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The purpose of this study was to examine the predictors of teachers&rsquo / sense of efficacy including gender, teaching field, years of teaching experience, satisfaction with performance, support from colleagues, support from parents, and support from administration, and teaching resources. The present study was conducted in the 2006-2007 academic year. The study included a total of 383 science, mathematics, and classroom teachers from 62 elementary schools of &Ccedil / ankaya district in Ankara. Data were collected through Teachers&rsquo / Sense of Efficacy Scale (Tschannen-Moran &amp / Woolfolk Hoy, 2001). In the present study, data were analyzed by utilizing four separate hierarchical regression analyses. Results showed that gender, teaching field, and years of teaching experience variables were not significant predictors for overall teacher efficacy, efficacy in instructional strategies, efficacy in classroom management, and efficacy in student engagement, whereas satisfaction with performance variable made significant contribution to all dependent variables. Parental support and teaching resources predicted only efficacy in student engagement.

This study investigates the students&rsquo / characteristics and school characteristics and their influences on scientific literacy skills of 15-year-old students across Turkey, Canada, and Sweden, through the use of data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development&rsquo / s (OECD&rsquo / s) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2006. The purpose of this study is to gain a more complete understanding of the effect of human and physical resource allocations and their interaction on students&rsquo / scientific literacy skills using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) techniques. By PISA 2006 results, in terms of scientific literacy, Canada is a high performing country whereas Turkey is far below the average and Sweden has a rank in the average. For modeling scientific literacy, student-level characteristics determined by student questionnaire, and school-level characteristics determined by school questionnaire were used. Results of the present study indicated that there were significant between-school differences in scientific literacy skills of students for all three countries. Turkey had the highest between-school variance and it was more than half of the total variance whereas in Canada and Sweden they were far lower. School type and size were common school factors affecting students&rsquo / scientific literacy skills in Canada and Sweden / however, in Turkey school admittance policies, educational resources, science promotional activities, and teacher qualities were school characteristics which have impact on scientific literacy. Enjoyment of learning science, self-efficacy in science, general value given to science, awareness of environmental issues, responsibility for sustainable development, and confidence in use of information technologies were common student factors affecting development of scientific literacy skills in the three countries. Finally, in all three countries cross-level interactions of student and school characteristics for developing scientific literacy skills were observed.

Digitization that has enabled instant access to vast numbers of archival, historical images, demands a new paradigm for the use of visual imagery in historical research. This thesis proposes a new form of historiography in the digital medium, an image-based narrative mode for authoring and reading history. I propose a digital model for conveying history through the visual record, as an alternative to the printed book. Unlike the quantitative “big data” approach to digital humanities, this research explores visuality itself. In a practice-led approach, the research addresses both aspects of historiography: (1) a method of historical representation; and (2) original historical work on a selected topic. The testbed for historiographic and narrative experiments which led to the model was my case study on the Boxer Uprising in China, c. 1900. While many written histories of the Boxer Uprising exist, I collected a large portion of its extensive visual record for the first time. Sources from around the world, in a variety of media, were assembled into a digital data set that reveals previously unexplored historical themes. A series of visual narratives built in the case study culminated in a proposed “Visual Narrative Field” model. In this model, meaning emerges in the patterns observed between images within a complex visual field. The model vertically integrates three narrative approaches in order to support alternating cognitive modes used to read texts and perceive images. Linear concentration is blended with the non-linear exploration of interactive forms. The model provides historians with a much-needed tool for authoring narrative through relationships between images in a scalable approach. Due to digitization, visual databases are easily assembled, and images are as easily reproduced as written text. The Visual Narrative Field model takes advantage of the characteristics of the newly-digitized visual record, providing a means of authoring visual narrative that can be comprehended without the use of extensive written text. The model thus creates an unprecedented image-based method for performing and presenting historical research.

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine ethnografische Studie über uigurische Minkaohan Frauen, die in Urumchi, der Provinzhauptstadt des Uigurischen Autonomen Gebietes Xinjiang in Chinas Nordwesten leben. Der Fokus der Untersuchung liegt auf der dritten Generation von Minkaohan, die in den späten 1990er-Jahren bis in die frühen 2000er-Jahre an Han Schulen mit Chinesisch als Unterrichtssprache ausgebildet wurden. Über einen Zeitraum von neun Monaten wurden mit den Methoden der Teilnehmenden Beobachtung und der Durchführung von Interviews in Urumchi Daten gesammelt. Zu den Hauptthemen, die sich in der Analyse der Feldforschungsdaten herausbildeten, gehören die uigurische Sprachkompetenz, die Wahl von Heiratspartnern, das Erlernen von weiblichem Geschlechterrollen, das Verständnis von muslimischem Glauben und der Konsum von globaler Populärkultur als Versuch Unabhängigkeit und Selbstbestimmung zu erhalten. Dabei spielt die inneruigurische Vorstellung einer starren Minkaohan/Minkaomin Binarität, in der Minkaomin-Sein mit normativ- authentischem und Minkoahan-Sein mit anormalem Uigurischsein gleichsetzt wird, eine wichtige Rolle. Die Begriffe „Minkaohan“ und „Minkaomin“ sind als diskursive Kategorien zu verstehen, die in einen größeren sozio-ökonomischen und politischen Kontext von Uiguren als eine ethnische Minderheit in der Volksrepublik China eingebettet sind. Es wird untersucht, wie Minkaohan Frauen den Diskurs einer Minkaohan/Minkaomin Binarität wahrnehmen, hinterfragen und diesen in den staatlichen Mehrheitsdiskurs einordnen, um sich Selbst (Self) und den Anderen (Other) neu zu positionieren. Die vorliegende Studie zielt darauf ab die Diversität innerhalb der uigurischen Gesellschaft in China näher zu beleuchten. Diese wird nicht nur vom chinesischen Diskurs über Uiguren, sondern auch oft von der westlichen akademischen Wissenschaft, die sich auf die Beziehung zwischen Uiguren und Han Chinesen konzentriert, vernachlässigt. / The present work is an ethnographic study of young Uyghur minkaohan women living in Urumchi, the capital city of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in China’s far northwest. The focus of this study lies on a third generation of minkaohan who were educated at Han Chinese schools (with Mandarin as the medium of instruction) around the turn of the new millennium. Participant observation and interviews were conducted over a nine-month period of fieldwork in Urumchi. The main themes that emerged from the analysis of the fieldwork data include: managing language competence; choosing a marriage partner; learning about normative female gender roles; defining a personal understanding of religious belief and practice, as well as consuming global popular culture in order to perform the ideal of an independent and self-determined woman. Inner-Uyghur notions of a fixed minkaohan/minkaomin binary, which equates being minkaomin with normative, authentic Uyghurness and being minkaohan with abnormal, exceptional Uyghurness, plays a crucial role here. The terms minkaohan and minkaomin need to be understood as discursive categories embedded in the broader socio-economic and political context of Uyghur people’s position as an ethnic minority group in the PR China. This study investigates how the women perceive, question, and utilize the idea of a minkaohan/minkaomin binary and frame it within the state’s majority/minority discourse in order to renegotiate, position, and redefine Self and Other. The broader purpose of this study is to highlight the diversity of Uyghur communities in China and focus on relations between different Uyghur communities in Urumchi – a topic, which is neglected not only by the Chinese state discourse on Uyghurs but often also by Western academic literature centered on Han-Uyghur relations.

Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à une question peu étudiée par l’historiographie de la Chine moderne et pourtant fondamentale pour la compréhension de l’impérialisme dans l’histoire de la Chine moderne. En s’inscrivant à la croisée de trois chantiers historiographiques, connexes, mais distincts, l’histoire urbaine, l’histoire des empires et l’histoire des forces de l’ordre, elle cherche à mettre en lumière la circulation des techniques et des savoirs de l’État moderne comme « statecraft » au niveau de la ville entre les empires européens et l’État chinois. Son objet central est la question de la défense et du maintien de l’ordre public dans la Concession française comme révélateur à la fois des relations entre les autorités françaises et locales, des tensions éventuelles entre les empires, de la hiérarchisation administrative de l’Empire français sur place, et la répartition du pouvoir de commandement militaire entre autorités civiles et militaires, dans le but d’éclairer la mise en place de l’administration municipale de Shanghai avant l’installation de la municipalité de Kuomintang en 1927 à trois niveaux. Comment les rapports existent-ils entre les trois municipalités au sein de la ville? Comment les autorités françaises construisent-elles une administration de la sécurité sur place? Enfin, comment cette administration de la sécurité répond-elle aux défis de la guerre et du conflit militaire ? / This doctoral thesis focuses on a question that has been little studied by the historiography of modern China but that is nevertheless fundamental to the understanding of imperialism in the modern history of this nation. By positioning itself at the intersection of three historiographical camps that are connected and yet distinct—urban history, the history of empires, and the history of the forces of law and order—this thesis will seek to emphasise the idea that the circulation of the skills and knowledge-base of a modern state were an example of “statecraft” within the city of Shanghai, which occupied an intermediary position between the European empires and the Chinese state. The primary focus of the thesis is the issue of defence and the maintenance of public order in the French Concession of Shanghai as being indicative of the relations that existed between the French and local authorities, the possible tensions between the empires, the administrative hierarchy of the French Empire on the ground, and the distribution of the power of military command between the civil and military authorities. The objective is to shed light on the shaping of the municipal administration of Shanghai before the establishment of the Kuomintang municipal authority in 1927 on three levels: what form did relations between the three municipalities within the city take? How did the French authorities build a security administration on the ground? Lastly, how did this security administration respond to the challenges of war and military conflict?

La civilisation chinoise est généralement comparée à un monolithe ayant traversé les âges. Elle jouit d’une grande réputation et se caractérise elle-même par une idéologie holiste. Cette vision synoptique implique incidemment une notion de groupe, c’est-à-dire qu’existerait à travers l’espace et le temps un immense ensemble humain identifié par sa « sinité ». Cette thèse s’interroge sur les éléments et les étapes historiques de la construction de la nation contemporaine chinoise. Elle cherche à discerner précisément le moment où ce groupe commence à se percevoir en tant que tel et à comprendre les motifs sous-jacents à sa fondation consciente et volontaire. Afin de mettre en lumière les identités chinoises, cette étude anthropologique du politique brise les barrières des définitions, articule les différentes notions de groupe, et use d’une comparaison entre perspectives historiques de groupe de la France et de la Chine. Animée par l’ambition de s’émanciper de schémas interprétatifs parfois trop stéréotypés à l’égard de l’histoire et des politiques contemporaines chinoises et en vue d’en proposer une compréhension renouvelée, cette entreprise analytique porte une attention accrue sur la conscience d’appartenance au groupe. / The Chinese civilisation is generally likened to a block of stone which has travelled through time. It enjoys a widespread reputation and is itself characterised by an holistic ideology. This summary vision implies incidentally a notion of group, which questions through space and time the existence of a huge group of human identified by its “Sinitic” character.This PhD thesis will interrogate the elements and the historical steps of the construction of a contemporary Chinese nation. It seeks precisely to discern the moment when this group began to perceive as such, and to understand the reasoning behind its conscious and voluntary foundation. In order to reveal these Chinese identities, this anthropological study in politics will break down the barriers of definitions, articulate the different concepts of group, and compare thoroughly different perspectives of some French historical groups and that of Chinese. Driven by the ambition to release the interpretative schemas, sometimes too stereotyped, regarding the history and the politics in modern China, and to propose a renewed understanding, this analytical work pays greater attention on the awareness belonging to the group.

O que é e como é a σωφροσύνη (ό τι ἐστι καὶ ὁποȋόν τι ἡ σωφροσύνη)? Esta é a questão que Sócrates propõe a seus interlocutores, Carmides e Critias, examinarem juntos no diálogo de juventude de Platão, o Carmides, diálogo tentativo ou de exame (πϵιραστικός). Σωφροσύνη é fazer todas as coisas ordenada e calmamente (τò κοσμίως πάυτα πράττϵιν καὶ ἡσυxῇ)? É um sentimento como pudor ou reserva (άἰδως)? É cuidar de suas próprias coisas (τὸ τὰ αὑτοῡ πράττϵιν)? Σωφροσύνη seria fazer coisas boas (τῶν ἀγαθῶν πρᾱξιν)? Ou, ainda, conhecer-se a si mesmo (τὸ γιγνώσκϵιν ἑαυτόν)? Seria ciência das outras ciências e ciência de si mesma (ἐπιστημῶυ ἐπιστήμη ἐστὶ καὶ αὐτὴ ἑαυτῆς)? Ou seria, finalmente, o conhecimento do bem e do mal (τὸ ἀγαθόν καὶ τὸ κακόν)? Como em outros propriamente chamados diálogos socráticos de Platão (no Laques é a coragem, no Eutífron é a piedade) nos quais se examina se uma virtude particular é conhecimento, no Carmides trata-se de examinar se a σωφροσύνη é conhecimento. Se é, é conhecimento de quê? E qual é, para nós, o benefício desta virtude, concebida como conhecimento? Estas são algumas das questões examinadas por Sócrates neste diálogo. Este trabalho pretende acompanhar passo a passo esta que é a primeira investigação (ἐξέτασις) socrática acerca da σωφροσύνη nos diálogos de Platão. Ou, dito de outro modo, este trabalho pretende acompanhar o passo a passo do filosofar socrático no diálogo Carmides. / What is it and how is σωφροσύνη (ό τι ἐστι καὶ ὁποȋόν τι ἡ σωφροσύνη)? This is the question that Socrates proposes to his interlocutors, Critias and Charmides, examine together in the dialogue of youth of Plato, the Charmides, tentative dialogue or examination (πϵιραστικός). Σωφροσύνη is make all things orderly and quietly (τò κοσμίως πάυτα πράττϵιν καὶ ἡσυxῇ)? Its a feeling like modesty or reserve (άἰδως)? You take care of your own things (τὸ τὰ αὑτοῡ πράττϵιν)? Σωφροσύνη would do good things (τῶν ἀγαθῶν πρᾱξιν)? Or even know himself (τὸ γιγνώσκϵιν ἑαυτόν)? Would be science of other sciences and science of herself (ἐπιστημῶυ ἐπιστήμη ἐστὶ καὶ αὐτὴ ἑαυτῆς)? Or would it be finally the knowledge of good and evil (τὸ ἀγαθόν καὶ τὸ κακόν)? Like in others properly called Socratic dialogues of Plato (in the Laches is the courage, in the Euthyphro is the piety) in which examines whether a particular virtue is knowledge, in the Charmides it is examining whether σωφροσύνη is knowledge. If it is, is knowledge of what? And what is, for us, the benefit of this virtue, conceived as knowledge? These are some of the issues examined by Socrates in this dialogue. This work intends to follow step by step this is that the first Socratic investigation (ἐξέτασις) about σωφροσύνη in the dialogues of Plato. Or, put another way, this work intends to follow step by step the Socratic philosophy in dialogue Charmides.

O que é e como é a σωφροσύνη (ό τι ἐστι καὶ ὁποȋόν τι ἡ σωφροσύνη)? Esta é a questão que Sócrates propõe a seus interlocutores, Carmides e Critias, examinarem juntos no diálogo de juventude de Platão, o Carmides, diálogo tentativo ou de exame (πϵιραστικός). Σωφροσύνη é fazer todas as coisas ordenada e calmamente (τò κοσμίως πάυτα πράττϵιν καὶ ἡσυxῇ)? É um sentimento como pudor ou reserva (άἰδως)? É cuidar de suas próprias coisas (τὸ τὰ αὑτοῡ πράττϵιν)? Σωφροσύνη seria fazer coisas boas (τῶν ἀγαθῶν πρᾱξιν)? Ou, ainda, conhecer-se a si mesmo (τὸ γιγνώσκϵιν ἑαυτόν)? Seria ciência das outras ciências e ciência de si mesma (ἐπιστημῶυ ἐπιστήμη ἐστὶ καὶ αὐτὴ ἑαυτῆς)? Ou seria, finalmente, o conhecimento do bem e do mal (τὸ ἀγαθόν καὶ τὸ κακόν)? Como em outros propriamente chamados diálogos socráticos de Platão (no Laques é a coragem, no Eutífron é a piedade) nos quais se examina se uma virtude particular é conhecimento, no Carmides trata-se de examinar se a σωφροσύνη é conhecimento. Se é, é conhecimento de quê? E qual é, para nós, o benefício desta virtude, concebida como conhecimento? Estas são algumas das questões examinadas por Sócrates neste diálogo. Este trabalho pretende acompanhar passo a passo esta que é a primeira investigação (ἐξέτασις) socrática acerca da σωφροσύνη nos diálogos de Platão. Ou, dito de outro modo, este trabalho pretende acompanhar o passo a passo do filosofar socrático no diálogo Carmides. / What is it and how is σωφροσύνη (ό τι ἐστι καὶ ὁποȋόν τι ἡ σωφροσύνη)? This is the question that Socrates proposes to his interlocutors, Critias and Charmides, examine together in the dialogue of youth of Plato, the Charmides, tentative dialogue or examination (πϵιραστικός). Σωφροσύνη is make all things orderly and quietly (τò κοσμίως πάυτα πράττϵιν καὶ ἡσυxῇ)? Its a feeling like modesty or reserve (άἰδως)? You take care of your own things (τὸ τὰ αὑτοῡ πράττϵιν)? Σωφροσύνη would do good things (τῶν ἀγαθῶν πρᾱξιν)? Or even know himself (τὸ γιγνώσκϵιν ἑαυτόν)? Would be science of other sciences and science of herself (ἐπιστημῶυ ἐπιστήμη ἐστὶ καὶ αὐτὴ ἑαυτῆς)? Or would it be finally the knowledge of good and evil (τὸ ἀγαθόν καὶ τὸ κακόν)? Like in others properly called Socratic dialogues of Plato (in the Laches is the courage, in the Euthyphro is the piety) in which examines whether a particular virtue is knowledge, in the Charmides it is examining whether σωφροσύνη is knowledge. If it is, is knowledge of what? And what is, for us, the benefit of this virtue, conceived as knowledge? These are some of the issues examined by Socrates in this dialogue. This work intends to follow step by step this is that the first Socratic investigation (ἐξέτασις) about σωφροσύνη in the dialogues of Plato. Or, put another way, this work intends to follow step by step the Socratic philosophy in dialogue Charmides.