic of this study, and the piano's contribution to the partsongs and the chamber works was compared and contrasted.The study centered on the four composers' compositional techniques, and the relationship between the voices or strings to the piano was identified. It also revealed the technical demands placed on the pianist. Each partsong or chamber work movement was first briefly analyzed and then suggestions to the pianist/ensemble were made, which were based on the analysis, and that intended to draw the pianist's attention to the most relevant concerns that he will face while preparing this music. The works that I included in this study are from the first period of American history in which American composers wrote significant pieces of art music. The compositions from this turning point in American history reveal a fascinating mix between German Romantic, Modernist, and "American" elements. I found both the partsongs and chamber pieces to be worthy of study, and the large body of works of these four composers, in my opinion, deserves greater exposure.The piano writing, in both their partsongs and chamber works, is quite accomplished and reveals just how gifted these four composers were as pianists. The varied piano textures and the technical demands for the pianist create challenging, yet enjoyable interesting, piano parts, which serve both the partsongs and chamber pieces very well. The piano writing of these four composers' chamber pieces is more complex than that of their partsongs, but both genres contain effective piano parts. Contemporary audiences of classical music would find the piano writing of these works (not to mention the works in their entirety) to be very worthwhile. / School of Music

Introductory: If the relations existing between the Native chiefs and the Colony which Sir George Grey found on his arrival are to be fully understood, a brief consideration of Cathcart’s policy and Frontier settlement is necessary. When Cathcart came out as Governor in 1852, he found the rebel chief Sandile, with associate chieftans’ and large bands of followers, still occupying their locations in the Amatola ranges. From this haunt no force had as yet been able to drive them. During the series of skirmishes known as the Eighth Kaffir War, their first crop of Indian corn was destroyed so early in the season as to allow of a second crop springing up. This unusual phenomenon inspired prophet Umlangeni to claim that he had worked a miracle. Fortunately later reverses and the expulsion of Sanailli from his mountain fastness discredited this thoughtful opportunist. Sandilli, as paramount chief of the Gaikas, might have held and influential position in the councils of the Kaffrarian chiefs, that he did not hold such a position, was due, in Charles Brownlee’s opinion, to his timid and suspicious nature and to the fact that his mental capacity was ‘hardly above mediocrity’. He was unable to fight owing to lameness, and he lacked ‘sufficient’ resciution and strength of mind to resist the evil influence of the bad advisers, nevertheless he could be obstinate and he never, to the end of his life, gave up on the idea of getting back to this old locations in the Amatolas. Macomo with some three thousand followers had likewise evaded all attempts to turn him out of this haunts in the mountain range. He, together with his associate the Tambookie chief Quesha, and diverse rebel Hotttentots, indulged in the frequent marauding forays into the surrounding country. Macomo was the eldest of Gaika’s sons and was “allowed by all to be the greatest politician and best warrior in Kaffraria’. During the minority of Sandilli Macomo had acted as his regent and had attained great influence over the tribe; this he afterwards lost for he moved to the neighbourhood of Fort Beaufort, where in a state of intoxication most of this time was passed. He had in Brownlee’s opinion, done more mischief in the war than any other chief. Great jealously was felt between Macomo and Sandilli, especially on the part of the former; this was shown through the cattle killing period in his efforts to involve Sandilli, while attempting to keep on the right side of the Government himself. Further south, indeed within the Colony itself, such petty chiefs as Seyolo and Botman, lurking in the Fish River bush, and the Keiskamma kloofs, rendered the main road dangerous, and even succeeded, for a time, in completely cutting the ling of communication between Kingwilliamstown and Grahamstown.