There are three main theories of shame and guilt, each of which ascribe differing levels of social content to each emotion: the internal/external view, for example, posits that guilt is more internally located than shame, the act/person views posits the opposite, while the reciprocal/hierarchical view posits that these two emotions are both inherently social. A difficult challenge for these theories is that shame and guilt are both often felt in response to individual self-control failure. Six studies examined the relationship between self-report measures of shame and guilt, and self-control failure (e.g., studying, dieting, and self-nominated goal failure), testing the assumptions of the three aforementioned theoretical distinctions. Overall, the internal/external theory was supported: shame was shown to be less internalised than guilt, which was shown to be characterised by two independent forms of internalised concerns. Remarkably, one of these internalised forms of guilt was characterised by relational concerns: participants, for example, would "feel betrayed" or "cheated" if they failed at their dieting (or other self-selected dilemmas). This hinted at the possibility of a social, albeit distal, form of guilt, that perhaps reflected an internalisation of social relationships. To address this latter idea more directly, three studies examined the social nature of guilt (controlling for shame) in more objectively social contexts, involving harm related concerns. In support of the reciprocal/hierarchical theory, guilt was shown to be associated with interpersonal concerns while shame, consistent with the earlier six studies, was shown to be less internalised and associated with concerns relating to negative social comparisons. In addition to the internal/external and reciprocal/hierarchical theories, some support was also found for the act/person theory. A nested model of shame and guilt was proposed to integrate these apparently disparate theories of shame and guilt: specifically, the internal/external theory was suggested to be a good proximal explanation of shame and guilt in self-control; the act/person theory was suggested to be a good explanation for the outcomes of shame and guilt; and the reciprocal/hierarchical theory was suggested to be a good ultimate explanation of shame and guilt overall.

This thesis focuses on the communication of unpleasant information in six experimental studies. Specifically, the experimental studies investigate how withholding and/or disclosing unpleasant information is appraised by the communicator in three various ways (degree of severity, concern for one's self-image and concern for one's social-image in the eyes of others), how these appraisals relate to three core feelings (felt rejection, felt inferiority and felt shame), and how these explain two main motivations (wanting to distance oneself from the other, wanting to repair the social bond with the other) across various social bonds (both private and professional). In the two first studies it was found that disclosing unpleasant information caused the communicator to report significantly less distress (lower levels of appraisals, feelings and motivations) compared to when the communicator withheld the unpleasant information. In studies three to six, it was found that, when communicators disclosed the unpleasant information, the prototypical communication strategy of being person-centred caused the communicator to feel significantly less distress (lower levels of appraisals, feelings and responses) than if two other prototypical ways of communicating were used (the fully direct strategy and the fully indirect strategy). In all six studies, I found that the motivation of wanting to distance oneself from the other was explained by a "concern for one's social-image → felt rejection" pathway, while the motivation to repair the social bond with the other was explained by a "concern for one's self-image → felt shame" pathway. The thesis argues the importance of disclosing the unpleasant information and of disclosing it in a person-centred way.

Deliberate firesetting has huge emotional, social, and economic impact. Traditionally, firesetting research has focussed on apprehended populations in prisons or secure psychiatric settings. In contrast, the literature relating to un-apprehended populations is extremely scarce; there has only been one study assessing un-apprehended firesetters living in the UK (Gannon & Barrowcliffe, 2012). The purpose of this thesis is to fill the research gap, and evaluate the prevalence and psychological characteristics of un-apprehended deliberate firesetters living in the UK. Five studies were conducted: Study 1 examined the prevalence and characteristics of un-apprehended deliberate firesetters living in a high firesetting prevalent community in Kent. Study 2 specifically focussed on the psychological characteristics of un-apprehended deliberate firesetters. Studies 1 and 2 identified that firesetting tends to occur in adolescence rather than adulthood. However, the age of participants ranged from 18 to 72 years in Studies 1 and 2 and it was apparent that participants may be unable to fully recollect their adolescent behaviour. Therefore, in order to reduce recollection failures, younger participants (aged 18 to 23) were recruited for Study 3a with the aim of assessing the psychological characteristics of individuals who ignited fires in adolescence. Across Studies 1 to 3a there was an 11.5% to 25% prevalence rate of un-apprehended deliberate firesetters living in the UK and some common psychological characteristics were evident. For example, relative to non-firesetters, un-apprehended deliberate firesetters were male, exhibited higher fire interest, reported experimenting with fire before the age of 10, and having a family history of firesetting. Study 3b compared the offence characteristics and psychological characteristics of un-apprehended firesetters (aged 18 to 23) reporting single firesetting incidences and multiple firesetting incidences. Few notable differences were found, however, relative to single episode firesetters, recidivistic firesetters engaged in more criminal behaviour such as underage drinking and robbery. Studies 1 to 3b utilised self report measures (e.g., questionnaires) to assess psychological characteristics. In contrast, an implicit measure, a lexical decision task, was employed in Study 4 to identify the existence of any of the five implicit theories hypothesised as being relevant to deliberate firesetting (e.g., Dangerous World, Normalisation of Violence, Fire is Fascinating or Exciting, Fire is a Powerful Tool, and Fire is Controllable; Ó Ciardha & Gannon, 2012). Relative to non-firesetters, un-apprehended firesetters were significantly faster at identifying letter strings as words which supported the Dangerous World implicit theory but slower at classifying words supporting the Fire is Fascinating or Exciting implicit theory. This research is the first of its kind to evaluate the psychological characteristics and implicit theories of un-apprehended deliberate firesetters. The new data associated with the studies reported in this thesis offers an insight into the psychological characteristics of un-apprehended firesetters, and details future research directions with the aim of reducing the incidences and devastating consequences of deliberate firesetting.

ARAGÃO, Ana Luisa Eulálio Dantas. Prevalência e fatores de risco associados à coinfecção com vírus da hepatite tipo B (HBV) em pacientes HIV positivos no Estado do Piauí. 2011. 104 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Farmacologia) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza, 2011. / Submitted by denise santos (denise.santos@ufc.br) on 2013-07-17T12:10:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_aledaragão.pdf: 3643693 bytes, checksum: 84ec73320f4c9406eff73401a64aa7cc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Fernandes(erikaleitefernandes@gmail.com) on 2013-07-18T15:26:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_aledaragão.pdf: 3643693 bytes, checksum: 84ec73320f4c9406eff73401a64aa7cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-18T15:26:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_aledaragão.pdf: 3643693 bytes, checksum: 84ec73320f4c9406eff73401a64aa7cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / The coinfection between the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) has the same transmission factors and consequently the associated risk factors explain the high prevalence of these infectious agents in our midst. This study estimated the prevalence of HIV and HBV coinfection and described the individual characteristics that act as risk factors for acquisition of coinfection, in order to use this information for advice. The sample was composed of 805 patients infected with HIV in the state of Piauí who sought the LACEN-PI for monitoring viral load and CD4 + T lymphocytes. The prevalence of Hepatitis B (HB), using the marker anti-HBc, and was 29.3% for HBsAg this value was 2.5%. The prevalence of Anti-HBc was 38.3% aged over 40 years, 38.6% for males, 31.9% among unmarried, 47.7% among retirees, 50.7% among who reported a history of jaundice, 54% among those who were diagnosed with hepatitis, 40.7% among those passing through reformatory or prison, 38.1% among non-intravenous drug users, 35.7% with sexual contact with illicit drug users, 48.8% with a preference among homosexual / bisexual, 44.9% among those who reported having sexual contact with a prostitute rare, 37.1% among those who had STD and 31.4% for those with viral load below 10,000 copies / mL of blood. We observed statistical significance between variables and the frequency of positive anti-HBc. The information in this work could be used in combat, counseling and prevention of advancement, the number of HB cases in HIV positive patients. / A coinfecção entre o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) e o Vírus da Hepatite B (HBV) possui os mesmos fatores de transmissão e como consequência os fatores de risco associados, explicam a alta prevalência destes agentes infecciosos no nosso meio. O presente estudo estimou a prevalência da coinfecção HIV e HBV e descreveu as características individuais que agem como fatores de risco para aquisição desta coinfecção, com o intuito de utilizar esta informação para o aconselhamento. A amostra utilizada foi composta pelos 805 pacientes infectados com o HIV no estado do Piauí que buscaram o LACEN-PI para monitoramento da carga viral e dos linfócitos T CD4+. A prevalência da hepatite B (HB), utilizando o marcador anti-HBc total, foi de 29,3% e, para o HBsAg este valor ficou em 2,5%. A prevalência do Anti-HBc total foi 38,3% na faixa acima dos 40 anos, 38,6% para o sexo masculino, 31,9% entre os solteiros, 47,7% entre os aposentados, 50,7% entre os que relataram antecedente de icterícia, 54% entre os que tiveram hepatite com diagnóstico médico, 40,7% entre os com passagem por reformatório ou prisão, 38,1% entre usuários de droga não endovenosa, 35,7% entre os com contato sexual com usuário de droga ilícita, 48,8% entre os com preferência homossexual/bissexual, 44,9% entre os que disseram ter contato sexual raro com prostituta, 37,1% entre os que tiveram DST e 31,4% para os com carga viral abaixo de 10.000 cópias/mL de sangue. Foram observadas significâncias estatísticas entre as variáveis e a frequência de positividade do anti-HBc total. As informações deste trabalho poderão ser utilizadas no combate, aconselhamento e prevenção do avanço, do número de casos HB em pacientes HIV positivos.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Florianópolis, 2014. / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T21:12:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 327917.pdf: 1061841 bytes, checksum: 7f4ae41c7bbd4a27105581a71bb38132 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / As infecções pelo vírus da hepatite B (HBV) e pelo vírus da hepatite C (HCV) constituem um grave problema de saúde pública mundial que afeta milhões de indivíduos todos os anos. O presente trabalho objetivou estabelecer a prevalência dos marcadores sorológicos de imunidade e infecção pelo HBV e infecção pelo HCV em adolescentes com idade entre 10 a 15 anos, estudantes de Joinville, Santa Catarina. A pesquisa foi realizada com 400 voluntários, sendo que todos os participantes responderam a um questionário e as carteiras de vacinação foram verificadas. Os marcadores sorológicos HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs e anti-HCV foram analisados por meio da metodologia de quimioluminescência utilizando o equipamento automaticado ADVIA CENTAUR® e reagentes da marca SIEMENS®. Dentre os participantes, 60,5% eram do gênero feminino e 39,5% do masculino. A análise sorológica evidenciou ausência dos marcadores anti-HCV e HBsAg. A prevalência do anti-HBc reagente foi 1,25% e reatividade para anti-HBs de 39,5%. A maioria dos voluntários (71,75%) não souberam responder sobre o conceito de hepatite e 59,0% não sabiam responder sobre a forma de transmissão. Observou-se ainda que 56,25% dos voluntários demonstrou conhecimento sobre a vacina preventiva contra o HBV e que a cobertura vacinal foi de 96,5% Em conformidade com os dados obtidos, conclui-se que a circulação do HBV e HCV na cidade de Joinville entre adolescentes de 10 a 15 é baixa e que o nível de conhecimento sobre as hepatites B e C nessa população revelou a necessidade de implantação de estratégias educacionais voltadas ao tema.<br> / Abstract : Infection by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious global public health problem that affects millions of individuals every year. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of serological markers of HBV infection and immunity and HCV infection among adolescents aged 10 to 15 years, studying in Joinville, Santa Catarina. Four hundred volunteers answered a questionnaire and vaccination cards were verified. The serological markers HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs and anti-HCV were analysed via the chemiluminescence method using ADVIA CENTAUR ® automated equipment and SIEMENS ® reagents. Among the participants, 60.5% were female and 39.5% male. Serological analysis showed no markers of anti-HCV or HBsAg. The prevalence of anti-HBc reagent was 1.25% and reactivity to anti-HBs 39.5%. Most volunteers (71.75%) did not know what hepatitis is and 59.0% did not know how it is transmitted. It was also observed that 56.25% of volunteers knew about the preventive vaccine against HBV and vaccination coverage was 96.5%. It was concluded that the circulation of HBV and HCV among adolescents aged 10?15 in the city of Joinville is low and that the level of knowledge about hepatitis B and C in this population indicates the need to implement educational strategies focused on this topic.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T12:52:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 norma_cavalcanti_ioc_mest_2015.pdf: 1824997 bytes, checksum: af53643b4480a1ae7fc6ec212e3804a8 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de infecção pelo HBV em uma população com HIV atendida em um Serviço de Referência no Piauí. Foram incluídos no estudo 115 pacientes HIV positivos que já faziam acompanhamento ambulatorial. A presença de marcadores para as hepatites B (HBs Ag, anti-Hbc total e anti-Hbs) e C (anti-HCV) foram investigados utilizando-se a técnica de ELISA por meio de kits comerciais (Axsym\F0D2). Nas amostras HBsAg reagentes, foi realizada a detecção do HBV-DNA por PCR em tempo real utilizando-se Kits comerciais Abbott Real Time HBV (Abbott Molecular Inc., Des Plaines, USA). A frequência de positividade para os marcadores do HBV foram 3/97 (2,6%) de HBs Ag, 26/98 (22,6%) de anti-HBc e 44/87(38,3%) de anti-HBs. Nos pacientes HBs Ag reagentes, a média de HBV DNA foi de 162 ±1728,34 UI/ml. A média de CD4 nos grupos expostos ao HBV foi 18% maior que nos grupos não expostos. Além da coinfecção HIV/HBV, também foi observada a coinfecção com Hepatite C. De acordo com a classificação da organização mundial de saúde, a prevalência de Hepatite B foi moderada e a coinfecção HIV-HBV nessa população foi mais baixa do que a encontrada em outros lugares do Brasil. Mais estudos são necessários para confirmar se o uso do tenofovir pode ter impacto na diminuição da coinfecção HIV/HBV / The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV infection in a population with HIV treated at a Reference Service in Piauí. The study included 115 HIV-positive patients who were already outpatient treatment. The presence of markers for hepatitis B (HBs Ag, anti-HBc and anti-HBs) and C (anti-HCV) were tested by ELISA using commercial kits (Axsym®). In samples positives for HBsAg HBV DNA was performed by real time PCR using commercial kits Real Time HBV Abbott (Abbott Molecular Inc., Des Plaines, USA). The frequency of positivity for HBV markers were 3/97 (2.6%) HBs Ag, 26/98 (22.6%) of anti-HBc and 44/87 (38.3%) of anti-HBs. In patients HBs Ag positive the means of HBV DNA was 162 ± 1728.34 IU / ml. The average CD4 in the groups exposed to HBV was 18% higher than in non-exposed groups. In coinfection of HIV / HBV, coinfection was also observed with hepatitis C. According to the World Health Organization classification, the prevalence of hepatitis B was moderate and HBV-HIV coinfection in this population was lower than that found in other parts of Brazil. More studies are needed to confirm that the use of tenofovir can impact decreased coinfection HIV/HBV

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Florianópolis, 2017. / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-05T03:15:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 349062.pdf: 2186530 bytes, checksum: e75b0e1a3978f841dbb9e4a7004b2658 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / A Anfotericina B (AB) é o principal fármaco de escolha para o tratamento de infecções fúngicas. A alta incidência e gravidade destas infecções estão relacionadas principalmente a pacientes hospitalizados, que apresentam algum estado de imunossupressão, seja pelo uso de agentes quimioterápicos ou pacientes imunocomprometidos com HIV/AIDS. A formulação de AB em desoxicolato de sódio (AB-DOC), comercialmente disponível como Fungizone®, é a terapia comumente utilizada e considerada padrão-ouro, entretanto, sua administração em pacientes já debilitados provoca efeitos adversos graves, destacando-se a nefrotoxicidade. O aquecimento de AB foi avaliado quanto à formação de agregados e quanto à toxicidade em células de epitélio renal humano in vitro e eficácia em isolados clínicos de Candida spp. provenientes de amostras coletadas de pacientes atendidos no HU-UFSC. Para tal, a citotoxicidade das formulações de AB-DOC, AB-DOC aquecida e Ambisome® foi avaliada por citometria de fluxo, pela verificação da integridade da membrana celular em células de epitélio renal humano (HEK-293) marcadas com iodeto de propídeo. A identificação e caracterização dos isolados clínicos foram feitas através do subcultivo em ágar-sabouraud dextrose por 24 horas e posteriormente submetidas ao microcultivo em lamínula para identificação da espécie. A suscetibilidade antifúngica foi determinada através dos testes de microdiluição em caldo. Nos ensaios de citotoxicidade, a AB-DOC aquecida mostrou-se menos tóxica frente às células de epitélio renal. Observou-se ainda que a atividade antifúngica da AB-DOC aquecida foi tão eficaz quanto a AB-DOC convencional. Além disso, em isolados de Candida albicans, Candida parapsolis e Candida tropicalis, a AB-DOC aquecida foi mais ativa que a AB-DOC. Portanto, o pré-aquecimento de AB-DOC para uso intravenoso surge como futura alternativa não onerosa, conferindo perfil de seletividade a uma formulação já disponível no mercado, com baixo custo e considerado padrão ouro até os dias de hoje. / Abstract : Amphotericin B (AB) is the drug of choice for the treatment of fungal infections. The high incidence and severity of these infections are mainly related to hospitalized patients, who present immunosuppression, either by the use of chemotherapeutic agents or immunocompromised patients with HIV/AIDS. The formulation of AB in sodium deoxycholate (AB-DOC), commercially available as Fungizone®, is the commonly used therapy and is considered gold standard, however, its administration in already debilitated patients causes serious adverse effects, especially nephrotoxicity. Heated AB was evaluated regarding its aggregate state and for in vitro toxicity in human renal epithelial cells as well as its efficacy in clinical isolates of Candida spp. collected from samples patients at HU-UFSC. For that, the cytotoxicity of the AB-DOC, heated AB-DOC and Ambisome® formulations was assessed by flow cytometry, evaluating cell membrane integrity in human renal epithelium (HEK-293) cells labeled with propidium iodide. The identification and characterization of the clinical isolates were done through the subculture in agar-sabouraud dextrose for 24 hours and later submitted to the microculture in coverslip for identification of the species. Antifungal susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution tests. In cytotoxicity assays, heated AB-DOC was shown to be less toxic to renal epithelial cells. It was further observed that the antifungal activity of heated AB-DOC was as effective as conventional AB-DOC. In addition, in the isolates of Candida albicans, Candida parapsolis, and Candida tropicalis, h-AB-DOC was more active than AB-DOC. Therefore, heated AB-DOC for intravenous use appears as a future non-costly alternative, giving a selectivity profile to a formulation that is already available in the market, with low-cost and considered the gold standard nowadays.

O estágio larval do Echinococcus granulosus é o agente etiológico da hidatidose. O antígeno B (AgB) é um dos principais componentes antigênicos do liquído hidático do metacestódeo e foi caracterizado como uma lipoproteína imunogêncica de 120-160 kDa. Na presença de agentes redutores, dissocia-se em 8, 16, 24 e 32 kDa, sugerindo que é composto de multímeros de subunidades de 8 kDa. Embora a função biológica do AgB ainda não seja totalmente clara, muitos estudos demonstraram sua atuação junto à processos importantes na relação parasito-hospedeiro, por exemplo, a evasão da resposta imune do hospedeiro. Nosso laboratório já clonou e expressou em Escherichia coli cinco cDNAs que codificam subunidades do AgB, EgB8/1, EgB8/2 e EgB8/3, EgB8/4 e EgB8/5. Um trabalho recente realizado em nosso laboratório demonstrou que as subunidades recombinantes do AgB, rAgB8/1, rAgB8/2 e rAgB8/3, são capazes de autoassociarem em solução formando homo-oligômeros com características estruturais semelhantes ao AgB nativo. Entretanto, neste trabalho não foi testada a heterooligomerização das subunidades recombinantes do AgB, visto que as proteínas recombinantes purificadas foram obtidas já sob a forma de homo-oligômeros, não sendo possível a mistura destas subunidades para este fim. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a possível hetero-oligomerização das subunidades recombinantes do AgB através de experimentos de co-expressão. As sequências codificadoras do AgB (EgB8/2) e (EgB8/3) de E. granulosus foram amplificadas por PCR e os produtos de PCR de ambas as sequências foram clonados no vetor de expressão (pCDF-Duet), o qual possui duas regiões com múltiplos sítios de clonagem (MCS). A fidelidade das sequências clondadas foi confirmada por sequenciamento de DNA. As proteínas recombinantes foram expressas em Escherichia coli e pela copurificação em coluna de níquel, foi possível verificar experimentalmente que as subunidades rAgB8/2 e rAgB8/3 estão interagindo entre si. A interação entre as subunidades foi confirmada pela análise por imunoblot e espectrometria de massas. Nossos resultados demostram a hetero-oligomerização das subunidades recombinantes rAgB8/2 e rAgB8/3 de E. granulosus e os dados podem fornecer um possível mecanismo de regulação na oligomerização destas subunidades. É necessário um melhor entendimento da estrutura e dos mecanismos de oligomerização do AgB para usá-lo como um importante alvo na elaboração de novas estratégias de prevenção, controle e tratamento de cestodíases. / The larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus is the etiologic agent of hydatidosis. Antigen B (AgB) is a major protein component of the metacestode hydatid fluid and was characterized as a immunogenic lipoprotein of 120-160 kDa. In presence of reducing agents, dissociates into 8, 16, 24 and 32 kDa, suggesting that their consists of multimers of 8kDa subunits. Although the biological function of AgB is still not entirely clear, numerous studies have demonstrated it engagement in important processes in the host-parasite relationship such as evasion of host immune response. Our laboratory has already cloned and expressed five cDNA encode EgB8/1, EgB8/2 e EgB8/3, EgB8/4 e EgB8/5 antigen B subunits in E. coli. Previous studies from our group demonstrated that recombinant AgB subunits are able to self-associate in solution to form homo-oligomers, presenting similar properties to native AgB. However the hetero-oligomerization of the recombinant AgB subunits were not investigated. Since purified recombinant proteins were already obtained in the form of homo-oligomers and, it was not possible to combine these subunits for this purpose. In this work we aim to investigate the possible hetero-oligomerization of the AgB subunits through co-expression experiments. The cDNA sequences enconding E. granulosus EgAgB8/2 and EgAgB8/3 by PCR and the PCR products of both sequences have been cloned in the expression vector (pCDF-Duet), which has two multiple cloning site (MCS). The fidelity of the cloned sequences was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Afterwards the recombinant proteins rAgB8/2 and rAgB8/3 expressed in Escherichia coli. By co-purification in the nickel column, it was possible to verify experimentally that the two subunits rAgB8/2 and rAgB8/3 are interacting one each other. The interaction between the subunits was confirmed by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. Our results demonstrated the heterooligomerization of recombinant subunits rAgB8/2 and rAgB8/3 of E. granulosus and these data may help to elucidate a possible mechanism for regulation of the subunits oligomerization process. A better understanding of the structure and mechanisms of oligomerization is necessary since that the AgB as an important target in the development of new strategies for prevention, control and treatment of cestodiasis.

During the visual processing of sexual content, pupillary responses have been positively associated with observers' sexual orientation. The question of whether this measure also reflects age-specific sexual preferences, however, is rarely considered. This is remarkable given the potential applied value of pupillary responses for directly measuring unhealthy and inappropriate sexual desires in clinical and forensic settings. The experiments in this thesis addressed this question with a series of tasks whereby observers' viewed images of adults and children while their eye movements and pupil responses were recorded. These results were then compared with sexual appeal ratings for these images and self-report questionnaires relating to sexual interests and experiences. The main findings indicate that pupil dilation is a measure of sexual orientation that is particularly robust and consistent for male participants (Chapters 2 to 4). Furthermore, these experiments provide initial evidence that pupil dilation could also be used as an age-specific measure of sexual interest in males and females (Chapters 2 and 3). Additionally, this thesis explored the influence of low-level stimulus artefacts within the scenes on pupillary patterns (Chapter 2). Findings provide further evidence that the pupillary responses obtained in these experiments are driven by the person content in the scenes. These findings are discussed in relation to existing research on eye-tracking and other current measurements of sexual interest.

This thesis constitutes the first analysis of the development of the French education system and the emergence of the French 'collège' in relation to Gilles Deleuze’s assertion that, in the post-war period, the disciplinary societies described by Michel Foucault have entered into crisis and that a new ‘control society’ is emerging. The first chapter of the thesis establishes the theoretical framework to be applied, elucidating the connections between Foucault’s concepts of power and 'dispositif' and Deleuze’s concepts of desire and 'agencement', before considering how historical change emerges through the intensification of strategies of power. The rest of the chapter outlines the abstract traits of discipline and then control and considers how these strategies of power might be actualised in the institution of the school. The second chapter applies this framework to the development of the education system established under the Third Republic, which is found to consist of three separate disciplinary 'dispositifs' of education that actualise distinct logics of education. The third chapter traces the intensification of strategies of power responding to the logics of the three institutions identified in the previous chapter and the transformations of the education system that this provokes before showing the emergence of the 'collège' from the confluence of these intensified logics, which establishes it as an institution of control traversed by a modulation of disciplinary logics. The 'collège' is then also shown to develop governance structures that promote modulation as the local negotiation of the institution. The thesis argues that the emergence of the 'collège' marks the beginning of a shift from discipline to control in the French education system.