Artificial reefs have been serving the world in many fields, such as protecting beach erosion, enhancing recreational fishing, surfing and fostering biotic diversity, for many years. One major use for an artificial reef is to deploy it effectively to attract and aggregate fishes and marine life organisms for commercial and scientific purposes. The global hydrodynamic conditions in the vicinity of an artificial reef dictate its structural design (reef stability etc) and the nature of its large scale environmental impact (sediment transport and erosion etc), as well as its operational characteristics. On the West Coast of Scotland an artificial reef was deployed under the direction of Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory in 2001. It was designed by the fishing industry to promote the economic potential of reef-based fisheries such as the European Lobster (Homarus gammarus (L.)). The size of the reef site equates to about 50 football pitches. There are forty two artificial reefs, comprising two different types of reef module, and 25,000 tons of concrete blocks have been used to create each one of them. However, the investigation of global hydrodynamics requires solving the tidal flow in Loch Linnhe. A numerical model has been adopted to solve the 2D shallow water equations using a Finite Volume Godunov-type scheme. The scheme has the ability to deal with complicated topography such as Loch Linnhe. The initial and boundary conditions of the two-dimensional numerical model were imposed using tidal records obtained from the UK Hydrographical Office for the inlet and outlet of the Loch. A tidal field measurement was carried out using ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) instruments for the purposes of input to the model as well as its validation. These instruments were positioned on location near a group of artificial reefs to gather tidal wave elevations and currents profiles. The results of a two-dimensional numerical model were compared with the data given by the ADCP instruments and tides gauges station in the Loch. A good agreement was observed between the numerical model and data measurement taken from ADCP. The result of the two-dimensional numerical model indicates the ability of the model to represent the complex tidal conditions in the region convincingly. The local hydrodynamic conditions dictate flow separation and the production of turbulence generating eddies and vortices over a range of scales. This, in turn, determines the water quality characteristics, such as the oxygen content, and settlement patterns over the reef and regions favourable, or otherwise, to fish activity (predation, evasion, congregation etc). For these reasons, a reliable procedure for determining the hydrodynamics of local and global of flows about artificial reefs is an essential prerequisite to their satisfactory design. The ADCP instruments were placed in three locations over a complete spring-neap tides cycle around a selected reef to investigate the three-dimensional hydrodynamics affecting it. The RNG k-e turbulent model based on Fluent CFD (ANAYSIS 13) was matched to the global flows output from the shallow water flow model and used to simulate the hydrodynamic forces and flow fields with different flow velocity profiles of the tidal currents. The tidal current dynamics profile over a complete daily spring tidal cycle was investigated to identify the flow regimes on the reef. The results of the numerical model were compared with the data gained from the ADCP beside the chosen artificial reef.

No description available.

Density estimation of terrestrial mammals has become increasingly important in ecology, and robust analytical tools are required to provide results that will guide wildlife management. This thesis concerns modelling encounters between unmarked animals and camera traps for density estimation. We explore Rowcliffe et al. (2008) Random Encounter Model (REM) developed for estimating density of species that cannot be identified to the individual level from camera trap data. We demonstrate how REM can be used within a maximum likelihood framework to estimate density of unmarked animals, motivated by the analysis of a data set from Whipsnade Wild Animal Park (WWAP), Bedfordshire, south England. The remainder of the thesis focuses on developing and evaluating extended Random Encounter Models, which describe the data in an integrated population modelling framework. We present a variety of approaches for modelling population abundance in an integrated Random Encounter Model (iREM), where complicating features are the variation in the encounters and animal species. An iREM is a more flexible and robust parametric model compared with a nonparametric REM, which produces novel and meaningful parameters relating to density, accounting for the sampling variability in the parameters required for density estimation. The iREM model we propose can describe how abundance changes with diverse factors such as habitat type and climatic conditions. We develop models to account for induced-bias in the density from faster moving animals, which are more likely to encounter camera traps, and address the independence assumption in integrated population models. The models we propose consider a functional relationship between a camera index and animal density and represent a step forward with respect to the current simplistic modelling approaches for abundance estimation of unmarked animals from camera trap data. We illustrate the application of the models proposed to a community of terrestrial mammals from a tropical moist forest at Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama.

Biodiversity is declining globally primarily because of climatic change and anthropogenic impacts. In Europe, protected sites (e.g. Natura 2000) have been established to prevent further loss of biodiversity and protect key habitats from further deterioration, including from previous detrimental management practices. In the UK and particularly Wales, even protected habitats lack a coherent management approach leaving conservation bodies to work with communities to protect their biodiversity. Few systems exist for consistently, routinely and spatially quantifying biodiversity, assessing impacts of past management and guiding and predicting the consequences of future actions, including those relating to policy. Most current monitoring systems still rely solely on field observations and field surveys with little input from very high resolution (VHR; 2m) airborne and space data to provide baseline data suitable for monitoring the extent and condition of habitats over time. In order to investigate the use of VHR optical imagery for monitoring, the potential for WV2 spectral indices data to be used as indicators of condition for protected bog sites was evaluated and a method developed which could be used within a protected site monitoring system for monitoring both flora and fauna distributions. In developing an approach this study focuses primarily on the protected lowland raised bog at Cors Fochno where encroachment by grass species (primarily Molinia caerulea and Phragmites australis) over decades, coupled with management actions focusing on conserving the integrity of the bog system, has led or is anticipated to lead to transitions in state with consequences on biodiversity, particularly species richness, distributions and abundance. Field spectroradiometer data was used to develop a method for identifying optimum months of the year and best indices for species discrimination on Cors Fochno protected site that can later be used within a system for accurate classification of species. Methods developed, and ecological information from field data, were used with WV2 data acquired over 3 time periods (March, July and November) to produce a multiscale classification (LCCS to species level) of Cors Fochno SSSI and it’s surrounding landscape suitable for use within a monitoring system. Within the SSSI WV2 satellite derived parameters (spectral indices and classified dominant plant species) that relate to environmental variables relevant to invertebrate habitat suitability and invertebrate plant food sources were used to test associations with selected invertebrate species and assemblages assessed and map habitat suitability. An ANOVA F-ratio method provided a successful method to assess the distinctive phenological differences between spectral data of the key lowland raised bog plant species. It demonstrated the importance of phenological data for selecting the best months and the best spectral indices for species discrimination and was used with success to select optimum WV2 imagery acquisitions for a more successful species classification. Classification of varying scales, from landscape to species level, was carried out effectively with good overall accuracies (over 81%) by using LCCS and an adapted EODHaM system classification method. This enabled the use of indices values as input using the best indices and image acquisition times for species discrimination, along with ecological information gathered in field surveys. WV2 satellite derived spectral indices, and WV2 satellite derived dominant plant species classified using the developed system which were indicative of the ecological gradients of the lowland raised bog, were used to show associations between invertebrate data (Araneae, Coleoptera and Diptera) sampled across the bog and were shown to be useful as invertebrate diversity and distribution indicators. This research demonstrates that spectral indices derived from VHR optical imagery can be used as indicators of the composition, structure and functional diversity of a lowland raised bog. A key component was the development of a framework for sampling the SSSI. From these observations and models, a conceptual framework for creating a baseline which can be used and developed for quantifying losses and gains in biodiversity as a function of satellite-observed changes in habitat extent and condition was proposed. Through this approach, a better understanding of the drivers and impacts (both actual and potential) of change is anticipated with direct benefits for conservation, sustainable use of the environment and environmental and agricultural policy.

The pirarucu, Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossidae, Teleostei), an important natural resource in the Amazonian flooded forest, has been exploited for centuries and is now threatened by overfishing. The aim of this thesis, therefore, is to investigate the biology and ecology of this species so that sustainable management programmes can be put in place and the conservation of this fish ensured. Most of the research was carried out at Mamiraua Reserve, a protected area of Varzea forest in the Central Brazilian Amazon. Additional data were also recorded at the aquarium of the Amazonian Museum of Natural History, at Manaus, Brazil. A study of the main environmental aspects varzea aquatic systems, showed that the lakes at Mamiraua Reserve could be grouped into two main categories based on their limnological morphological features. The investigation of the fisheries management by local fishermen revealed that the use of traditional fishing technology was responsible for the maintenance of local stocks. However, recent technological changes had increased CPUE to alarming level. The analysis of pirarucu feeding habits demonstrated that pirarucus are specialised carnivores, living mainly on fishes. Other invertebrate species are also important in their diet. High degrees of food selectivity and strong seasonal changes in diet proved to be the most important factor affecting the seasonal growth of pirarucus. Pirarucu growth was examined by analysing the growth marks deposited on scales twice a year, at times of high ingestion of food. L was circa 2.5.m and k was about 0.18. No significant differences in growth patterns between the sexes were found. Ten cohorts or annual age classes were identified. These ranged from 0.80m to 2.25m in total length. Very high annual growth rates during the first years are replaced by moderate rates after the age of first sexual maturation. Maturity is reached when pirarucus are around 5 years of age, or about 1.65m in total length. Fecundity increases with age of females, and so does oocyte diameter. However, fecundity is divided between 4 to 6 clutches of gametes that can be used throughout the breeding season. Each clutch is spawned separately, in small batches with less than 500 eggs in average. This strategy probably protects pirarucu against the unpredictability of the environment and avoids reproductive failures - total loss of fertilised eggs - due to catastrophic events. By spawning eggs in separate batches pairs may breed again if the first attempt was not successful. Males perform parental care, protecting the nest and guarding the offspring for about 6 months. The typical red coloration of pirarucus is particularly evident in males after sexual maturation. Almost 70% of male body surface may be covered in bright red pigmentation, brighter than among females. It is proposed that red coloration signals the size and/or age of pirarucus, and is used in the context of sexual selection. Male-male competition and female choice of males are likely to be operating in this species. The information in this thesis leads to several recommendations for the conservation of pirarucus. Criteria for selection of lakes in a rotational system of fisheries management, and age-specific impact of fishing and natural mortality rates on the stock are major topics discussed. The aim is the maximisation of breeding stock and local natural recruitment. Pirarucu farming and large scale conservation actions are also considered. Suggestions for future research on the biology of conservation of pirarucus are made.

The surveillance and control of introduced species has become an increasingly important, yet often controversial, form of environmental management. I investigate why and how introduced species management is initiated; whether, why and how it is contested; and what relations and outcomes emerge ‘in practice’. I examine how introduced species management is being done in the United Kingdom through detailed social scientific analyses of the processes, practices, and disputes involved in a series of management case studies. First, I demonstrate how some established approaches to the design and delivery of management initiatives can render them conflict-prone, ineffective and potentially unjust. Then, examining a disputesurrounding a state-initiated eradication of monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus), I show why and how ‘parakeet protectors’ opposed the initiative. I identify the significance of divergent evaluations of the risks posed by introduced wildlife; personal and community attachments between people and parakeets; and campaigners’ dissatisfaction with central government’s approach to the issue. By following the story of an unauthorised (re)introduction of Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) to England, I show how adiverse collective has, at least temporarily, been united and empowered by a shared understanding of beavers as ‘belonging’ in the UK. I consider how nonhuman citizenship is socio-politically negotiated, and how the beavers have become enrolled in a ‘wild experiment’. Finally, through a multi- sited study of grey squirrel (Sciuruscarolinensis) control initiatives, I find important variations in management practitioners’ approaches to killing squirrels, and identify several ‘modes of killing’ that comprise different primary motivations, moral principles, ultimate aims, and practical methods. I identify multiple ways in which people respond and relate to introduced wildlife, and demonstrate how this multiplicity produces both socio-political tensions and accords. Furthermore, throughout this thesis I make a series of propositions for re-configuring the management of introduced species in ways that explicitly incorporate inclusive, constructive, and context-appropriate socio-political deliberations into its design and implementation.

La Corse abrite une grande diversité de zones humides soumises à des pressions et menaces d’origine anthropique qui n’ont cessé de croître et de se diversifier au cours de ces dernières décennies. La conservation de ces milieux à forte valeur patrimoniale et du peuplement d’odonates original qui s’y développe, représente aujourd’hui d’importants enjeux environnementaux et sociétaux afin de préserver les services écologiques essentiels rendus par ces éléments clefs des écosystèmes aquatiques et terrestres. Le projet de recherche appliquée développé dans le cadre de cette thèse s’est attaché à améliorer les connaissances disponibles sur les libellules de Corse, afin de proposer des mesures de conservation et de gestion concrètes en faveur de ce groupe et de ses principaux habitats naturels sur l’île. Dans cet objectif, la première partie de ces travaux s’est employée à combler les principales lacunes de connaissance identifiées par les études antérieures sur la situation des espèces, notamment en intensifiant l’effort de prospection consenti à l’échelle régionale. Les particularités, la répartition, les exigences et habitats écologiques de nombreuses libellules se développant en Corse ont pu être décrits avec précision. Les informations disponibles sur certains taxons à forte valeur patrimoniale ont particulièrement augmenté comme l’illustre la définition très complète de la situation éco-biogéographique de Chalcolestes parvidens. La deuxième partie de ces travaux s’est attachée à évaluer et comparer l’efficacité des principales méthodes d’échantillonnage couramment utilisées pour l’étude des populations d’odonates. Dans ce cadre, les nombreuses informations récoltées sur l’organisation spatiale et la dynamique des populations étudiées ont notamment été employées afin de proposer aux principaux gestionnaires d’espaces naturels de l’île (Conseils départementaux, PNRC, Communes…) des méthodes adaptées pour l’évaluation et le monitoring des espèces à fort enjeu de conservation, dont l’emblématique et menacé Lestes macrostigma.La troisième partie de ces travaux est consacrée au développement d’outils pour le suivi de la qualité des principaux habitats d’odonates. Elle a permis d’aboutir à l’élaboration d’un tout nouvel indice biologique adapté à l’évaluation de l’état écologique des rivières de Corse : « Odonata Community Index – Corsica » (OCIC). Cet outil innovant, basé sur l’étude du peuplement caractéristique des libellules des cours d’eau, s’est montré particulièrement performant lors de sa confrontation aux autres indices biologiques actuellement utilisés sur l’île. L’indice OCIC et le groupe des odonates apparaissent aujourd’hui clairement comme des solutions alternatives prometteuses, en vue d’améliorer l’efficacité du système d’évaluation de la qualité écologique des rivières de Corse, compte tenu des failles de représentativité mises en évidence par les expérimentations réalisées.La dernière partie de cette thèse, basée sur des évaluations patrimoniales et écologiques du peuplement insulaire d’odonates réalisées à l’aide des informations produites, se conclue par le développement de nouveaux dispositifs régionaux de conservation en lien avec les services de l’Etat : un Plan Régional d’Actions, une liste rouge d’espèces menacées ainsi qu’une liste actualisée d’espèces déterminantes pour les Zones Naturelles d’Intérêt Ecologique Faunistique et Floristique. Ces dispositifs permettront d’améliorer l’état de conservation des libellules de Corse et des principales zones humides qui les abritent.Au final, ces travaux de thèse qui ont permis de plus de tripler les données disponibles jusqu’alors sur les libellules de Corse, fourniront un nouveau cadre de développement pour l’odonatologie insulaire. / Corsica is home to a great diversity of wetland subject to anthropogenic pressures and threats which have continued to grow and diversify in recent decades. The conservation of these environments with high heritage value and of the original Odonata community that develops in it, today represents significant environmental and societal challenges in order to preserve essential ecological services provided by these key elements of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The applied research project developed as part of this thesis is focused on improving the knowledge available on the corsican dragonfly’s community, to propose concrete conservation and management measures for this group and its main insular natural habitats.In this objective, the first part of this work has sought to fill principal knowledge gaps identified by previous studies on the situation of listed species, including by greatly intensifying exploration effort at the regional level. The special features, distribution, habitat requirements and ecological of many dragonflies growing in Corsica have been described with great precision. The information available on some taxa with high heritage value increased as illustrated by the comprehensive definition of eco-bio-geographical situation of Chalcolestes parvidens.The second part of this work has sought to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the main sampling methods commonly used for the study of dragonfly’s populations. In this context, the informations collected on the spatial organization and dynamics of the populations studied were especially used to propose appropriate methods for evaluation and monitoring the species to high conservation issue to main managers of natural areas of the island (County Councils, PNRC, municipalities ...), including the emblematic and threatened Lestes macrostigma.The third part of this work is devoted to the development of tools for monitoring the quality of the main Odonata habitats. It lead to the development of a new biological index adapted to assess the ecological status of corsican rivers: "Odonata Community Index - Corsica '(OCIC). This innovative tool, based on the study of characteristics of Odonata community of watercourses, was particularly effective during its confrontation with other biological indicators currently used on the island. The OCIC index today appear clearly as an alternative solution to improve the efficiency of the ecological quality assessment system of the Corsican rivers, given the representativeness vulnerabilities which have been highlighted by the tests performed.The final part of this thesis, based on heritage and environmental assessments of the insular dragonfly’s community made with all the information produced, ended with the development and the proposal of several regional conservation devices whose implementation is encouraged by the state services: a first regional actions plan, a first red list of threatened species and an updated list of species determinative for natural areas of ecological, flora and fauna interest. These important features are intended to contribute to improve the overall state of conservation of Corsican dragonflies and main wetlands that support them. They should enable the implementation of truly operational management actions and ensure better consideration of the main regional conservation and valuation issues identified.In the end, the thesis work that increased more than triple the previously available data on dragonflies of Corsica, will provide a new framework to developpe the isular odonatology.

Les hauts de falaises littorales peuvent être considérés comme des systèmes socio-écologiques dans lesquels cohabitent des habitats rares (landes littorales et végétations de hauts de falaises) et de multiples usages récréatifs (tourisme, pêche, randonnée). Ces usages ont entraîné, depuis plus d’une cinquantaine d’années, des dégradations importantes sur les habitats de certains hauts de falaises. En réponse à ces dégradations, de nombreuses opérations de restauration ont été menées depuis près de 30 ans. L’objectif de cette thèse est de réaliser un bilan de ces opérations afin de développer les connaissances de ces systèmes pour optimiser les opérations de restauration futures. Pour cela, l’étude se base principalement sur 23 entretiens semi-directifs et deux ateliers menés avec des acteurs de la restauration, 465 suivis de végétation répartie sur 18 sites le long du littoral breton et un échantillonnage d’arthropodes réalisé sur trois sites d’études. À partir de ces données, des études sociologiques, méthodologiques, des successions végétales et des communautés végétales et d’arthropodes ont été menées afin de proposer un certain nombre de préconisations pour des opérations futures. Ce travail fait ressortir le besoin d’une meilleure réflexion sur les objectifs de restauration lors de la planification, en particulier concernant les objectifs sociaux. L’étude des dynamiques de restauration a quant à elle montré que la restauration passive, bien que lente, est efficace sur le long terme lorsque l’habitat n’est pas trop dégradé. En revanche, en milieu fortement dégradé, l’usage de méthodes actives semble nécessaire afin d’enclencher la restauration. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour adapter les méthodes de restauration aux différents contextes des sites à restaurer. / Maritime clifftops might be considered as social-ecological systems where rare habitats (maritime heathland and clifftop vegetation) and multiples recreational uses (tourism, fishing, hiking) are coexisting. For more than fifty years, these uses are leading to important maritime clifftop habitat degradations. In reaction to these degradations, many restoration projects have been conducted for nearly 30 years. The thesis purpose is to carry out an assessment of restoration projects in order to improve future restoration projects by increasing knowledge about those social-ecological systems. This study is mostly based on 23 semi-structured interviews and 2 workshops conducted with restoration stakeholders, 465 vegetation monitoring plots set on 18 restored sites along Brittany’s coast and arthropods sampling conducted on three different sites.From these data, sociological, methodological, plant succession, arthropods and plant communities’ studies have been performed in order to put forward recommendations for future restoration projects planning and to highlight scientific needs. The need for a better consideration of restoration goals, in particular social goals, has been pointed out. Succession study has shown that, when habitat degradation is not too heavy, passive restoration is slow, but efficient on the long term. In highly degraded habitat thought, active restoration seems required to start restoration process. Complementary studies are still needed to adapt restoration method choice to different degradation and site contexts.

Les picocyanobactéries marines des genres Prochlorococcus et Synechococcus sont les organismes photosynthétiques les plus abondants de la planète et ils contribuent de façon substantielle à la production primaire mondiale. Alors que le genre Prochlorococcus se caractérise par sa forte abondance dans les régions oligotrophes et son génome réduit, le genre Synechococcus se distingue par sa grande diversité génétique et pigmentaire ainsi qu'une aire de distribution plus étendue.Le principal objectif de ce travail a été de mettre en relation la diversité génétique de ces organismes avec leur niche écologique par des approches de génomique comparative et de métagénomique. Tout d'abord, le développement d'une méthode de scaffolding (WiseScaffolder) a permis de clore 32 nouveaux génomes de Synechococcus, lesquels ont été intégrés au système d'information Cyanorak, dédié à l'annotation de gènes orthologues. Ces nouveaux génomes, complétant les 65 génomes disponibles pour ces deux genres, ont fait l'objet d'analyses comparatives afin de mieux comprendre la diversité et l'évolution de ce phylum et de définir les gènes spécifiques de différents groupes phylogénétiques, potentiellement liés à leur adaptation à des niches écologiques distinctes.Ces génomes ont ensuite été utilisés comme référence, en conjonction avec le gène marqueur petB, pour analyser les données de métagénomique issues de l'expédition TARA-Océans. Ces analyses ont notamment mis en lumière la diversité génétique, la distribution et l'importance écologique de certains clades phylogénétiques. Ce travail soulève de nouvelles hypothèses quant au rôle des picocyanobactéries dans le fonctionnement global des océans. / Marine picocyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus genera are the most abundant photosynthetic organisms and contribute substantially to global primary production. While the genus Prochlorococcus is characterized by its high abundance in oligotrophic regions and its reduced genome, Synechococcus is characterized by a larger genetic and pigment diversity and a wider area of distribution.The main objective of this PhD thesis was to link the genetic diversity of these organisms to the environmental conditions of their ecological niche by comparative genomics and metagenomics approaches. Firstly, the development of a scaffolding method (WiseScaffolder) has allowed us to close 32 new genomes of Synechococcus which were integrated into the Cyanorak information system dedicated to the annotation of orthologous genes. These new genomes, supplementing the 65 genomes previously available for these two genera, allowed us to perform comparative analyses which led to a better understanding of the diversity and evolution of this phylum and to the definition of genes sets specific to different phylogenetic groups and thus potentially related to their adaptation to different ecological niches.These genomes were then used as reference, in conjunction with the marker gene petB gene, to analyze metagenomic data produced in the frame of the Tara-Oceans Expedition. In particular, these analyzes highlighted the genetic diversity, distribution and ecological importance of some phylogenetic clades. This work raises new hypotheses about the role of picocyanobacteria in the overall functioning of the oceans.

L’expansion et l’intensification agricole ont d’énormes conséquences sur la biodiversité. L’étude des compromis entre production et biodiversité peut aider au ciblage de mesures en faveur de la biodiversité.L’objectif de la thèse était de révéler des stratégies d’utilisation des sols agricoles qui permettraient d’enrayer le déclin des oiseaux agricoles tout en maintenant la production dans un territoire partagé entre grandes cultures et élevage de ruminants.Notre travail s’est basé sur l’étude de corrélations entre des variables décrivant l’utilisation des sols agricoles, la production agricole et plusieurs descripteurs des communautés d’oiseaux dans les milieux agricoles français.Nous avons observé des communautés d’oiseaux très spécialisées et pauvres en espèces dans les régions à haute production végétale ; et des communautés dominées par des oiseaux généralistes dans les régions à haute production animale. La stratégie qui maximise le FBI (un indice d’abondance des oiseaux agricoles) en maintenant la production dans ses composantes animale et végétale combinait une légère extensification des grandes cultures, le renforcement des régions d’élevage extensif et l’intensification des régions d’élevage déjà intensives.Nos résultats soulignent la nécessité d’adopter des solutions différenciées à la production animale et à la production végétale, au-delà de la dichotomie land sparing/land sharing. / Agricultural expansion and intensification have disastrous consequences on biodiversity. Studying the relationship between biodiversity and food production can help devise appropriate measures.The objective of this work was to reveal land use strategies to halt the decline of farmland birds while maintaining agricultural production.Our work was based on the study of correlations between agricultural land use, food production, and various bird community descriptors across French agroecosystems.In high crop production regions, we observed low-diversity communities dominated by few arable specialist species. In high livestock production regions, we observed communities dominated by generalist bird species. The land-use strategy that maximized the Farmland Bird Index under crop and livestock production constraints involved a decrease of crop intensity in the most intensive crop regions and an increase of livestock intensity in the most intensive livestock regions. Extensive livestock production was reinforced in current extensive areas.Our results have shown that different strategies are needed in crop-dominated and in livestock dominated regions.