Este trabajo pretende estrechar la distancia que separa de la Industria 4.0 a determinados sectores manufactureros que todavía no han iniciado su carrera hacia la nueva revolución industrial, centrándose en el caso del sector calzado, por sus peculiares características, que pueden tomarse como modelo para realizar transferencia tecnológica a otros sectores con dificultades similares. Tras analizar algunos de los problemas que están frenando la adaptación de dichas empresas al nuevo paradigma, se procede a estudiar y combinar diferentes tecnologías, muy presentes en la Industria 4.0, como son la simulación, robótica, realidad virtual o los sistemas de monitorización para entornos distribuidos, que permitan al sector avanzar en su automatización para poder seguir siendo competitivas en un futuro próximo, tanto a nivel operativo como formativo. En cuanto a los resultados de esta investigación, los referentes a simulación, prevención de colisiones y monitorización se han aplicado a celdas robotizadas reales del sector del calzado, en un entorno de laboratorio. Los resultados que hacen referencia a la mejora de la formación académica mediante el uso de realidad virtual han sido probados en un entorno de prueba, y se prevé realizar ensayos reales en futuros cursos dentro de los estudios de Grado en Ingeniería Robótica de la Universidad de Alicante.

With the ongoing trend in moving the upper levels of the automation hierarchy to the cloud, there has been investigation into supplying industrial automation as a cloud based service. There are many practical considerations which pose limitations on the feasibility of the idea. This research investigates some of the requirements which would be needed to implement a platform which would facilitate competition between different controllers which would compete to control a process in real-time. This work considers only the issues relating to implementation of the philosophy from a control theoretic perspective, issues relating to hardware/communications infrastructure and cyber security are beyond the scope of this work. A platform is formulated and all the relevant control requirements of the system are discussed. It is found that in order for such a platform to determine the behaviour of a controller, it would need to simulate the controller on a model of the process over an extended period of time. This would require a measure of the disturbance to be available, or at least an estimate thereof. This therefore increases the complexity of the platform. The practicality of implementing such a platform is discussed in terms of system identification and model/controller maintenance. A model of the surge tank from SibanyeStillwater’s Platinum bulk tailings treatment (BTT) plant, the aim of which is to keep the density of the tank outflow constant while maintaining a steady tank level, was derived, linearised and an input-output controllability analysis performed on the model. Six controllers were developed for the process, including four conventional feedback controllers (decentralised PI, inverse, modified inverse and H¥) and two Model Predictive Controllers (MPC) (one linear and another nonlinear). It was shown that both the inverse based and H¥ controllers fail to control the tank level to set-point in the event of an unmeasured disturbance. The competing concept was successfully illustrated on this process with the linear MPC controller being the most often selected controller, and the overall performance of the plant substantially improved by having access to more advanced control techniques, which is facilitated by the proposed platform. A first appendix presents an investigation into a previously proposed switching philosophy [15] in terms of its ability to determine the best controller, as well as the stability of the switching scheme. It is found that this philosophy cannot provide an accurate measure of controller performance owing to the use of one step ahead predictions to analyse controller behaviour. Owing to this, the philosophy can select an unstable controller when there is a stable, well tuned controller competing to control the process. A second appendix shows that there are cases where overall system performance can be improved through the use of the proposed platform. In the presence of constraints on the rate of change of the inputs, a more aggressive controller is shown to be selected so long as the disturbance or reference changes do not cause the controller to violate these input constraints. This means that switching back to a less aggressive controller is necessary in the event that the controller attempts to violate these constraints. This is demonstrated on a simple first order plant as well as the surge tank process. Overall it is concluded that, while there are practical issues surrounding plant and system identification and model/controller maintenance, it would be possible to implement such a platform which would allow a given plant access to advanced process control solutions without the need for procuring the services of a large vendor. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

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In today’s industry, companies are, to an increasing degree, beginning to embrace the concept of industry 4.0. One of these companies is Diab which has a factory located in Laholm where they manufacture composite material. Some of the machines at the factory are older with outdated control systems and require a way to log data in real-time. The goal of the project is to create a working prototype system that can monitor the production flow in real-time by using sensors to collect data about the work efficiency of the machine, measuring the idle time when the machine is working and when it’s not and storing this data in a database which can be accessible by a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The purpose is to investigate the requirements to get a fully operatable system and what it takes to maintain it to get an idea if the system should be self-developed by the company or buy/license from a third party. The system was built by using a NodeMCU ESP32, a Raspberry Pi 4B and a SparkFun DistanceSensor Breakout VL53L1X, and for the software to program the NodeMCU ESP32, Arduino IDE was used; Java language was used to develop the server on the Raspberry Pi and, together with MariaDB, to store the data. The tests that were conducted showed that the data could be displayed within a second in the created GUI but could not guarantee a reading of a passing block; however, it gave a good overview of the workflow of the machine. An improvement of the system is suggested by using visual-based object detection. An overview of the production in real-time can allow for future possibilities of optimising the production flow and, with an improvement of the system, can increase the automation of the production, which can bring the company closer to the concept of industry 4.0.

This thesis investigates the possibility of connecting an embedded device, STM32 B-L4S5I-IOT01A IoT discovery node, to a Eclipse Arrowhead framework local cloud.This thesis also examines the benefits of using the Eclipse Arrowhead framework compared to its competitors Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure. The world is entering a new industrial revolution, often referred to as Industry 4.0, moving towards a more decentralized and software-oriented means of production.This fourth industrial revolution incorporates System of Systems, Cyber-Physical Systems, and embedded software technologies. One of the internet-based industrial solutions is the Eclipse Arrowhead framework. The Eclipse Arrowhead framework contains many examples in various promgramming languages and technologies but lacks an example of a specific piece of hardware connecting to a local Eclipse Arrowhead cloud.Therefore, a project with the clear intent to showcase both the capabilities and possibilities of Cyber-Physical systems and the Eclipse Arrowhead framework is needed. The system this thesis implements consists of three major parts: the stm32 board, a Python flask app, and the Eclipse Arrowhead framework.The main objective of the Eclipse Arrowhead framework is to connect the consumer and the provider in a safe and structured way.The provider is built with C/C++ using ARMs' mbed os.  The response time of the different frameworks, Eclipse Arrowhead framework and Amazon Web Services, was measured.We made a thousand attempts to form an adequate basis for an average response time. In addition to presenting the average response time, we calculated the maximum and minimum response times to understand the different frameworks' performance further.  The thesis shows some benefits in response time when running an Eclipse Arrowhead framework local cloud instead of using a remote service such as Amazon Web Services. Average response time decreased by 17.5 times while running an Eclipse Arrowhead framework local cloud.Maximum and minimum response times decreased by 1.9 and 134 times, respectively.

The fourth industrial revolution is the latest revolution that has emerged within the industrial sector. The concept has become more known in recent years and with the different technologies it brings to the companies, it creates a race around the world for companies in order to be among the first to implement the new technologies. With the growing interest in industry 4.0 and the implementation of the new technologies, it has created a need to rethink on how to be successful in this transformation. To be successful in implementing industry 4.0 it is important to involve all the different aspects of a company’s supply chain. This qualitative study aims to investigate how industry 4.0 affects the digital transformation at a large manufacturing company in Sweden. The thesis includes five different technologies within industry 4.0: Internet of things, the cloud, simulations, autonomous robots and big data and analytics. The five technologies are then investigated on how they affect the digital transformation of the chosen company. The results of the findings shows that industry 4.0 has an affect on the digital transformation of the company after it was implemented. However, the results also shows that some technologies have had a greater impact to the digital transformation then others, but there isn´t one technology that has not affected the transformation at all. Additionally, the results shows that the part of digital transformation that is affected the most from industry 4.0 is the changes it creates in the value creation of the company. This thesis aims to create a better understanding about industry 4.0 and how it affects the digital transformation of a large manufacturing company.

Inledning: Begreppet industri 4.0 tillkom 2011 i Tyskland under Hannovermässan och kan betraktas som den fjärde upplagan av den industriella revolutionen. Det är ett begrepp för flera teknologier och en rad koncept inom automation, process och IT världen. Industri 4.0 berör ämnesområden som bland annat Digitaliseringen, Maskininlärning, Artificiell Intelligens, Big Data-analys och Internet Of Things. Denna studie har undersökt hur den svenska tillverkningsindustrin påverkats av industri 4.0, och främst digitaliseringen, samt vilka effekter det har haft på industrier både i nutid men även framtiden. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utveckla kompetens inom ett ämne som är aktuellt i dagsläge inom industrier. Studien medför en ökad kännedom och bildar en förväntad bild på hur arbetslivet kan se ut efter utbildningen. Problemformulering: Hur jobbar svenska tillverkningsindustrier med implementeringen av industri 4.0 samt vilka effekter har det haft på företagen? Vad är framgångsfaktorer samt hinder vid implementeringen av industri 4.0 inom tillverkningsindustri? Vad är sambandet mellan hållbarutveckling och digitaliseringen? Metod: Studien har använt sig av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod med intervjuer, fält- och litteraturstudier. Detta för att kunna öka kompetensen inom ämnet samt för att sedan kunna jämföra, analysera och ta välgrundade slutsatser. Att använda sig av triangulering forskningsmetod bidrog till studiens validitet. Resultat: Resultatet visade att det förekommer diverse fördelar om organisationer inom tillverkningsindustrin implementerar industri 4.0, vilket även tidigare forskning visat. Dessa fördelar är högre effektivitet och produktivitet i samband med kortare ledtider, bättre informationsdelning och mer spårbarhet i produktionskedjan. Dessutom främjar industri 4.0 och digitaliseringen företagens arbete mot en hållbar utveckling, då både miljön och ekonomin gynnas. Studien kunde även konstatera att företagen med hjälp av robotar och återanvändningav material hade förbättrad resursanvändning. / Introduction The concept of industry 4.0 was introduced 2011 in Germany during the HanoverFair and can be considered as the fourth edition of the industrial revolution. It is a concept for several technologies and a number of concepts in the automation, process and IT world. Industry 4.0 touches on subject areas such as Digitization, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data Analysis and the Internet of Things. This study has examined how the Swedish manufacturing industry has been affected by industry 4.0, mainly by digitalisation, and what effects it has had on industries both in the present but also in the future. Purpose The purpose of the study is to develop knowledge regarding a subject that is relevant in the current situation of industries. The study entails an increased awareness and forms an expected picture of what working life can look like after the education. Research questions How do Swedish manufacturing industries work with the implementation of industry 4.0 and what effects has it had on the companies? What are the success factors and obstacles in the implementation of industry 4.0 in the manufacturing industry? What is the relation between sustainable development and digitalisation? Method The study has used a qualitative research method with interviews, field- and literature studies. This helped to increase competence in the subject and to then be able to compare, analyze and make substantial conclusions. Using the triangulation research method contributed to the validity of the study. Results The results showed that there are various advantages for organizations in the manufacturing industry to implement industry 4.0, as previous research also has shown. These benefits are higher efficiency and productivity in conjunction with shorter lead times, better informationi sharing and more traceability in the production chain. In addition, Industry 4.0 and digitalisation promote companies' work towards sustainable development, as both the environment and the economy benefit from this. The study also found that companies who works with robots and reuse of materials had improved their resource use.

Information är ett väsentligt och stort organ inom organisationer och inom tillverkningsindustrin används det till all kommunikation som sker. För att säkerställa att informationen är säker krävs informationssäkerhet. Målet med informationssäkerhet anses vara uppfyllt när informationens integritet, tillgänglighet samt konfidentialitet kan garanteras. I dagens industri är informationssäkerhet ytterst viktigt på grund av att den fjärde revolutionen (Industri 4.0) kräver data i realtid. Ett problem med informationssäkerheten är att resurser främst läggs på tekniska lösningar men inte på att minska den mänskliga faktorns påverkan som står för cirka 85% av alla organisatoriska olyckor. En bransch som är i behov att moderniseras är småhustillverkare med inriktning trä (SIT). SIT-branschen behöver moderniseras för att följa med i den nya digitala generationen. Branschen i sitt nuläge kräver en ökad produktivitet för att fortsätta vara konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden men även för att öka sin lönsamhet. Det kan verkställas genom att öka förståelsen för hur SIT arbetar med informationssäkerhet och vilka förbättringar som kan implementeras för att uppnå målet. Metoden som används för att öka förståelsen över hur arbetet med informationssäkerhet sker inom SIT-branschen är en kvantitativ enkätstudie. Enkätfrågorna skapades utifrån teori om standarden ISO/IEC 27000 samt CIA-triadens komponenter (konfidentialitet, integritet samt tillgänglighet). Standarden bedömer om informationssäkerheten har en god nivå medan CIAtriadens komponenter påvisar om målet med informationssäkerhet är uppfyllt. Svarsfrekvensen som studien gav var 20,83%. En bedömningsmodell gjordes för att kategorisera resultatet i en skala från icke-uppfylld nivå till uppfylld nivå. Resultatet visar på att branschen är i behov av att förbättra sitt informationssäkerhetsarbete. Frågorna kring standarden ISO/IEC 27000 uppgav att branschen tenderar mot en icke uppfylld nivå och CIA-triadens komponenter hamnade på ett mellanläge för varken uppfylld eller icke-uppfylld nivå. Enkätstudien visade att den mänskliga faktorn har en påverkan på informationssäkerheten vilket överensstämmer med teorin angående att mer resurser läggs på tekniska lösningar. Slutsatsen blev att SIT-branschen har en bristfällig nivå på informationssäkerheten. Genom att implementera förbättringsförslagen ges förutsättningar för branschen att nå upp till en väldigt god informationssäkerhetsnivå.