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Les techniques modernes de radiothérapie externe permettent de délivrer précisément la dose à la tumeur. Ce gain en précision se fait cependant au prix de l’irradiation d’un volume plus important de tissus sains alors susceptibles de développer des lésions radio-induites. Aujourd’hui, les risques de complications représentent un enjeu sociétal important, car l’efficacité des traitements permet aux patients une espérance de vie plus longue, augmentant ainsi la probabilité d’effets secondaires à moyen et à long terme. Cependant, l’estimation des risques est conditionnée par une connaissance précise des doses délivrées aux organes sains, directement corrélées aux risques de complications. Ces doses restent encore méconnues, car renseignées de manière incomplète et imprécise par les systèmes de planification de traitement (TPS). Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de la thèse est d’évaluer avec précision les doses délivrées aux tissus sains par les techniques avancées de radiothérapie. D’une part, une étude comparative des doses délivrées aux tissus sains par différentes techniques avancées a été réalisée et, d’autre part, les performances, en termes d’évaluation des doses aux tissus sains des algorithmes des TPS ont été évaluées. Des méthodes numériques et expérimentales ont donc été développées. Tout d’abord, un modèle Monte-Carlo PENELOPE de l’accélérateur Cyberknife a été étendu et validé en 1D et 2D pour l’évaluation des doses hors champ. Ce modèle a ensuite été utilisé pour déterminer les doses délivrées aux tissus sains lors d’un traitement de la région pulmonaire. Cette étude a ainsi permis de fournir des données d’entrée pour les modèles de risque et enfin, de mettre en évidence l’apport en précision de la simulation Monte-Carlo détaillée par rapport au TPS. De plus, un outil expérimental de reconstruction de la dose en 3D à partir de mesures par films radiochromiques a été développé. Un protocole de dosimétrie par gel dosimétrique a également été mis en place. Après validation en 2D et en 3D, l’outil de reconstruction a été mis en œuvre pour comparer les doses délivrées aux tissus sains par trois techniques de radiothérapie (conformationnelle, VMAT et tomothérapie) pour un traitement rénal pédiatrique. Bien que les techniques avancées offrent une excellente conformation, les tissus sains reçoivent des doses jusqu’à 3 fois plus élevées en comparaison avec la radiothérapie conformationnelle. La tomothérapie, disposant d’un blindage supplémentaire, épargne mieux les tissus que le VMAT. Finalement, contrairement à Eclipse™, le TPS de la tomothérapie détermine précisément des doses délivrées jusqu’à 30 cm du champ. / Advanced radiotherapy techniques enable highly conformal dose distribution to the tumor. This higher precision is made at the cost of an increased tissue volume receiving low doses. The exposed organs are then susceptible to develop radio-induced lesions. Nowadays, risks of complications represent an important societal challenge as survival rates are increasing due to treatment efficacy and therefore the risk for a subsequent effect also increases. However, risk assessment requires a precise knowledge of the doses delivered to healthy organs, directly correlated to the risk of complications. Those doses are still unknown as calculated incorrectly by the treatment planning systems (TPS). Within this context, this thesis aims at precisely determining the doses delivered to normal tissues by advanced radiotherapy techniques. On the one hand, a comparative study of the doses delivered by different modern techniques was performed and on the other hand, the performance of the TPS dose computation algorithms was evaluated in terms of healthy tissue doses. Thus, numerical and experimental tools have been developed in this work. First, a PENELOPE Monte-Carlo model of a CyberKnife system has been extended and validated in 1-D and 2-D to determine out-of-field doses. This model was then used to evaluate the doses delivered to healthy tissue by a pulmonary treatment. This study provides requisite dosimetric data to evaluate the risks associated to the treatment and finally, it highlights the important precision of detailed Monte-Carlo simulation in comparison with the TPS. Moreover, an experimental 3-D reconstruction tool was developed thanks to radiochromic film measurements. A protocol of gel dosimetry was also established. After 2-D and 3-D validation, the 3-D tool was applied to compare the doses delivered by three radiotherapy techniques (conformational, VMAT and tomotherapy) in a pediatric renal treatment. While advanced techniques deliver highly conformal dose distribution, the doses to organs located at distance of the target are considerably increased up to a factor 3 in comparison with conformal radiotherapy. The tomotherapy spares the healthy tissues compared to VMAT due to its additional shielding. Finally, unlike Eclipse™, the TPS Tomotherapy enables a precise dose evaluation up to 30 cm from the field edge.

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With the scaling of technology nodes, modern CMOS integrated circuits face severe fundamental challenges that stem from device scaling limitations, interconnection bottlenecks and increasing manufacturing complexities. These challenges drive researchers to look for revolutionary technologies beyond the end of CMOS roadmap. Towards this end, a new nanoscale 3-D computing fabric for future integrated circuits, Skybridge, has been proposed [1]. In this new fabric, core aspects from device to circuit style, connectivity, thermal management and manufacturing pathway are co-architected in a 3-D fabric-centric manner. However, the Skybridge fabric uses only n-type transistors in a dynamic circuit style for logic and memory implementations. Therefore, it requires complicated clocking schemes to overcome signal monotonicity associated with cascading dynamic logic gates. For Skybridge’s large-scale circuits, the dynamic circuit style requires cascaded stages to be micro-pipelined, which results in large number of buffers used for storing minterms causing significant overhead in terms of area and power. Moreover, implementation of logic is limited to NAND or AND-of-NAND based logic expressions, which does not always result in compact circuits. In this work, we propose an extension of original Skybridge fabric, called NP-Dynamic-Skybridge, to solve these challenges by using both n-and p-type transistors in an innovative circuit style. Here, every stage in a given circuit is implemented by either n-type or p-type dynamic logic. Cascading n- and p-type dynamic logic effectively avoids signal monotonicity problem, and allows combinational-like circuit implementation. This helps to simplify the clocking scheme for cascaded logics requiring only one set of global precharge and evaluate clock signals. And also it expands the degree of expressing logic enabling expressions such as NOR, OR-of-NORs, in addition to those previously mentioned. Furthermore, the number of pipeline stages is significantly reduced for a given logic function, and buffer requirements are less compared with Skybridge 3D fabric thus improving on area and power metrics. Initial evaluation for NP-Dynamic-Skybridge’s 4-bit carry look-ahead adder shows up to 2x density benefits over Skybridge 3-D fabric and at least 17% power/throughput benefit.

Recent research and development has resulted in a working prototype of an automated process for manufacturing IsoTruss® and other innovative open lattice composite structures which yields faster, and more predictable and consistent parts, while automatically consolidating individual members. This machine is sufficiently versatile to manufacture any type of open lattice structure fabricated from filamentary composite materials. The objectives of the research in this thesis were two-fold: (1) to validate this new process for making IsoTruss structures; and (2) to measure the compression strength and stiffness of specimens produced on the machine. In order to accomplish the first purpose, various parts were manufactured on this prototype machine, including: a six-node IsoTruss structure with single outer longitudinal members, a three-longitudinal member section of an inner longitudinal IsoTruss structure with consolidated members, and a two-bay IsoTruss panel structure. By creating and running patterns to make these parts, the hypothesis that the machine will make any geometry of IsoTruss structure was validated. The second objective of this research was accomplished by testing the compression strength and stiffness of specimens manufactured with this automated process. Buckling versus compression failure of members was examined by varying member aspect ratios. The effect of intersecting helical members was also explored, as was the effect of changing the number of braiding bobbins used to consolidate members. Testing showed that increasing the number of braiders increases consistency of the braided sleeves and reduces scatter in the results. The ratio of helical to longitudinal tows at a joint is directly related to the percent decrease in member strength at the joint. Compression failure of individual members is the preferred method of failure, because this type of failure absorbs significantly more energy. This research proves that the manufacturing process will produce even the most complex IsoTruss geometries, with the necessary consolidation of individual members. Findings also indicate that a few modifications -- such as improved bobbins, more reliable switches, more accurate pulling system, etc. -- will enable this automated process to produce composite lattice structures with superior mechanical properties.

The flow field of a twin jet impinging on ground plane with and without free-stream and at low jet-height-to-diameter ratios was investigated using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. Detailed, time-averaged flow field data are obtained via the high-resolution and the high-sampling rate instantaneous velocity field that is made available via the PIV technique. A model of twin jet issuing from 0.245m circular plate, with 0.019m jet exit diameter, and with jet span to diameter ratio of 3.0 is placed in a water tunnel with the jets in tandem arrangement with respect to the free-stream. The recently upgraded PIV system, in the ESM department fluid mechanics laboratory at VA-Tech, allowed us to capture instantaneous velocity field images of about 0.076m x 0.076m, at 512(H)x512(V) frame resolution. Sampling rates of 1000 and 1200 fps were employed. Understanding the flow field at lower heights is of crucial significance to the VSTOL aircraft application. Huge jet thrust is required to initiate the take-off operation due to the high lift loss encountered while the airframe is in proximity to the ground. Therefore, jet-height-to-diameter ratios of 2 and 4 were employed in this study. Jet-to-free-stream velocity ratios of 0.12, 0.18 and 0.22 were employed in addition to the no-free-stream case. In the current study, only time-averaged flow field properties were considered. These properties were extracted from the available instantaneous velocity field data. In order to provide some details in the time-averaged velocity field, the data were obtained along several planes of interrogation underneath the test model in the vicinity of the twin jet impinging flow. Images were captured in a single plane normal to the free-stream and five planes parallel to the free-stream. A vortex-like flow appears between the main jet and the fountain upwash. This flow is found to experience spiral motion. The direction of such flow spirals is found to be dependent on the jet exit height above the ground, and on the jet-to-free stream, velocity ratios. The flow spirals out towards the vortex flow periphery and upon increasing the free-stream it reverses its direction to be inward spiraling towards the core of the vortex. The flow reversal at certain height of the jet above the ground depends on the free-stream velocity. In our discussion, more emphasis is given to the case of jet-height-to-diameter ratio of two. We also found that the largest turbulent kinetic energy production rate is found to be at the fountain upwash formation zone. / Master of Science

The large cache of scrolls from Herculaneum were opened to scholars in spite of and because of the destruction of the volcano and damaging unfurling techniques. The fragments inherited have been studied closely by scholars. Digitization and technological work on the Herculaneum papyri, including the important infrared imaging completed by BYU in the early 2000s, and the 3-D imaging and inchoate virtual unwrapping technology by EduceLab, have amplified and aided scholarship on the scrolls and will continue to do so. P.Herc. 817 is a unique Latin text within the collection that has been heavily studied by scholars due to its fascinating subject matter on the Battle of Actium and Cleopatra and its readability. This fragment serves as a case study to demonstrate the value of each set of digital images in transcription and interpretation research, which suggests at the value of the varying digital images for other Herculaneum fragments. I closely compare digital surrogates of P.Herc. 817 including the early 2000s infrared images, 1960's era negatives, and recent 3-D images with the original artifacts as seen at the Biblioteca Nazionale in July 2023. This autopsy of versions of P.Herc. 817 substantiates the need for scholars to use all available digital images in concert with the original papyri when doing scholarly work. It also reinforces the need for digital stewardship and preservation of each distinct image set. Finally, a hypothetical case study is offered to show the loss to scholarship if the digital images and originals were lost and solely secondary sources remained. Each image set offers value and captures a moment in time of the papyri. As technology continues to progress and excitingly unlocks unseen papyri, care needs to be taken to safeguard and digitally preserve the new along with the older data sets.

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