"Thèse en cotutelle" / Si certains héritiers de la phénoménologie ont cherché à libérer l’apparaître des normes qui lui étaient imposées, il en allait autrement chez Husserl. Les normes étaient d’abord appliquées aux visées de sens elles-mêmes, lesquelles étaient dites « correctes » ou « incorrectes ». Autre façon de dire que la phénoménologie ne pouvait faire l’économie des normes : point de description sans prescription, et sans prescription à la description. Dire que le projet phénoménologique est essentiellement descriptif, c’est cependant admettre que les normes s’y tiennent en retrait. Le premier défi d’une phénoménologie des normes est donc de les mettre au jour. De plus, en son versant critique, la phénoménologie des normes doit justifier notre droit de les poser et de les appliquer normativement. À ce titre, elle sera une phénoménologie du caractère normatif des normes. Suivant les traces de Husserl, nous considèrerons d’abord les enjeux normatifs liés à la logique, puis les autres normes reconnues par lui. Ces normes étant assimilées à l’obtention d’une évidence ou d’un certain type d’évidence, elles avaient toutes un usage théorique. Nous ferons cependant l’hypothèse que certaines normes peuvent avoir un usage pratique. Cette hypothèse se heurtera à un obstacle de taille chez Husserl, qui proposait de justifier les devoirs pratiques grâce aux valeurs et non par les normes. Déconstruisant chacun des présupposés normatifs ayant conduit Husserl à recourir aux valeurs en éthique, nous paverons la voie à une éthique phénoménologique, normative et suspensive. Mots-clés : phénoménologie, Edmund Husserl, normativité, normes, logique normative, éthique, valeurs, volonté, action, devoir. / If some of phenomenology’s heirs sought to free that which appears from the norms imposed upon it, it was not Husserl’s main concern. He applied norms foremost to sense itself, which was then said to be « correct » or « incorrect ». This was another way of saying that phenomenology could not avoid norms : no description without prescription, and without prescription to description. To say that the phenomenological project is essentially descriptive is to admit that norms keep out of the limelight in phenomenology. The first challenge of a phenomenology of norms is therefore to shine a spot upon them. Moreover, in its critical orientation, a phenomenology of norms must justify our right to posit and apply them normatively. As such, it is a phenomenology of the normative character of norms. Following Husserl’s reflection, I will first consider the normative stakes linked to logic and then the other norms he recognized. As norms were assimilated to evidence or to some type of evidence, they all had a theoretical use. I will assume, however, that some norms may have a practical function. This hypothesis will encounter a major obstacle, as Husserl proposed to justify practical ougths by means of values instead of norms. By deconstructing each of the normative presuppositions that led Husserl to rely on values in ethics, I will pave the way for a phenomenological, normative and suspensive ethic. Keywords : phenomenology, Edmund Husserl, normativity, norms, normativ logic, ethic, values, will, action, ought.

L'amour de la sagesse impose à la connaissance rationnelle de trouver ses propres assises et celles-ci, depuis l'oracle delphique, ne peuvent émerger clairement que d'un repli radical et critique du je sur lui-même, hors de la turbulance du Monde. À ce titre, l'intentionnalité réflexive dans la phénoménologie de Husserl se dévoile comme fondation possible, à la fois originaire et ultime, de toute connaissance pouvant être jugée certaine. Cependant, l'Homme vit dans le monde, il ne se réduit pas en la sublimation d'un pur ego. Comment pourra-t-il espérer connaître le Monde s'il en est partie prenante? Comment pourra-t-il espérer connaître Autrui si ce dernier peut aussi se mettre en marge du Monde? Et Soi-même? Il nous semble que seul l'Amour bien compris nous permette d'unir réellement tant l'immanence que la transcendance, au sein de la subjectivité connaissante. Tout notre présent effort tend à l'harmonisation concrète de la subjectivité et de la connaissance véritable.

Même si sa temporalité implique une diversité de ses expériences, le sujet admet aussi une unité temporelle de ses expériences dispersées. Comment se donne en propre cette unité temporelle? Edmund Husserl a surtout décrit la constitution unitaire du cours des vécus par le simple écoulement continu et en recouvrement du flux de la conscience. En plus de souligner l'aspect aporétique de cette constitution par et dans la seule conscience, Paul Ricoeur a aussi cherché à constituer la temporalité unitaire du sujet en montrant comment cette unification devait se faire par sa saisie médiatisée et reflexive dans l'histoire d'une vie. Cette solution indique un renouvellement possible de cette question dans la phénoménologie husserlienne, puisque Husserl qualifie d'« histoire d'une vie » l'unité temporelle de l'ego personnel ressaisie dans la réflexion. Cette histoire redouble cependant une unité de l'ego personnel déjà constituée par l'association et dans ses motivations et ses habitudes.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction From the postmodern ethical perspective [the postmodernist would say Jrom the ethical perspective], there is something suspicious and inherently unethical in a system of ethics supported by a comprehensive, cohesive and universal metanarrative, a set of fixed and unbending ethical rules and laws, without the ready possibility of revision [Cilliers, 1998, pp.114, 137-140; Cilliers, 2001, p. 3; Cilliers, 1995, p.125]. Based on the ideas of especially Winkler [1993, pp. 343-365] I have concluded that contemporary mainstream biomedical ethics, represented and directed by the work of Beauchamp and Childress [1994] are caught in such a crush. The primary objective of this assignment is to evaluate the 'principles' of biomedical ethics [respect Jar autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice] which were developed in their water-shed publication [Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford University Press, first published in 1979, and now in a fifth edition, 2002] against a background of postmodern ethics. Methodology and conclusions I have argued that Beauchamp and Childress' conception of principlism is a contextual legalistic-philosophical response to the contemporary American situation, developed primarily from legal decisions [often litigation]. It may be regarded as acceptable practice guidelines, but represents a system of ethics without morality. I have given a concise rendering of Winkler's notion of context-based bioethics with the criticism that this also does not guarantee morality. Following that, there is a description of postmodern society in terms of complexity theory. I have indicated how the characteristics of complexity can be developed and applied contextually in bioethics. The postmodern moral society is the locus where morality develops in a non-controllable agonistic interactive process within which the postmodern moral agent unintentionally finds himself. The postmodern ethical position is not an unethical, come-as-you-may anything-goes position; it simply is not predictable, controllable, universal, rational [in a Kantian context] and eternal. Modernity, it can be argued exhibits a far greater degree of relativism. The postmodern ethical position represents a return to morality in ethics, morality of a very personal, face-to-face responsibility from which we as participants of society cannot hide. From a postmodern ethical perspective, an analysis of principlism and its underlying principles exhibits the characteristics of modernity: eternal moral rules which as such cannot be presented as morality. I have acknowleged Beauchamp and Childress' attempts at adding morality to their conception [in the 4th edition] by means of employing character ethics. They have nevertheless not made any radical changes in the format of their presentation and maintain the central and primary role of principles. I have also argued the limitations of the postmodern approach in terms of enclaves of strictly controlled modernity and artificial witholding of information in medicine which limit the free flow of information essential to the postmodern approach. My conception of complexity and the postmodern approach do not pretend to be a panacea for biomedical ethics. It attempts to redefine the meaning of morality in bioethics and questions the unbridled application of this conception of principIism. Finally I have discussed the burning issue of justice in the practice of medicine from the postmodern perspective. Do I as a person have a right to health care; what are the moral issues of dealing with 'life's lotteries'; what is the state's responsibility in health care, and: what are my personal responsibilities in health care? In contradistinction to libertarian concepts, the postmodern approach clearly argues in favour of the acceptance by the state of its role in health care [a responsibility abrogated in many societies, none more so than contemporary South-African society]. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding Daar IS uit die perspektief van die postmoderne etiese standpunt [die postmodernis sou sê, uit die etiese perspektiej], iets verdags, iets inherent oneties aan 'n sisteem van etiek wat 'n enkele goed omskrewe, kohese en omvattende universele metanarratief voorhou, 'n stel vaste en onbuigsame etiese reëls en wette voorskryf en afdwing sonder om konteks en gevolge te oorweeg, en sonder die geredelike moontlikheid van revisie [Cilliers, 1998, pp.114, 137-140; Cilliers, 2001, p. 3; Cilliers, 1995, p.125]. Dit is, n.a.v. die denke van veral Winkler [1993, pp. 343-365] my oortuiging dat die hoofstroom-denke in biomediese etiek in so 'n drukgang vasgevang is, en verteenwoordig word en gerig is deur die denke van Beauchamp en Childress [1994]. Hierdie werkstuk gaan in hoofsaak daarom om Beauchamp en Childress se toepassing van die beginsels van biomediese etiek soos sedert 1979 in hul waterskeidingsboek 'Principles of Biomedical Ethics' [Vierde uitgawe, Oxford University Press, 1994; daar is nou ook 'n vyfde, 2002] uiteengesit, ontwikkel, bespreek en gepropageer [respek vir outonomie, weldadigheid, non-kwaadwilligheid en geregtigheid] teen die agtergrond van 'n postmoderne etiese beskouing te evalueer. Metodologie en gevolgtrekkings Ek het in hierdie werkstuk aangetoon dat Beauchamp en Childress se weergawe van prinsiplisme 'n kontekstuele wetlik-filosofiese reaksie op die kontemporêre Amerikaanse situasie is, hoofsaaklik uit regsaksie [dikwels litigasie] voortvloei, as goeie praktyksriglyne beredeneer kan word maar etiek sonder moraliteit verteenwoordig. Ek het 'n kort uiteensetting van Winkler se weergawe van 'n konteks-gebaseerde benadering gegee, maar aangetoon dat ook dit nie moraliteit waarborg nie. Daarop het ek 'n beskrywing van die postmoderne samelewing n.a.v. kompleksiteitsteorie gegee, en aangetoon hoe die eienskappe van kompleksiteit kontekstueelontwikkel kan word om in bioetiek toegepas te word. Die postmoderne gepostuleerde morele gemeenskap is die lokus waar moraliteit ontstaan deur 'n onbeheerbare agonistiese proses van interaktiewe wisselwerking waarby die postmoderne morele agent homself onwillekeurig betrokke vind. Die postmoderne etiese posisie is nie onetiese, lukraak, doen-soos-jy-wil relativisme nie; dit is bloot nie 'n voorspelbare, ewige, beheerbare, universele en [Kantiaans-] rasionele sisteem nie; moderniteit is [was?] in effek veel meer relativisties. Die postmoderne etiese standpunt verteenwoordig in my interpretasie 'n terugkeer tot moraliteit in etiek, moraliteit van 'n persoonlike, ingrypende, verantwoordelike aangesigtot- aangesig aard waaraan ons nie kan ontkom nie. Vanuit 'n postmoderne etiese perspektief het ek 'n analise van prinsiplisme en die individuele beginsels gemaak, en aangetoon dat hulle die eienskappe van die 'ewige morele reëls' van moderniteit openbaar en nie sonder meer as morele beredenering voorgehou kan word nie. Ek het erkenning gegee aan Beauchamp en Childress se eie pogings om dit te besweer deur karakteretiek as 'n essensiële tot hul formule toe te voeg, maar die kritiek uitgespreek dat hulle desnieteenstaande hierdie belangrike erkenning, nie bereid is om die formaat van hul aanbieding [ook in die jongste vyfde uitgawe, 2002] radikaal te wysig nie. Hulle oorbeklemtoon die beginsels steeds as sentraal en primêr. Terselfdertyd het ek die beperkings van die postmoderne benadering uitgelig, veral in terme van enklawes van streng-beheerde moderniteit in geneeskunde en 'n kunsmatige weerhouding van die vrye vloei van informasie wat kompleksiteit en die postmoderne situasie kenmerk. My konsepsie hou nie kompleksiteit en 'n postmoderne benadering voor as 'n panakeia vir biomediese etiek nie; dit dien eerder om die betekenis van moraliteit in bioetiek te herdefinieer en die kontemporêre algemene en ongekwalifseerde toepassing van hierdie weergawe van prinsiplisme te bevraagteken. Laastens het ek die brandende vraag van geregtigheid in die praktyk van geneeskunde vanuit 'n postmoderne perspektief bespreek, veral of ek as persoon kan aanspraak maak op 'n reg tot gesondheidsorg, die morele implikasies van 'life's lotteries', die staat se verantwoordelikheid in gesondheidsorg en les bes, persoonlike verantwoordelikheid in gesondheidsorg. Dit is duidelik dat 'n postmoderne benadering tot bioetiek, in teenstelling met libertêre konsepsies, die staat se rol in gesondheidsorg onderskryf ['n rol wat die staat byna universeel, en veral in Suid-Afrika, verwaarloos].

This investigation sought to compare the transcription techniques of two pianist-composers, Godowsky and Liszt, using three Schubert lieder as examples. The lieder were "Das Wandern" from Die Schöne Müllerin, "Gute Nacht" from Winterreise, and "Liebesbotschaft" from Schwanengesang. They were compared using four criteria: tonality, counterpoint, timbral effects, and harmony. Liszt, following a practice common in the nineteenth century, was primarily concerned with bringing new music into the home of the domestic pianist. The piano transcription was the most widely used and successful medium for accomplishing this. Liszt also frequently transcribed pieces of a particular composer in order to promulgate them by featuring them in his recitals. The Schubert lieder fall into this category. Liszt did not drastically alter the original in these compositions. Indeed, in the cases of "Liebesbotschaft" and "Das Wandern," very little alteration beyond the incorporation of the melody into the piano accompaniment, occurs.Godowsky, in contrast, viewed the transcription as a vehicle for composing a new piece. He intended to improve upon the original by adding his own inspiration to it. Godowsky was particularly ingenious in adding counterpoint, often chromatic, to the original. Examples of Godowsky's use of counterpoint can be found in "Das Wandern" and "Gute Nacht." While Liszt strove to remain faithful to Schubert's intentions, Godowsky exercised his ingenuity at will, being only loosely concerned with the texture and atmosphere of the lieder. "Gute Nacht" and "Liebesbotschaft" are two examples that show how far afield Godowsky could stray from the original by the addition of chromatic voicing and counterpoint. Godowsky*s compositions can be viewed as perhaps the final statement on the possibilities of piano writing in the traditional sense. As such these works deserve to be investigated and performed.

The dissertation "History of newspaper publishing in Trutnov County between the second half of 19th century until 1938" is focused on the development of written journalism in Trutnov region since 1948 till the Munich Conference (29th - 30/9/1938). The thesis also reflects the period's wider theoretic and socio-historic context. Due to demographic characteristics of the region the dissertation also considers the issue of Czech-German coexistence and the changes in the mutual relationship among these nations in the border area. The dissertation also includes picture references taken from chosen newspapers. The reason for this is to give the reader a notion of the period regional newspapers.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (History of Art), March 2017 / Within this research report, I explore how the (re-)integration of writing and photography enhances an understanding of the role of the personal within documentary practices. I focus on a portion of the Frobenius Archive as my case study, specifically the documents produced during the five-week Natal leg of the ninth expedition in early 1929. The German Leo Frobenius (b.1873–d.1938) was a primarily self-taught Africanist ethnographer, who had an interdisciplinary practice that blurred the boundaries between anthropology, archaeology and history. He conducted a total of twelve expeditions within Africa between 1904 and 1935, and his objective on these expeditions was to record ways of life that he felt were vulnerable to changes due to modernity. The documents collected during the Natal leg consist of field notes, photographs, hand-drawn pictures and diary entries. The field notes comprise of a set of eleven rock art site descriptions that have been constructed by the three artists: Maria Weyersberg, Elisabeth Mannsfeld and Agnes Schulz. Weyersberg’s diary entries provide a more impressionistic set of notes, tracking the day-today unfolding of their journey (but with many gaps). The subject matter of the photographs ranges from the rock art sites and the landscapes these sites are a part of, to the people they encountered along the way. I engaging with the concept of writing, particularly through the example of Weyersberg’s personal diaries, and the ways in which these entries relate to the photographs, creating a space in between where the personal relationships would have played themselves out. Within this research report I demonstrate that writing and photography can be brought back together in order to restore something of the original encounter and that this (re-)integration offers an opportunity for a new dialogue and a new understanding to be achieved. / MT2018

This study provides a genre analysis of Janet Reno's apologia in response to the Mt. Carmel disaster. Discussions of the events leading up to the crisis, Reno's rhetorical response, and relevant situational constraints and exigencies are provided.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GIANNA FILGUEIRAS MOHANA PINHEIRO.pdf: 1863971 bytes, checksum: 9f1a077f29716c625ee3dd8453e8aa72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-27 / This is a qualitative study which has as objective reflecting about the psychic organization of sexuality in nine-year-old children. For that, it was used the Drawing-and-Story Procedure (D-E), a technique for a clinical investigation of personality, introduced by Walter Trinca in 1972. Ten children at the age of nine took part of the research, among them five girls and five boys, from a private school in São Luís, Maranhão. The interpretation of clinical material, obtained through the Drawing-and-Story Procedure was accomplished from a psychoanalysis theoretical reference. By analyzing the drawings and stories from each child, we tried to investigate: a) traces of early erotization; b) the ego´s solidity to deal with the pulsional demands; c) the existence of a psychodynamism that characterizes an early adolescence; d) the usage of a repression mechanism in an appropriate intensity or characteristic of latency period. The results obtained in this research revealed traces of early erotization only in one of the children observed. On the other hand, the analysis of the Drawing-and-Story Procedure disclosured that the children use the mechanism of repression to avoid the intense anguish they would live if genital sexual estimulations invaded the ego at this moment of development. The children reveal that sexuality might be lived in a destructive way since the ego in this period of life doesn t have capacity to elaborate the abrupt appearing of genital sexual estimulations. It was possible to verify, as well, that the early erotization might cause difficulties related to capacity of learning and capacity of thinking in children which has as consequence the replacement of thought by acting out. The early erotization in nine-year-old children would implicate, on the other side, difficulties in ego´s preparation to deal with characteristic conflicts of adolescence. This study shows that each phase of development must be lived with their appropriated characteristics. It was confirmed the value, already noticed in other researches, of the Drawing-and-Story Procedure, in clinical diagnosis and also as intermediation in the contact with children / Este é um estudo qualitativo que tem como objetivo refletir sobre a organização psíquica da sexualidade em crianças de nove anos. Para tanto, foi utilizado o Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias (D-E), técnica de investigação clínica da personalidade, introduzida por Walter Trinca em 1972. Esta pesquisa contou com a participação de dez crianças de nove anos, sendo cinco meninas e cinco meninos, de uma escola particular em São Luís do Maranhão. A interpretação do material clínico, obtido por meio do Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias, foi realizada a partir do referencial teórico da psicanálise. Ao analisar os desenhos e as estórias de cada criança procurou-se investigar: a) indícios de erotização precoce; b) a solidez do ego para lidar com as demandas pulsionais; c) a existência de um psicodinamismo que caracterizasse uma adolescência precoce; d) a utilização do mecanismo de repressão na intensidade própria ou característica do período de latência. Os resultados obtidos nessa pesquisa revelaram indícios de erotização precoce em apenas uma das crianças estudadas. Por outro lado, a análise do D-E, revelou que as crianças empregam a repressão para evitar a intensa angústia que viveriam se os estímulos sexuais genitais invadissem o ego nesse momento do desenvolvimento. As crianças revelam que a sexualidade poderia ser vivida de uma forma destrutiva , uma vez que o ego nesta fase da vida não tem capacidade para elaborar o surgimento abrupto de estímulos sexuais genitais. Foi possível verificar também, que a erotização precoce poderia acarretar dificuldades relacionadas com as capacidades de aprender e de pensar tendo como conseqüência a substituição do pensamento pela atuação. A erotização precoce em crianças de nove anos implicaria, de outro lado, em dificuldades na preparação do ego para lidar com os conflitos característicos da adolescência. Esse estudo mostra que cada fase de desenvolvimento deve ser vivida com suas características próprias. Confirmou-se o valor ,já evidenciado em outros trabalhos, do Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias, no diagnóstico clinico e também como mediador no contato com as crianças