MA, Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, 1989

This dissertation is a study of the early 20th-century Pan-Islamist reform movement in Bosnia-Herzegovina, tracing its origins and trans-imperial development with a focus on the years 1901-1914. Its central figure is the theologian and print entrepreneur Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević (1870-1938), who returned to his Austro-Hungarian-occupied home province from extended studies in the Ottoman lands at the start of this period with an ambitious agenda of communal reform. Čaušević’s project centered on tying his native land and its Muslim inhabitants to the wider “Islamic World”—a novel geo-cultural construct he portrayed as a viable model for communal modernization. Over the subsequent decade, he and his followers founded a printing press, standardized the writing of Bosnian in a modified Arabic script, organized the country’s Ulema, and linked these initiatives together in a string of successful Arabic-script, Ulema-led, and theologically modernist print publications. By 1914, Čaušević’s supporters even brought him to a position of institutional power as Bosnia-Herzegovina’s Reis-ul-Ulema (A: raʾīs al-ʿulamāʾ), the country’s highest Islamic religious authority and a figure of regional influence between two empires. Methodologically, the project functions on two primary levels. The first is a close reading of the reform movement’s multilingual and multi-scriptural periodical press and publishing scene, situating this fin-de-siècle Muslim print culture in its late imperial and trans-regional context. The second is a prosopographical approach to the polyglot generation of writers and theologians who stood behind it, emphasizing networks of collaboration, education, and kinship that tied them both to the wider world and previous generations of Bosnian scholars. The dissertation ultimately argues that Čaušević and his movement emerged from and represented a locally grounded tradition of Muslim cosmopolitan reform, which insisted on religious instruction in the Bosnian vernacular not at the expense of the classical languages of higher Islamic learning or the Ottoman (and later Habsburg) imperial order, but rather as a foundation that would enable Muslims to pursue the former and buttress the latter as well. In making this case, the project contributes to the wider historiography on empires and nationalism in Eastern and Southeast Europe, reconsidering the role of multilingualism in imperial demise and moving beyond the prevailing top-down focus on Muslims and other ethno-religious minorities as beleaguered subjects of nationalizing states. At the same time, it serves as a Bosnian case study for outstanding concerns in global Islamic intellectual history, arguing that the late and post-Ottoman Balkans played an active and underappreciated role in the formation of transnational Pan-Islamist thought during the late imperial period.

las Meditaciones cartesianas tienen como idea guía la fundamentación absoluta de la ciencia. A esta idea se subordina la teoría de la evidencia o validez que Husserl desarrolla en esta obra. Así, la “Quinta meditación” está dedicada al tema de la constitución de la intersubjetividad trascendental, pues en el caso de la validez de las ciencias no es suficiente la subjetividad trascendental como correlato; son necesarias las experiencias reales y posibles de todos los sujetos constituyentes del sentido y validez. / Tesis

Nuestra investigación no solo revisa el contenido implícito en la categoría Sumac Kawsay, la cual implica el holismo cósmico, el respeto por el ecosistema, el equilibrio y el flujo de las recursos naturales y de más elementos, sino además nos es necesario establecer la revisión fenomenológica de este concepto andino en relación a la fenomenología intercultural, desarrollada en la primer capítulo “Mundo de la Vida, cultura e interculturalidad en la fenomenología de E. Husserl”, y en relación al pensamiento intercultural latinoamericano expuesto en nuestro segundo capítulo “La interculturalidad de la filosofía en perspectiva latinoamericana”. Por este motivo revisaremos los contenidos del Sumac Kawsay según el siguiente criterio: elegiremos un conjunto de categorías implícitas en este concepto andino las cuales se revisarán desde la visión fenomenológica e intercultural. En el tercer capítulo se descubre la analogía entre la noción de naturaleza entendida de modo andino como Pachamama y la experiencia fenomenológica de la tierra concebida no como objeto sino como horizonte y hogar; otra analogía se nos descubre entre el relacionismo cósmico de los seres, concebido así entre las comunidades andinas y no menos las amazónicas, y el relacionismo horizóntico entre los mundos familiares y mundos extraños estudiados por Husserl, los cuales conforman un único “hogar”. A su vez, en la experiencia andina se nos ofrece el relieve del conocimiento ancestral, adquirido a través de múltiples experiencias sensoriales, generación tras generación, y ella es análoga a la visión fenomenológica de la historia en Husserl a través de sus desarrollos genéticos y generativos, donde la habitualidad, la pasividad y la asociación constituyen el fundamento de la tradición, la historia y del conocimiento en general. La tesis descubre en el concepto Sumac Kawsay la presencia del multiperspectivismo. A través del auxilio de estudios antropológicos con dirección postestructuralista, observamos entre las comunidades amerindias esta facultad de ver no sólo una exclusiva realidad sino varias realidades y ello según la posición de experiencia de los individuos. / Our research not only reviews the implicit content in the Sumac Kawsay category, which implies cosmic holism, respect for the ecosystem, balance and the flow of natural resources and more elements, but it is also necessary to establish the phenomenological review of this Andean concept in relation to intercultural phenomenology, developed in the first chapter “World of Life, Culture and Interculturality in the Phenomenology of E. Husserl”, and in relation to Latin American intercultural thought exposed in our second chapter “Interculturality of philosophy in Latin American perspective”. For this reason we will review the contents of the Sumac Kawsay according to the following criteria: we will choose a set of categories implicit in this Andean concept which will be reviewed from the phenomenological and intercultural view. In the third chapter we discover the analogy between the notion of nature understood in an Andean way as Pachamama and the phenomenological experience of the earth conceived not as an object but as a horizon and a home; Another analogy is discovered between the cosmic relationism of beings, conceived as such between the Andean communities and no less the Amazonian, and the horizontal relationism between the familiar worlds and strange worlds studied by Husserl, which make up a single “home”. In turn, in the Andean experience we are offered the relief of ancestral knowledge, acquired through multiple sensory experiences, generation after generation, and it is analogous to the phenomenological vision of history in Husserl through its genetic and generative developments , where the habituality, the passivity and the association constitute the foundation of the tradition, the history and the knowledge in general. The thesis discovers in the Sumac Kawsay concept the presence of multiperspectivism. Through the help of anthropological studies with post-structuralist direction, we observe among Amerindian communities this faculty of seeing not only an exclusive reality but several realities and this according to the position of experience of the individuals. / Tesis

In 1967, the German dealer Konrad Fischer opened his gallery by importing artists rather than their works. The result was a new infrastructure between America and Europe whose parameters defined the art of the 1970s and continue to resonate today. This dissertation considers the origins and ramifications of this shift on the level of market organization and a redefinition of the artistic process in computational terms.

高基存. / 呈交日期: 2004年8月. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2005. / 參考文獻 (p. 181-188). / Cheng jiao ri qi: 2004 nian 8 yue. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in English. / Gao Jicun. / Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. / Can kao wen xian (p. 181-188).

郭靜婷. / "2007年9月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(leaves 112-116). / "2007 nian 9 yue". / Abstract also in English. / Guo Jingting. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 112-116). / 摘要 --- p.2 / Abstract --- p.3 / 目錄 --- p.4 / 胡塞爾原著縮寫表 --- p.6 / 緖論 --- p.7 / Chapter 第一章- --- 胡塞爾超越論觀念論：一些誤解及初部疏理 --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1 --- 導言 / Chapter 1.2 --- 觀念論一般 / Chapter 1.3 --- 胡塞爾現象學的觀念論特色 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- 胡塞爾存在論及知識論並存的觀念論進路 / Chapter 1.4 --- 對胡塞爾現象學的誤會 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- 回到意識是內省 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- 建構即是創造 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- 「自我」作爲疏理胡塞爾哲學誤解的入路 / Chapter 1.5 --- 胡塞爾、康德、柏克萊：胡塞爾的觀念論跟傳統的觀念論的反差 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- 胡塞爾不是柏克萊的主觀觀念論 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- 胡塞爾「超越論觀念論」與康德的「超驗觀念論」 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- 「超絶」（transcendent)在康德及胡塞爾中的使用 / Chapter 1.5.2.2 --- 「超驗」/「超越論」（transcendental)在康德及胡塞爾中的使用 / Chapter 1.6 --- 小結 / Chapter 第二章- --- 從自然態度越出至超越論態度：現象學還原的核心地位 --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1 --- 導言 / Chapter 2.2 --- 現象學還原-自然存在論的逆轉 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 在自然態度下進行的理論活動以及其問題 / Chapter 2.3 --- 現象學還原的兩個局面-世界的否定及世界的顯題式處理 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 現象學還原的基本操作 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 《觀念一》的進路 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- 《危機》的進路 / Chapter 2.4 --- 現象學還原的意義 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 作爲一切事實科學的基礎 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 重新認識吾人置身的世界 / Chapter 2.5 --- 小結 / Chapter 第三章- --- 純粹自我及經驗自我：在純粹意識及肉身中開展的建構 --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1 --- 導言 / Chapter 3.2 --- 純粹自我-意識作爲意義賦予的絶對存在 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 作爲賦予對象及世界意義的絶對存在-「意向性」的考察 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 「超越」對象以及經驗流的構成-「內在時間意識」的考 察 / Chapter 3.3 --- 經驗自我-「肉身」作爲主體性在世界的具體展現 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 「肉身」的初部考察 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 「肉身」與「知覺」 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 「肉身」與空間性的建構 / Chapter 3.4 --- 小結 / Chapter 第四章- --- 客觀世界的建構：自我、交互主體性及世界的關係 --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1 --- 導言 / Chapter 4.2 --- 在世界中的自我-「人格自我」（personal ego) / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 人格主義態度的優先性 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 動機作爲「人格自我」的最大特點 / Chapter 4.3 --- 他人的建構-自我越出個人領域的第一步 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 「他人」問題的重要性 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 「同感」（empathy)作用-《笛卡兒式的沉思錄》的進路 / Chapter 4.4 --- 交互主體性與世界的建構 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- 交互主體性的建構性運作 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- 精神世界的建構 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- 作爲一個共同體的世界 / Chapter 4.5 --- 小結 / 總結 --- p.104 / 中外詞彙對照表〈德、英、中） --- p.109 / 參考書目 --- p.112

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Entre el mes de desembre de 1938 i el de febrer de 1939 es va desenvolupar la darrera gran batalla entre les forces lleials i les rebels, de la guerra civil espanyola. Al novembre de 1938 les tropes republicanes tornen a passar l’Ebre, a les posicions que ocupaven al mes de juliol, finalitzant la batalla iniciada per les forces del GERO, el Grup d’Exèrcits de la Regió Oriental. En aquests moments Catalunya és el més feble dels territoris de la República. Amb les seves unitats militars força gastades pels recents combats al Segre, al Noguera Pallaresa i a l’Ebre. I amb poques possibilitats de rebre reforç de la zona de Madrid o València: impossible per terra i molt difícil per via marítima. Un important objectiu, feble i aïllat de forces amigues. Al Cuartel General del Generalísimo hi ha el propòsit d’iniciar noves operacions en aquest escenari amb un plantejament estratègic organitzat en tres fases. Primer pretenen destruir la capacitat operativa de l’exèrcit enemic. Avançant amb rapidesa cap a l’est superant les dues línies fortificades, entre els Pirineus i la Mediterrània: la L-1 i L-2. Tot seguit caldrà tallar les comunicacions amb França, ocupant la franja territorial de la frontera des del Pallars fins l’Empordà. Barcelona restarà isolada. No podrà resistir massa temps el setge i s’haurà de rendir. El general Franco encomana aquesta missió a les unitats de maniobra de l’Exèrcit del Nord sota comandament del ministre i general Fidel Dávila. Una gran força armada, la més gran de tota la guerra reunida per avançar fins l’ocupació de tota Catalunya. Sis cossos d’exèrcit i més d’un miler de peces d’artilleria. Morters, antitancs, armes automàtiques, blindats... Gairebé tota l’aviació centrada en recolzar l’atac i l’armada amb la missió d’exercir el bloqueig marítim. L’objectiu més feble alhora que força important contra el més fort dels exèrcits. Ben armat i amb una bona proporció de forces de xoc entre les seves files i unitats de veterans que ja saben com fer la guerra. El discurs de la tesi es recolza en la documentació militar escrita per l’exèrcit atacant. Com van pensar, preparar i executar la maniobra. L’alt estat major central escollirà l’escenari de les operacions i prepararà la campanya. I encarregarà a l’Exèrcit del Nord la realització de la maniobra. Aquest organitzarà els seus sis cossos d’exèrcit per complir les ordres de l’alt comandament. Les unitats d’infanteria que els componen informaran de les notícies, dels fets de la jornada. Del que han fet per complir les ordres. Aquestes informacions fan el camí de tornada fins arribar al lloc de comandament central. Segons les novetats rebudes hi haurà noves instruccions, correccions, enhorabones o esbroncades depenent del l’èxit en la batalla. Podem recrear el dia a dia de la campanya militar al llarg de tot el front de guerra a Catalunya en forma de diari. Les notícies dels combats, els moviments de les tropes pel territori, les baixes, presoners i botí de guerra. / Between December 1938 and February 1939 was developed the last big battle between the loyal forces and revels in the framework of the Spanish civil war. In November 1938 the republican troops crossed Ebro River again, recovering to the same positions occupied in July, and ending the battle begun by ORAG’s forces, The Oriental Region’s Armies Group. At those moments Catalonia is the weakest territory under the control of the Republic. Catalonia military units are spoiled because of the recent battles in Segre, Noguera Pallaresa and Ebre areas, and they have few possibilities of receiving reinforcements from Madrid or Valencia areas: impossible by foot and with large difficulties by maritime lines. Spoiled and isolated from their friend forces, these military units were an important war objective. At the Generalísimo Headquarters, the intention is to initiate new operations in this area with a strategic approach, organized in three phases. First, they are going to try to destroy the operative capacity of the enemy. Moving their troops fast to the East and overcoming both strengthened lines between the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean: L-1 and L-2. Afterwards, the communications with France must be cut, occupying the entire border from the Pallars to Empordà area. Due to these operations Barcelona will stay isolated, and won’t be able to resist the siege for a long time. Barcelona will have to come to terms (subdue, give up). General Franco entrusts this mission to North Army units under control of General-minister Fidel Dávila. Those units were the biggest forces assembled during the war, and its aim was to advance up to the total occupation of Catalonia. The force was composed by six army corps and more than one thousand of pieces of artillery. Mortars, antitank and automatic armament, armoured cars…, in addition the whole aviation was focussed in this assault and the navy centred on the maritime blockade. The weakest and most important objective versus the strongest army with many elite corps, volunteers and mercenaries, all of them well trained and experienced. The argument of the thesis is supported by military documentation written by the attacking army. Those documents allow us to know how they thought, prepared and executed the operation. The High Central Commandant will choose the operations scenery and will prepare the military campaign, entrusting it to the North’s Army. The North Army will organise its six army corps to fulfil the orders. Infantry units will inform about the news and daily events of the war. All this information will go back to the Central Commandant, which will take news decisions and orders depending of the evolution of the events. We are able to recreate daily events about Catalonia war phase in the shape of a diary. News of the battles, troop’s movements, soldiers fallen in combat, prisoners and the war earnings captured to the enemy.

Ce mémoire représente l'ensemble de mes réflexions portées sur le phénomène de l'« effet de présence » dans des oeuvres d'art contemporaines. Il s'attache d'abord à la présence elle-même. Avec une approche phénoménologique, j'expose la manière dont la présence de l'Autre être humain se construit dans la perception humaine. Dans un deuxième temps, c'est une réflexion sur l'effet lui-même qui est opérée par l'étude de la religion primitive dite animiste. J'expose ici comment la présence dans les choses inertes s'érige dans l'esprit animiste. Cette réflexion me permet de proposer un éclaircissement sur l'effet de présence dans des oeuvres d'art, sur la manière dont celui-ci opère dans notre perception. Finalement, quatre oeuvres contemporaines (Forty-Part Motet, Janet Cardiff, I Want You to Feel the Way I Do, Jana Sterbak, Too Sweet Go Away, Helen Choe et Lodge, Marianne Corless) sont étudiées selon leur effet de présence. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Phénoménologie, Husserl, Altérité, Présence, Primitif, Animisme, Représentation, Installation, Polysensorialité.