Ce travail a pour objet l'histoire du surréalisme pendant l'entre-deux guerres (1921-1941 ). À travers l'étude de nombreuses revues d'époque et des écrits d'André Breton, de Georges Hugnet, de David Gascoyne, il s'agit de mettre en lumière la façon dont les surréalistes se sont faits les acteurs de leur propre histoire. Cette construction mémorielle, parfois critiquée par certains surréalistes (notamment René Crevel), explique sans nul doute les tensions et les conflits qui agitent le groupe. Durant les années 1930, nombreux sont les historiens de l'art et écrivains à assister et à commenter la formation du groupe surréaliste. Le rôle de Christian Zervos, celui de René Huyghe et de Marcel Raymond est évoqué, tout comme les apports plus marginaux de Carl Einstein, de Benjamin Fondane et de Walter Benjamin. Ce processus de réification d'un mouvement qui entend écrire sa propre histoire n'a pas pour seul théâtre la France et l'Europe. Plusieurs historiens de l'art, marchands et galeristes américains ont joué un rôle capital dans la reconnaissance du surréalisme. Les écrits de James Thrall Soby, de James Johnson Sweeney tout comme les initiatives d'Alfred Barr ou de Julien Levy ont été sondés et interrogés pour bien montrer la dimension planétaire du mouvement. / This work is dedicated to the history of surrealism du ring the inter-war period (1921-1944). Through the study of many periodicals and the writings of André Breton, Georges Hugnet, David Gascoyne, it highlights how surrealists have made themselves the actors of their own history. This memorial construction, sometimes criticized by some surrealists (especially René Crevel), undoubtedly explains the tensions and conflicts that shake the group. Du ring the 1930s, many art historians and writers attended and commented on the formation of the surrealist group. The role of Christian Zervos, René Huyghe and Marcel Raymond is evoked, as are the more marginal contributions of Carl Einstein, Benjamin Fondane and Walter Benjamin. This process of commodification of a movement that intends to write its own story does not only take place in France and in Europe. Many American art historians, merchants and galleries have played a major role in recognizing surrealism. The writings of James Thrall Soby, James Johnson Sweeney, as well as Alfred Barr or Julien Levy's initiatives show the planetary dimension of the movement.

Cette thèse porte sur les relations entre l’Union européenne et le Conseil de l’Europe de 1948 à 2014. Liées par un objectif commun d’une union politique entre les peuples d’Europe, ces deux organisations européennes entretiennent dès leur genèse des liens où coopération et concurrence se côtoient à des degrés différents en alternance. L’objectif de cette étude est donc d’analyser la nature de ces relations, la condition et la manière dont elles se mettent en place. Elle permet ainsi de réaliser une comparaison des deux organisations autour de paramètres politique, institutionnel et matériel. Il s’agit aussi d’apporter un regard nouveau sur l’histoire de l’intégration européenne : en s’élevant au-dessus d’une analyse intrinsèque de l’histoire de l’UE, l’intégration européenne est alors appréhendée par rapport aux interactions de l’UE avec le Conseil de l’Europe. / This thesis focuses on the relationship between the European Union and the Council of Europe for the period 1948- 2014. Having as their common objective a political union among the people of Europe, these two European organisations have alternated since their creation between cooperating stance and competitiveness.Therefore, the aim of this research study is to analyse the nature of these relationships, casting light on the conditions and the way in which these were put in place. The thesis makes a structured comparison of the two organizations regarding the relevant political, institutional and material parameters. It also aims at providing a fresh look at the history of European integration: by going beyond an intrinsic analysis of the history of the EU, European integration is thus understood in relation to the interactions of the EU with the Council of Europe.

Entre septembre 1947 et mars 1952, 1115 orphelins de la Shoah ont pu quitter l’Europe pour le Canada dans le cadre du War Orphans Project, un programme d’immigration mis en place par la principale organisation juive canadienne, le Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC). Cette thèse porte à la fois sur les trajectoires de ces jeunes rescapés et sur l’action des organisations qui les ont accompagnés en Europe et au Canada. En se basant essentiellement sur les dossiers individuels de demande de visa des orphelins, elle reconstitue leurs parcours de guerre et de sortie de guerre. À travers une articulation constante des dimensions, elle souhaite interroger les circulations migratoires des jeunes rescapés au-delà d’une lecture téléologique qui ferait du départ au Canada une évidence. Ce travail tient aussi le dossier comme un lieu d’observation des discours et des pratiques des adultes qui les remplissent. Ces derniers ont formulé un discours sur le retour à la normale des orphelins. Ils ont aussi cherché à clarifier sur le papier des identités que la guerre avait rendu confuses et à présenter les jeunes rescapés comme des migrants désirables pour les autorités canadiennes. L’analyse des dossiers comme mise en récit et présentation de l’autre par un tiers met au jour les pratiques administratives de catégorisation et d’assignation identitaire et donne à voir comment les orphelins ont tenté de s’adapter et de résister. / Between September 1947 and March 1952, 1115 Holocaust orphans were allowed to migrate to Canada as part of a refugee project sponsored by the Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC), at this time the main organization of the Canadian Jewry. This dissertation explores both the orphans’ trajectories and the work of the organizations that took care of them in Europe and Canada. Mostly based on the young survivors’ visa application files, it aims to map their paths during and immediately after the war through a microhistorical and transnational perspective. This dissertation also uses the casefiles as a material to grasp the discourses and practices of the adults that completed them. In every casefile, social and humanitarian workers developed ideas on how best to rehabilitate the orphans and help them to go back to a “normal life”. They also tried to stabilize identities confused by the war and to present the young survivors as desirable migrants in a way that was fitting Canadian authorities’ expectations. The analysis of the casefiles highlights how administrations categorize and impose identities but also how individuals manage to resist and adapt themselves.

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN, TESTING AND MANUFACTURING OF AN INDUSTRIAL TYPE ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC VACUUM SWEEPER SAHIN, Emre M.Sc., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Kahraman ALBAYRAK Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Bilgin KAFTANOGLU September 2011, 156 pages In this thesis, conceptual design, testing, development and manufacturing processes of the cleaning (elevator and fan system) and electro-hydraulic systems of an industrial type vacuum sweeper are presented. Thesis is financially supported by Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (Turkey) and M&uuml / san A.S. (Makina &Uuml / retim Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S.) under the SAN-TEZ projects with numbers 00028.STZ.2007-1 and 00623.STZ.2010-1. The main purpose is to make critical design changes on existing fan system, designing a new elevator system and eventually obtaining efficient and powerful cleaning system. For design, Catia and SolidWorks softwares are used. Within the SAN-TEZ project, all CFD solutions were provided by Punto Engineering. Unlike many industrial type vacuum sweepers, new design will be electrically and electro-hydraulic controlled. All cleaning system of new &lsquo / M&Uuml / SAN Vacuum Sweeper&rsquo / will be activated by using hydraulic motors (traction system including hydraulic system is driven by the brushless DC electric motor as well) and the power of all these systems is supplied by batteries which are placed in the middle of the vehicle. Elevator and fan system can be considered as a group for a street sweeper for cleaning operations. Fan and elevator systems both gain an important place especially in cleaning operations due to lifting heavy and small particles from the ground. Fan system is used for sucking the small materials and dust by vacuum and elevator system is used to elevate heavier materials such stones, bottles, cans. Therefore, it is essential to design an efficient and powerful fan and elevator system for a street sweeper. The thesis work includes the design, development, supervision of manufacturing, simulation and testing of the cleaning (elevator and fan systems) and electro-hydraulic system of the street cleaners.

This thesis surveys the sounds of everyday street and work life to argue for a reassessment of the way historians have understood community, space, materiality and identity in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century Germany and Britain. It will demonstrate that sound played an important role in the organisation of urban space and social order. Furthermore it will show how the historical subject as listener emphasises the volatility of identity, place-making and community. Sounds either defined a community through positive responses or created conflict where one group heard the sounds of another group as noise. Sound helps to define the social groups that this thesis focuses on, such as experts, intellectuals, local administrators, immigrants or factory labourers. The ephemeral nature of sound and the subjectivity of listening, however, also pull apart such neat definitions and reveal the fractures within each of these social groups. Throughout this thesis, differing reactions to everyday sounds in the conurbations of Manchester and Düsseldorf will demonstrate how communities sought to define themselves and their environments through the production and reception of sound. What emerges is a re-composition of everyday life in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth century that challenges examinations of it based on images of class, sociability and culture. Düsseldorf and Manchester were substantial cities that grew during the period studied here and underwent similar processes of technological change that affected both the social order and the physical environment. This thesis demonstrates that the audibility of specific technologies, buildings and machines physically affected listeners, and that working classes, middle-class professionals and local administrators all created regimes of noise intent on controlling behaviour in streets and workplaces. One of the key tropes within studies of sound is that listening places the historical subject at the centre of their environment while seeing places them outside of it. Using this idea, this thesis will make an original contribution to a number of debates. First of all, sounds broke down visual boundaries between street and workplace and this dissertation examines how that changes historical notions of place and space. Secondly, this thesis establishes how sound exposes the lines of fracture and cohesion within and between social groups that historians of popular street culture have tried to emphasise through class relations. Thirdly, sound allows for a re-examination of the power structures in which factory labourers and immigrants worked and lived as it presents practices of listening and sound production that breathe new life into ‘histories from below’ and challenge the top-down approaches associated with governmentality. Finally, this thesis will challenge the notion of noise as unwanted sound, prevalent in the growing number of histories on urban noise by demonstrating the diversity of everyday and medical reactions to ‘noise’ and exploring the problem of ‘silence’ in negotiations of migrant and worker identity and the development of road technologies. Overall, this thesis will determine that the role of sound in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth-century complicates historical debates on the physical and social organisation of urban space. Different communities transformed their identities around shared listening practices and adapted their rhythms of everyday life to sounds that resonated between street and home, work and leisure.

Le déclin de l'Europe au XXe siècle est un fait incontestable. Peut-on ou doit-on franchir le pas et affirmer que l'Europe, comme civilisation, est condamnée à la décadence? Raymond Aron a analysé durant plus de 50 ans l'évolution de l'Europe à travers ses différentes facettes : idée, construction institutionnelle, sentiment. Il affirme la crise de l'Europe, comme crise de civilisation, pour mieux la combattre. L'Europe a un avenir à condition de penser son Histoire. L'Histoire n'est ni la promesse d'un progrès certain ni la condamnation définitive à la décadence. Le réalisme aronien souhaite éviter deux extrêmes : le moralisme et le cynisme. La proposition de cette thèse est l'introduction du terme «oscillation» entre déclin et vitalité historique : de la décadence au déclin, du déclin à la crise, de la crise au conflit, du conflit à la vitalité, de la vitalité à la créativité et de la créativité à l'action. L'oscillation doit mettre en tension l'Europe pour passer de la crise à la métamorphose. La vertu est le chaînon manquant entre déclin et vitalité historique. Elle permet à la tension de revenir à un point d'équilibre. L'accomplissement de la vertu met en pratique la potentialité, la réponse au défi, l'engagement et la vitalité historique. La survie de la civilisation européenne tient en cette ligne de crête fragile mais tremplin vers un renouveau. / The decline of Europe in the twentieth century is an indisputable fact. Can or should we go ahead and say that Europe, as a civilization, is doomed to decadence? Raymond Aron analyzed for more than 50 years the evolution of Europe through its various facets: idea, institutional building, feeling. He assures the crisis in Europe, as a crisis of civilization, to better fight it. Europe has a future. This is about thinking History. History is not the promise of some progress nor the final sentence to decadence. The realism of Aron wants to avoid two extremes: moralism and cynicism. The proposal of this thesis is the introduction of the word "oscillation" between decline and historical vitality: from decadence to decline, from decline to crisis, from crisis to conflict, from conflict to vitality, from vitality to creativity, and from creativity to action. The oscillation should literally energize Europe so as to transform crisis and conflict. Virtue is the missing link between decline and historical vitality. It allows energy to become harmonious again, to its point of equilibrium. The fulfillment of virtue puts into practice potentiality, the answer to challenge, commitment and historical vitality. The survival of the European civilization lies in this delicate edge that is a springboard to a revival.