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The Swedish curriculum regarding upper secondary education defines that in 2022, “sexuality, consent and relationships”, will have a greater impact in the curriculum and in the education than earlier. It is the school’s responsibility that each student gather knowledge within this subject. Each teacher should also discuss with the students how notions regarding what is considered female and male, defines and affects individuals’ opportunities.  This study will investigate how friends during the years 1880-1920 in Västergötland, communicated norms and values regarding gender, sexuality, marriage, and relationships. The results are based on four collections of letters, written by young adults to their friends. The sources are analysed through discourse analysis and discussed with Connell’s gender theory and earlier research within the field.  The results show that the young letter writers give expression to norms regarding marriage, and most of them claim that marriage is a natural way of life. The result also show that marriage is not always the purpose of relationships among the young adults, and that life can be enjoyed without a partner. The letters show how norms regarding what is considered male, and female are defined and redefined through interaction among the friends and that power relations regarding gender are quite equal among the youth during this time.

MARTINS, Hévila de Lima. Lazareto de Jacarecanga e da Lagoa Funda: varíola, poder e assistência na cidade de Fortaleza (1820-1880). 2013. 171f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em História, Fortaleza (CE), 2013 / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-01-09T14:33:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-HLMARTINS.pdf: 1251825 bytes, checksum: adda7fa65edbc4ab50e8364b785bbb97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-01-09T15:06:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-HLMARTINS.pdf: 1251825 bytes, checksum: adda7fa65edbc4ab50e8364b785bbb97 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-01-09T15:06:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-HLMARTINS.pdf: 1251825 bytes, checksum: adda7fa65edbc4ab50e8364b785bbb97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / We aim in this dissertation to analyze the constitution, the structure, the operation, the purpose and the implications of the social urban environment expressed in Jacarecanga and Lagoa Funda’s lazarettos, in the nineteenth century, in Fortaleza city. Our purpose consists of developing a study focused on the lazarettos as a place of isolation for individuals affected by smallpox. In this sense we also discuss the practice and the interventions done to stop the smallpox dissemination within the urban environment. We aim to understand how relationship, discourse and practice were established in relation to the people infected by smallpox and to their isolation within the lazarettos as a preventive measure. Understanding the experience with smallpox in the city, represented by the existence of lazareto, implies in investigate the issues associated to urban life in Fortaleza, to its residents, to healing practices and to the everyday life. / Objetiva-se nessa dissertação desenvolver uma análise relativa a constituição, estrutura, finalidade e implicações no meio social e urbano dos lazaretos da Jacarecanga e da Lagoa Funda, na cidade de Fortaleza, no século XIX. Nesse sentido, é desenvolvido um estudo voltado ao funcionamento dos lazaretos como espaço de isolamento destinado a indivíduos acometidos de varíola. Diante dessa perspectiva, são debatidas práticas e intervenções voltadas a conter a disseminação da varíola no meio urbano. Visando, assim, entender o modo como se estabeleciam as relações, os discursos e as práticas em relação aos variolosos e os motivos de seus isolamentos nos lazaretos como medida preventiva cautelar. Por fim, busca-se compreender a experiência com a varíola em Fortaleza, vivenciada nesses ambientes públicos, investigando questões associadas a vida urbana, ao cotidiano e às práticas de cura na Cidade.

CHAVES, Elisgardênia de Oliveira. Viver e morrer: uma análise sobre a cofiguração sócio-familiar na freguesia de Limoeiro-CE, (1870 a 1880). 2009. 184 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-ce, 2009. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-25T12:30:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Dis_EOChaves.pdf: 2421714 bytes, checksum: af12bd8c1518a451904fe2c38af985f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-27T12:35:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Dis_EOChaves.pdf: 2421714 bytes, checksum: af12bd8c1518a451904fe2c38af985f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-27T12:35:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Dis_EOChaves.pdf: 2421714 bytes, checksum: af12bd8c1518a451904fe2c38af985f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Living and dying: an analysis of the socio-family configuration in parish of the Limoeiro – CE (1870 to 1880) is a study to understand the characteristics of building population and the types and forms of family organization more present in this society. In the decade of 1870, the configuration of socio-family in the parish of Limoeiro do Norte was characterized by higher rate of the free people in relation to the slaves, by higher rate of the brown people in relation to white people and higher rate of white people in relation to black people. The division by gender was characterized by a small majority for men. This social diversity was felt also in the family organization, which forms over the concept and ideal of marriage ranged from nuclear families, matrifocal and extensive. The religious and economics precepts influenced in the selection or rejection of same months to perform the marriage, the conceptions, the births and the baptisms. The die of the people by multiple factors occurred primarily on children up to seven years old and it was remarkably increased during the drought of 1877-1879. Altogether the Christian sacraments permeated highlights around the life and the death of the limoeirense society. / Viver e morrer: uma análise sobre a configuração sócio-familiar na freguesia de Limoeiro – CE, (1870 a 1880) é um estudo que visa compreender as características da constituição populacional, bem como as tipologias e formas de organização familiar mais presentes nessa sociedade. Na década de 1870, a configuração sócio-familiar da freguesia de Limoeiro caracterizava-se por um índice muito superior de livres em relação aos escravos, de pardos sobre brancos e destes sobre negros. A divisão por sexo se fazia por uma pequena maioria para os homens. Essa pluralidade social se fez sentir também na organização familiar, cujas formas excederam a noção ideal de matrimônio e variaram entre famílias nuclear, matrifocal e extensas. Os preceitos de ordem religiosa e econômica influenciaram nas escolhas ou recusas por determinados meses para a realização das nupcialidades, concepções, natalidades e batismos. A morte com causas múltiplas incidiu-se principalmente sobre crianças com até sete anos de idade e elevou-se extraordinariamente durante a seca de 1877-1879. De modo geral, os sacramentos cristãos permeavam passagens importantes da sociedade limoeirense, em torno da vida e da morte.

Louis Cahuzac was one of the most sought-after clarinetists in the first half of the twentieth century. He was also highly respected as a conductor, as a teacher, and as a composer of music for the clarinet. The selections performed and discussed in the lecture depict Cahuzac's use of simple compositional forms and procedures which blend the expressive capability of the clarinet with its technical potential.

The Transvaal Colony experienced a huge problem with the scarcity of African labour for the mines and for the farms after the South African War. From 1901 to 1906 African labourers displayed great reluctance to meet the labour demands of the Transvaal colony. Both black and white witnesses to the Transvaal Labour Commission (TLC) and the South African Native Affairs Commission (SANAC) gave their views regarding the reasons why African labourers were unavailable for wage labour. The Chamber of Mines dominated the proceedings of the TLC so that in the end very little objective information could be gained from the TLC. Africans themselves, testifying before SANAC stated a number of grievances which might have been responsible for the widespread withdrawal from employment on the mines. It became clear that Africans preferred to work independently rather than to provide labour for whites who ill-treated them. This they could only do if land was available to them. / History / M.A. (History)

The Transvaal Colony experienced a huge problem with the scarcity of African labour for the mines and for the farms after the South African War. From 1901 to 1906 African labourers displayed great reluctance to meet the labour demands of the Transvaal colony. Both black and white witnesses to the Transvaal Labour Commission (TLC) and the South African Native Affairs Commission (SANAC) gave their views regarding the reasons why African labourers were unavailable for wage labour. The Chamber of Mines dominated the proceedings of the TLC so that in the end very little objective information could be gained from the TLC. Africans themselves, testifying before SANAC stated a number of grievances which might have been responsible for the widespread withdrawal from employment on the mines. It became clear that Africans preferred to work independently rather than to provide labour for whites who ill-treated them. This they could only do if land was available to them. / History / M. A. (History)

Esta tesis versa sobre el nacionalismo femenino de fines del siglo XIX, en la figura de la escritora tacneña Carolina Freyre de Jaimes, expresado meses previos a la Ocupación de Lima, en el marco de la guerra que confrontó Perú contra Chile. Desde el diario La Patria en su columna la “Revista de Lima”, con una retórica nacionalista y conservadora, Freyre arengó como un caudillo al contingente de mujeres, ancianos y niños acantonado en la capital ante la inminente batalla que se libraría en defensa de Lima. Su repertorio, composiciones discursivas en clave maternal, recurrió a la provocación emocional de la naturaleza femenina para salvaguardar a la patria y a la familia invocando victorias pasadas; y en clave nacionalista pretendió movilizar a la población con el estímulo sectario de resentimiento y venganza. El estudio se desarrolla en dos capítulos. El primero, propone conocer a la mujer patriota y emprendedora, ante la escasa y ambigua información existente sobre la escritora. En el segundo, a través de su retórica discursiva, por un lado develamos a la mujer patriota y maternal como Ángel del hogar; apuntalando al líder Nicolás de Piérola en ese año conflictivo; tranquilizando a la población e incitando a las mujeres a curar a los heridos para volverlos a la guerra. Por otro lado, su manifiesto nacionalismo, impetuoso y ardiente nos muestra el rostro del Ángel de la guerra que impela a los peruanos a continuar en la lucha y enfrentar al enemigo por la patria. Seguimos una aproximación cronológica y temática. Considerando los contenidos políticos, sociales y económicos, del discurso de la escritora, nos basamos en el análisis de las citas textuales que explica la naturaleza interpretativa de nuestro estudio el cual respaldamos con fuentes primarias y secundarias, documentales y periódicas. / Tesis

The Transvaal Colony experienced a huge problem with the scarcity of African labour for the mines and for the farms after the South African War. From 1901 to 1906 African labourers displayed great reluctance to meet the labour demands of the Transvaal colony. Both black and white witnesses to the Transvaal Labour Commission (TLC) and the South African Native Affairs Commission (SANAC) gave their views regarding the reasons why African labourers were unavailable for wage labour. The Chamber of Mines dominated the proceedings of the TLC so that in the end very little objective information could be gained from the TLC. Africans themselves, testifying before SANAC stated a number of grievances which might have been responsible for the widespread withdrawal from employment on the mines. It became clear that Africans preferred to work independently rather than to provide labour for whites who ill-treated them. This they could only do if land was available to them. / History / M.A. (History)

The Transvaal Colony experienced a huge problem with the scarcity of African labour for the mines and for the farms after the South African War. From 1901 to 1906 African labourers displayed great reluctance to meet the labour demands of the Transvaal colony. Both black and white witnesses to the Transvaal Labour Commission (TLC) and the South African Native Affairs Commission (SANAC) gave their views regarding the reasons why African labourers were unavailable for wage labour. The Chamber of Mines dominated the proceedings of the TLC so that in the end very little objective information could be gained from the TLC. Africans themselves, testifying before SANAC stated a number of grievances which might have been responsible for the widespread withdrawal from employment on the mines. It became clear that Africans preferred to work independently rather than to provide labour for whites who ill-treated them. This they could only do if land was available to them. / History / M. A. (History)