Leading industrial nations invest to try to increase advanced manufacturing and innovation to catch up in a free-market world. One common vision for these investments has been Industry 4.0. In short can this topic be described as the internet moving into the industry. The concept is relatively new and has become one of the most discussed topics during the last couple of years in many manufacturing conferences. However, the industry is so far lacking a clear definition of the concept, and much of the focus is on laboratory experiments rather than industrial applications. The research that has been conducted so far has not involved the process industry, where this thesis will operate. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of how Industry 4.0 can be related to the pulp and paper industry by contextualizing the concept, and function as a “door-opener” for further research. Potentials, sustainability aspects and a concrete example has been used to comprehend this. The study has been designed with a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews at the specific case company Stora Enso, Skoghall. As the concept of Industry 4.0 not yet has an explicit definition the start of the thesis was therefore to create a theoretical framework of the theory to relate to during the rest of the study. The findings of the research show that Industry 4.0 in the pulp and paper industry focuses on Availability through possibilities of prediction and response improvement. The concept should emphasis on keeping the production ongoing with fever break-downs and increased Quality of the products. Communication improvements will be essential in reaching the new industry level, with connecting the whole plant as a crucial part. The thesis contributes with a first insight to what Industry 4.0 will mean to the pulp and paper industry and how it contextualizes in the sector. / Framträdande industriella nationer investerar idag för att öka den avancerade tillverkningen och antalet innovationer för att hänga med i den fria marknaden. En gemensam vision för de här investeringarna är Industri 4.0. I korta drag kan det beskrivas som att internet flyttar in i industrin. Konceptet är relativt nytt och har kommit att bli ett av de mest diskuterade områdena under de senaste åren på tillverkningskonferenser. Industrin saknar dock en tydlig definition av konceptet, och mycket av fokus gällande ämnet hamnar på laborationsexperiment istället för praktiska applikationer. Vidare finns det ett behov av att titta på hur detta ser ut i processindustrin eftersom detta ännu inte granskats, vilket kommer vara området för uppsatsen. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till förståelsen för hur Industri 4.0 kan relateras till pappersindustrin genom att kontextualisera konceptet och verkasom en ”dörr-öppnare” för vidare forskning. Möjligheter, hållbarhetsaspekter och ett konkret exempel har använts för att skapa förståelse för detta. Studien har designats med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt med semi-strukturerade intervjuer på det specifika fallet, Stora Enso Skoghall. Eftersom konceptet Industri 4.0 ännu saknar en tydlig definition började studien med att skapa ett teoretiskt ramverk för att kunna relatera till detta genom arbetet. Resultaten visar att Industri 4.0 i pappersindustrin fokuserar på Tillgänglighet genom ökade prediktions- och åtgärdsmöjligheter. Konceptet borde lägga vikt vid att hålla igång produktionen med färre avbrott och ökad Kvalitet på produkterna. Kommunikationsförbättringar kommer bli essentiella för att nå den nya nivån av industri, där integrationen av hela fabriken kommer spela en stor roll. Examensarbetet bidrar med en första inblick i vad Industri 4.0 kommer betyda för pappersindustrin och hur det kontextualiseras i branschen.

Manufacturing companies are currently going through exciting times. Technological developments follow each other up in high pace and many opportunities occur for companies to be smarter than their competitors. The disruptive notion of these developments is so big that people talk about a new, fourth, industrial revolution. This industrial revolution, that is being characterized and driven by seven drivers is called industry 4.0. The popularity of this industrial revolution is seemingly apparent everywhere and is being described, by some, as “manufacturing its next act”. Even though this sounds promising and applicable to every company, the practical consequences and feasibility are, most of the times, being overlooked. Especially a theoretical foundation on differences in feasibility between small and medium - sized enterprises (SMEs) and large firms is missing. In this thesis, we are going to take the reader through a journey that will help readers understand the positioning and perspective of firms regarding industry 4.0 and eventually the practical effects of industry 4.0 on business models of manufacturing firms will be presented. This research provides enough clarity on the topic to answer the follow research questions. This thesis aims to fill the gap in available research in which business model change is being linked to industry 4.0. Due to the novelty of industry 4.0 few researches on the practical effects are not yet fully explored in the literature. Business models, a more traditional area of research, has not yet touched upon the effects industry 4.0 has on the business models of company. Our purpose is to combine these two topics and provide both SMEs and large firms an overview on what the effects of industry 4.0 are in practice. Furthermore, the perspectives and positioning of our sample firms can provide clarity for potential implementers, since wide range of participants provide different insights on the topic and therefore give clarity on the practical use of industry 4.0. During this, the researchers, by converting observations and findings into theory, follow an inductive approach. The study uses a qualitative design and semi-structured interviews has been conducted to collect the data. Our sample firms consist of both SMEs and large firms and are all located within Europe. The researchers found that there are some key differences in the positivity on industry 4.0 between the academic and business world. Companies might be highly automated and have implemented some of the drivers of industry 4.0, but the definition itself is not popular. Where some of our sample firms are convinced industry 4.0 is the new way of working, most of them are using the technologies simply because it is the best in the market and helps them to follow their strategy. Industry 4.0 can be seen as an interesting tool for firms to become smarter and achieve better results, but not at all costs. Especially for SMEs implementing industry 4.0 should not be the sole goal of the company, since it is decided by many factors whether or not industry 4.0 will succeed in the company. In terms of business models, industry 4.0 causes many changes. The role of industry 4.0 can be seen as an enabler for change, rather than the reason to build a business model around. / Social science; Business Administratiom

Com a chegada da era da computação ubíqua, o número de dispositivos com poder computacional vêm crescendo de forma acelerada. A conexão desses dispositivos em uma rede de comunicação traz novas possibilidades e serve como base para o conceito chamado Internet das Coisas (Internet of Things - IoT). Uma das aplicações desse conceito é no domínio industrial e está impulsionando uma nova revolução industrial, a chamada Indústria 4.0. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem de integração de componentes de forma automatizada, no contexto da Indústria 4.0, utilizando ontologias para representar os elementos do sistema e um middleware IoT para servir de meio de integração. Essa abordagem utiliza conceitos propostos em trabalhos relacionados, com características inovadoras na criação de sistemas IoT. Dentre estas está a integração automatizada a partir de modelos semânticos, que possibilita que usuários modelem sistemas em alto nível. A partir desse modelo, as interfaces de comunicação são criadas automaticamente, trazendo uma garantia de consistência sintática nas chamadas de métodos ou funções. Além disso, a pesquisa proposta traz a possibilidade de usar esse mesmo modelo semântico para apresentar as informações ao usuário final. Como resultados deste trabalho podem ser ressaltados o desenvolvimento de uma ontologia para modelar esses elementos industriais e também o de uma extensão para um middleware IoT a fim de poder-se trabalhar com esses modelos de forma automatizada. / With the advent of the ubiquitous computing era, the number of devices with computing power is growing rapidly. The connection of these devices onto a communication network brings new possibilities and serves as the basis for the concept called the Internet of Things (IoT). One of the applications of this concept is in the industrial domain where it is driving a new industrial revolution, usually designated as “Industry 4.0”. This research study presents a automated integration approach in the context of Industry 4.0, using ontologies to represent elements of the system and an IoT middleware to provide a means for its integration. This approach uses concepts proposed in related works with innovative features regarding the creation of IoT systems. Among these features, an automated integration based on semantic models is proposed, which enables users to model their systems at a high level. From this model, communication interfaces are created automatically, bringing a guarantee of syntactic consistency in calling methods or functions. Another advantage that this work brings is the possibility of using this same semantic model to present information to the end user. As result of this work, an ontology was developed to model industrial elements, and an extension for an IoT middleware was developed to enable to work with these models.

Les robots sont très largement utilisés dans l’industrie ; une de leurs limites actuelles est celle de la complexité́ des tâches que l'on souhaite les voir accomplir. Celles-là ne peuvent être réalisées sans un haut pouvoir d’adaptation, autrement dit aujourd’hui sans la performance et la plasticité́ de la cognition humaine. La cobotique est récemment apparue comme « le domaine » de la collaboration homme-robot. Elle s’affirme comme perspective pour aider l’homme, l’augmenter, dans la réalisation de tâches complexes pour l’Industrie du Futur.Pour délimiter notre objet d’étude, nous avons ainsi introduit le concept de « système cobotique ». Ce système comprend l’homme et le robot, qui interagissent et peuvent avoir différents rôles, pour réaliser une tâche commune. La conception des systèmes cobotiques doit évidemment prendre en compte les technologies émergentes, mais elle doit surtout intégrer l’homme, grâce à l’analyse de l’activité, à la formalisation des connaissances, et aux simulations participatives. Pour cela, à l’initiative de Safran Group, cette thèse d’ingénierie cognitique a été réalisée en binôme avec un roboticien également doctorant et membre du groupe industriel : David Bitonneau.Ensemble, nous avons proposé une approche interdisciplinaire de conception, appelée l’« ingénierie des systèmes cobotiques ». Cette approche méthodologique, validée à la fois par nos encadrants académiques et industriels, a été expérimentée afin de satisfaire un besoin industriel de la société Ariane Group : le nettoyage des cuves. Nous avons conduit ce projet, de l’analyse du besoin jusqu’à la réalisation d’un prototype qui a été évalué par les opérateurs. L’industrialisation du système est en cours de préparation au moment de la rédaction de cette thèse, avec des perspectives de déploiements sur plusieurs sites.Nous prévoyons que les systèmes cobotiques tels que nous les avons définis, conçus et étudiés, seront une des clés de la compétitivité de l’Industrie du Futur. Elle pourra s’appuyer sur leur flexibilité et leur connectivité à l’écosystème technologique des ateliers 4.0, tout en maintenant la place centrale de l’homme et en considérant celui-là comme acteur premier dans le système. / Nowadays, robots are increasingly used in industrial processes. However, there is an upper bound on the tasks' complexity that industrial robots can execute. Some of these hard tasks can only be completed with a high adaptation capacity: the plasticity of human cognition. Research in Human Robot Collaboration targets the Industry 4.0 where robots will help and augment humans to achieve increasingly complex tasks.In this research, we introduce the concept of “cobotic system”. Such a system considers humans and robots - with possibly different roles - as interacting elements sharing a common purpose of solving a task. Clearly, creation of cobotic systems has to take into account emerging technologies, but it also has to include humans through activity analysis, knowledge formalization, and participative simulations. To do so, under the leadership of Safran Group, this cognitive engineering thesis has been completed as a team with the roboticist David Bitonneau.Together, we proposed the “cobotic system engineering”: a cross-disciplinary approach of cobotic system design. This methodological approach was motivated by an industrial need from Airbus Group: the difficulty of tank cleaning. We tackled this project from needs analysis to the creation of a prototype evaluated by actual operators. Additionally, the industrialization of our work is in progress.We argue that thanks to their flexibility, their connectivity to modern workshops' technological ecosystem and their ability to take humans into account, cobotic systems will be one of the key parts composing the Industry 4.0.

Abstract : Manufacturing companies in developed countries face a digital transformation that is meant to improve their productivity, but also produces a large volume of data. This data will go to waste if it is not valorized by using it to gain actionable insights, for example with business intelligence and analytics. This master’s thesis presents a systematic literature review and a multiple case-study on the subject of Business Intelligence in manufacturing companies. The first article, “Business Intelligence in Industry 4.0: Research opportunities”, present a literature review. Results show a lack of studies on the impacts of business intelligence activities on manufacturing small and medium enterprises. The strategic impacts should be studied, since they are often neglected in favor of the operational impacts such as quality improvement and operating costs reductions. The second article, “Business intelligence value creation: A multiple case study in manufacturing SMEs”, presents an exploration of the factors influencing strategic and operational business values of business intelligence. Results show the limit of the traditional models based on the Resource-Based View of the firm, which overlooks organizational factors that might be more important in smaller organizations. Contingency factors, such as organisational learning, leadership style, and the role of the owner, should be included when studying small and medium enterprises, as in these smaller organizations the lack of resources and the simpler structure affect business value of business intelligence and analytics systems differently than in larger firms. There is an interesting potential for the model suggested in this master’s thesis to understand the factors linked to business value creation in smaller organization, which should be empirically tested with a larger and more diverse sample in a future study. / Ce mémoire présente les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de ma maîtrise en Stratégie de l’intelligence d’affaires, de l’École de Gestion de l’Université de Sherbrooke. Il consiste en deux articles. Le premier est une revue de littérature systématique ayant été soumise et acceptées à la 51e édition de Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, qui a eu lieu du 3 au 6 janvier 2018. Il est présenté intégralement au chapitre deux. Le second article, présenté dans sa version longue au chapitre trois, a été soumis à la 7e édition de International Conference on Information Systems, Logistics and Supply Chain qui aura lieu du 8 au 10 juillet 2018. Les notices d’acceptation seront envoyées après la date de dépôt de ce mémoire. Toutes les preuves de soumissions sont présentées dans les annexes de ce mémoire. Les articles ont tous été rédigé par moi, Fanny-Ève Bordeleau, qui a également réalisé toutes les prises de données et les analyses, assistée de mes co-directeurs, les professeurs Elaine Mosconi et Luis Antonio De Santa-Eulalia.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The sediment yield causes a number of problems, and among them stands out silting of rivers and reservoirs, and contamination of surface water. Sediments result from the processes of erosion, transport, storage and compression. They depend on the physical characteristics of the watershed, as well as soil use and land cover. To study the sediment yield of a river is important to estimate the amount and origin of the sediments transported and deposited in a watershed. Therefore, it is possible to obtain knowledge about the unit of study, which leads to better planning and use of water resources. From liquid and solid discharge measurements in a river section, and conducting a sedimentometrical balance in Vacacaí Mirim reservoir, located at Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, the objective of this research is to characterize the sediment yield of a small watershed. The methodology was based on two stages: the first one was about the sedimentometrical characterization of the study area, and it was carried out between January and November of 2014, with the continuous monitoring of flow and sediments in fluviossedimentometrical station João Goulart, whose laboratory samples were also characterized and had their sediment concentration determined; the second stage was about the execution of sedimentometrical balance in the reservoir with the help of HEC-HMS 4.0 modeling program. Sediment entries, storage and output were checked in Vacacaí Mirim reservoir, which influences the study area. The results for the hydrossedimentometrical monitoring were satisfactory, getting a key curve with determination coefficient of 0.96; sedimentometrical curves ranged from 0.93 to 0.98; concentration ratio between suspended sediment and turbidity was 0.84, being considered acceptable; particle size characteristics were predominantly silt, for suspended material, and sand, for dragged material. Balance calibration for sedimentometrical hydrologic model gave a Nasch-Sutcliffe between 0.13 to 0.53 and 0.44 in validation; about reservoir sediments balance, it was noted and therefore considered that all sediment that enters the reservoir is retained and more sediment is produced downstream thereof mouth of the river it reaches the watershed. / A produção de sedimentos ocasiona uma série de problemas, entre eles destacam-se assoreamento dos rios e reservatórios e contaminação das águas superficiais. Os sedimentos são resultado dos processos de erosão, transporte, depósito e compactação. Dependem das características físicas da bacia hidrográfica e do uso e ocupação do solo. Estudar a produção de sedimentos em um rio é importante para estimar a quantidade e a origem dos sedimentos transportados e depositados em uma bacia hidrográfica, podendo assim, obter conhecimento da unidade de estudo e realizar um melhor planejamento e aproveitamento dos recursos hídricos. O objetivo desta pesquisa é de caracterizar a produção de sedimentos de uma pequena bacia hidrográfica, a partir de medições de descarga líquida e sólida na seção do rio e realizar um balanço sedimentométrico no reservatório do Vacacaí Mirim no município de Santa Maria. A metodologia se baseou em duas etapas: primeira etapa foi à realização da caracterização sedimentométrica da área de estudo com o monitoramento contínuo das vazões e sedimentos na estação fluviossedimentométrica João Goulart no período de janeiro a novembro de 2014 e na determinação da concentração de sedimentos e caracterização das amostras em laboratório; a segunda etapa foi à realização do balanço sedimentométrico no reservatório com o auxílio do programa de modelagem HEC-HMS 4.0 onde foram verificados as entradas, armazenamento e saída de sedimentos no reservatório Vacacaí Mirim que influencia a área de estudo. Os resultados obtidos para o monitoramento hidrossedimentométrico foram satisfatórios, obtendo uma curva-chave com coeficiente de determinação de 0,96; as curvas sedimentométricas variando de 0,93 a 0,98; a relação da concentração de sedimentos em suspensão e a turbidez foi de 0,84 sendo consideradas aceitáveis; as características granulométricas do material em suspensão foi predominante o silte e para o material em arraste foi à areia. Para o balanço sedimentométrico a calibração hidrológica do modelo obteve-se um Nasch-Sutcliffe entre 0,13 a 0,53 e na validação de 0,44; as considerações observadas no balanço de sedimentos no reservatório foram que todo o sedimento que entra fica retido no reservatório e é produzido mais sedimentos a jusante do mesmo que chega até o exutório da bacia.

近年來，先近諸國無不提出各自版本的「4.0高科技發展策略」，在此先進科技架構下，過去不斷討論的「機器取代人力」的爭論再次浮現。本研究將探討的是：在不久後的將來，4.0高科技發展策略的科技發展是否會威脅人們的工作？又，哪些工作可能被取代？以及工作模式會產生哪些改變？另外，在前述工作的轉變下，企業及社會制度（法政策）應做好怎樣的準備？ 　　本研究由先進諸國對此議題的探討以及政策目標著手，統整包括各國以4.0高科技發展策略的四大核心科技所訂下的策略，以及各領域專家對科技造成工作種類（哪些工作會消失或改變）及型態（勞動彈性化、遠距工作、獨立的知識工作者）轉變的看法、對法政策層次造成的衝擊，接著由前述文獻探討的結果，自行統整出的框架，以套用在台灣現況。 　　前述分析完成後，則聚焦台灣，從產業、社會狀況及政策等層次分析台灣是否已經準備好迎接這波浪潮，以及台灣有何優勢劣勢等。最後，訪談企業個案，並了解以下議題：企業使用4.0高科技發展策略的科技狀況、企業個案對未來的規劃與預測以及個案認為台灣社會應做的準備，並套用上述的各國及台灣文獻分析結果，提出針對企業個案的建議：包括判斷企業內的哪些工作能在新科技介入後更有效率，具體判斷程序為何？以及對個案形塑未來科技化職場的短程及長程建議等。根據上述企業所做的調整建議，亦可提供台灣社會反思的機會，並在研究的最後提出對這波自動化浪潮台灣所應做的準備，在法政策面向上尚有哪些不足。 　　本研究分析由各學者提出的理論，統合意見後認為:企業層次方面，在資源有限的狀況下，面臨4.0高科技發展策略科技導入議題的取捨時，應描繪出未來的企業的圖像，方能明確目標，以量販流通業個案為例：應思索要側重電商自動化或是實體賣場無人化，方有助於排定先後順序，以集中資源提升企業競爭力，行有餘力，則可兩者兼顧；為協助前項建議，本研究提出3W分析法，建議企業就工作說明書進行分析，統整出哪些工作較具有被取代的潛力、時程如何，套用3W分析法的優點在於，企業可思索那些工作可由科技優化，讓企業更能綜觀企業內勞動力狀況，明確策略目標的同時，以漸進式的手法導入科技，改變工作種類及型態，並且，亦可做為提供員工訓練設計的重要依據；至於在台灣社會方面，根據分析，在未來不同時程下，例行性、可預測性的工作將大受威脅，另外，勞動市場將可能變得懸殊化，在勞動法制的領域上應加強彈性安全的勞動市場模式，可參考先進國家的做法，並進一步思索未來無條件基本收入制的可行性。

The aim of the master thesis is to emphasize the importance of process alignment in The Fourth Industrial Revolution. By mapping of current descriptive maturity models and their application within digitalization, the thesis offers a new process maturity model for the phenomenon referred to as Industry 4.0 (i4.0). The model is based on the theoretical form of previous models, as well as on implementation of newly introduced trends. The contribution of the thesis rests upon the specific solution. The suggested Process Improvement Scheme presents applicable way for improvement of digital process preparedness in project-oriented service organizations and determines main value factors which lead to higher quality of employee processes. In the same time, the master thesis suggest a new utilization of i4.0 principles focused predominantly on manufacturing processes, and therefore includes areas which will need to be addressed in the near future for smooth process transition into i4.0 era.

Purpose: To investigate possible connections between an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) system, such as Predix, and data driven Lean practises. The aim is to examine if an IIoT platform can improve existing practises of Lean, and if so, which Lean tools are most likely influenced and how this is.Design/Methodology: The paper follows a phenomenon-based research approach. The methodology contains of a mix of primary and secondary data. The primary data was obtained through “almost unstructured” interviews with experts, while the secondary data comprises of a comprehensive review of existing literature. Moreover, a model was developed to investigate the connections between the concepts of IIoT and Lean.Findings: Findings derived from expert interviews at General Electric (GE) in Uppsala have led to the conclusion that Predix fulfils the necessary requirements to be considered an IIoT platform. However, the positive effects of the platform on the selected Lean tools could not be found. Only in one instance improved Predix the effectiveness of a Lean tool. Overall, data analytic efforts are performed and let to better in-process control. However, these efforts were independent from the Lean efforts carried out. There was no increase in data collection or analytics due to the Lean initiative and Predix is not utilised for data collection, storage, or analysis. It appears that the pharmaceutical industry is fairly slow in adapting new technologies. Firstly, the high regulatory requirements inherent within the pharmaceutical industry limit the application of cutting edge technology by demanding strict in-process control and process documentation. Secondly, the sheer size of GE itself slows down the adoption of new technology. Lastly, the pragmatic approach of the top management to align the digital strategies of the various industries and thereof resulting allocation of resources to other more technologically demanding businesses hinders the use of Predix at GE in Uppsala.

The goal of the thesis is to provide investors and established businesses insights into the evolving concept of Internet of Things in the context of a business opportunity. First, the thesis provides comprehensive overview of the IoT concept, its historical development and relevant concepts similar to IoT including its definition and explanation. Second, the thesis discusses IoT as a disruptive technology with implications for general business strategy, current business models, value chains and competitive landscape. Third, it describes overwhelming opportunities for IoT application in various business fields and processes bringing added value to its stakeholders. Visionary concepts and applicable use cases are identified. Finally, the thesis analyses IoT market perception from both customer and business perspective based on quantitative and qualitative data researched. The research is focused mainly on customer awareness and value perception of IoT products as well as major drivers and challenges of the IoT market from business players' perspective. Such analytical insights identify major patterns and dynamism of the IoT market.