This thesis presents an analysis on a class of asymmetric imperfectly discrim- inating multi-prize contests with the aim to investigate when more than one prize becomes optimal prize allocation if the average effort is to be maximized. We present n-person model with heterogeneous contestants who compete for two, possibly different, prizes. The contestants may differ in their relative abil- ities, i.e., parameters affecting their probabilities to win either of the prizes. Two different numerical methods for finding pure strategy Nash equilibria are employed. Depending on particular distributions of the abilities, we find two possible scenarios when the second prize becomes optimal. Furthermore, we ad- dress an issue of existence and uniqueness of a pure strategy Nash equilibrium with respect to the returns to scale in effort parameter. JEL Classification C63, D72 Keywords Imperfectly discriminating contests; Heteroge- neous abilities; Multiple prizes; Numerical meth- ods Author's e-mail lida.matyskova@centrum.cz Supervisor's e-mail gregor@fsv.cuni.cz

This research is concerned with investigating the externalisation, sharing and making tangible of tacit knowledge in the context of organisational learning (OL). The externalisation, sharing and making tangible of tacit knowledge can provide “inputs” for Information Systems (IS) development. This process, in turn, can become a basis for the development of a system that is capable of promoting a learning environment within the organisation. However, the externalising, sharing and making tangible of tacit knowledge, a transparent and subjective form of knowledge, needs staff members’ self-confidence and willingness to undertake it. Therefore, elements that can motivate staff members to externalise, share and make tangible their tacit knowledge or skills are needed. To undertake this, the elements of meta-abilities, understanding organisational roles, internal strengths, formal and informal discussions and rational discourse are proposed. For this research, all these propositions are integrated into a framework. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the elements that can encourage staff members to contribute inputs for learning-based systems development. The question to be used for the research is stated as follows: How do we include individuals in the learning-based systems development? Why use meta-abilities in order to include individuals in the learning-based systems development? By answering the question this research offers the following contributions. A novel topic in the IS area, meta-abilities is discussed within the context of the IS area. By considering these elements motivation and encouragement can be offered to staff members such that a contribution to inputs for learning-based systems development can occur. The research approach undertaken in this research involved the use of a pilot and an in-depth case study, as well as interviews, observation and reference to archival documents. From the undertaken research it was concluded that the future focus for the OL-based IS development should be towards individual development strategies that develop interpretive, creative staff members. Interpretive, creative staff members in turn, are capable of externalising, sharing and documenting their own tacit knowledge based on the situational contexts and orientation. Systems analysts can study the documented inputs provided by the staff members and can codify them. This whole process will enable continuous re-examination and modification processes of organisational IS, thereby making its content become more relevant for OL.

An understanding of how objective situational features are construed by individuals is essential to uncovering the dynamic process through which the “situation” (e.g., specific work events) interacts with personality in shaping behavior in the workplace. The current study aims to illuminate 1) how personality influences the way employees typically perceive work contexts (i.e., being at work), in general; 2) the role of personality in shaping employee’s unique construal of specific work situations; and 3) the effect of personality-driven situation perception on extra-role behaviors. I used the recently developed CAPTION framework of psychological situational characteristics that define 7 dimensions of situation perception to examine how personality traits influence the perception of being at work, in general. Then, to address Research Question 2, I mapped frequently occurring types of work situations (coded for objective descriptors; e.g., “who,” “when,” “what,” “where”) onto the CAPTION dimensions to investigate whether and how personality traits explain systematic differences in the psychological situational characteristics ascribed to specific types of commonly occurring situations. Finally, to address Research Question 3, I examined how personality-driven situation perception predicted individual differences in work behaviors, specifically personality-relevant behaviors, organizational citizenship behavior, and counterproductive behavior. I then discuss implications for theoretical perspectives that discuss the person-situation effect, as well as insights for how organizations may improve work outcomes through organizational context.

Les capacités physiques sont directement liées au vieillissement en bonne santé. Ainsi, il est indispensable d'être capable de les estimer rapidement et simplement dans le cadre d'une routine clinique. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la transition assis / debout qui est déjà utilisée en gériatrie et qui constitue un mouvement de la vie courante qui se complexifie pour les personnes dont les capacités physiques diminuent. La quantification de ce mouvement a été proposée à l'aide d'une centrale inertielle fixée sur le buste. Ce type de boitier est petit et bon marché, ce qui en fait un excellent candidat pour les mesures ambulatoires.Dans un premier temps, il a été nécessaire de valider les mesures de la cinématique et de l'énergétique du mouvement à l'aide de la centrale lors du lever de chaise. Cette validation s'est faite sur un panel de sujets jeunes et sains en comparaison avec un système de capture du mouvement par caméras de référence Vicon.Le second objectif était de comparer différentes populations à travers la quantification du lever de chaise. Outre un groupe de sujets jeunes sains, un groupe de sujets âgés sains a été intégré à l'étude pour étudier l'effet de l'âge. Un groupe de sujets âgés fragiles a également pris part à l'étude pour investiguer l'effet de la fragilité. Nous avons proposé la mise en place de deux scores composites basés sur les paramètres mesurés. Le premier est un score de vieillissement et le second, un score de fragilité. Chaque score a été construit à l'aide d'une analyse en composantes principales. La performance de chaque score est meilleure que celle de n'importe quel paramètre considéré indépendamment. / Physical abilities are directly related to healthy aging. Thus, it is essential to be able to estimate them quickly and simply during clinical routines. In this thesis, we focused on the sit-to-stand transition that is already used in geriatrics and that constitutes a movement in everyday life that becomes more complex for people whose physical capacities decrease. The quantification of this movement was proposed using a magneto-inertial measurement unit fixed on the chest. This sensor is small and inexpensive, adapted for ambulatory measurements.First, it was necessary to validate the measurements of the kinematic and the kinetic energy using the inertial unit during the sit-to-stand. This validation was realized on a panel of young and healthy subjects compared to a V icon motion captur using cameras.The second objective was to compare different populations through the quantification of the sit-to-stand. In addition of the healthy young subjects, a group of healthy elderly subjects was included in to study the age effect. A group of frail elderly subjects was also included to investigate the effect of frailty. We proposed the implementation of two composite scores based on the measured parameters. The first is an aging score and the second is a frailty score. Each score was constructed using a principal component analysis. The performance of each score is better than that of any parameter considered independently.

Rechercher de l’information sur Internet avec un moteur de recherche est une activité complexe qui exige des utilisateurs un grand nombre de traitements. Les travaux de recherche sur les effets du vieillissement en RI ont montré que les utilisateurs âgés ont de moins bonnes performances, passent plus de temps à évaluer les pages de résultats du moteur de recherche et reformulent moins que les jeunes. Ces difficultés seraient dues au déclin des habiletés cognitives fluides comme la flexibilité cognitive, la vitesse de traitement ou le rafraichissement en mémoire de travail. Pour comprendre comment le vieillissement cognitif affecte l’activité de RI, nos travaux ont investigué les stratégies de recherche élaborées par les utilisateurs jeunes et âgés ainsi que les processus cognitifs impliqués. La première partie de ce travail s’est attaché à étudier, au travers de 2 expérimentations, comment les connaissances antérieures peuvent soutenir l’activité de recherche des utilisateurs plus âgés et les aider à répondre aux exigences de la RI selon le niveau de complexité des tâches de recherche. La deuxième partie du travail de recherche a investigué le rôle de deux dispositifs d’aide à la RI : l’un maximisant les effets bénéfiques des connaissances antérieures par un dispositif de pré-activation (étude 3), et l’autre soutenant le maintien du but en mémoire de travail (étude 4). Nos résultats ont montré que les utilisateurs plus âgés ont davantage de difficultés que les jeunes à évaluer les pages de résultats du moteur de recherche et à reformuler leurs requêtes (ils produisent moins de nouveaux mots clés et utilisent plus de mots clés issus des problèmes de recherche). En outre, la phase initiale de l’activité de recherche s’est avérée être plus critique pour les adultes âgés qui produisent des requêtes initiales moins élaborées et passent plus de temps sur la première page de résultats du moteur de recherche. Les connaissances antérieures sur le domaine peuvent toutefois soutenir le niveau d’élaboration des requêtes des utilisateurs plus âgés et améliorer les stratégies de recherche. Par ailleurs, pré-activer les connaissances antérieures peut soutenir l’élaboration de stratégies de recherche descendantes et améliorer le contenu sémantique des requêtes des âgés (particulièrement dans un domaine pour lequel ils ont de faibles connaissances antérieures). Enfin, l’outil d’aide soutenant le maintien du but en mémoire de travail favorise des stratégies de recherche plus flexibles en améliorant la reformulation des requêtes (temps de reformulation plus courts) et en aidant l’exploration en début d’activité. Ces travaux de recherche posent les bases d’un nouveau modèle cognitif de l’activité des RI pour les utilisateurs plus âgés. / Searching for information with a search engine is a complex activity that requires users to perform a series of cognitive processes. Prior works showed that older users can have lower search performance, they spent more time on the search engine result pages and they produce fewer queries than young ones. Older users’ difficulties are mainly caused by the age-related decline of fluid abilities such as cognitive flexibility, processing speed or update in working memory. To understand the effects of aging on information search with a search engine, we studied the search strategies elaborated and the cognitive processes involved by young and older adults. The first part of the present work investigated how prior knowledge about the search topic can support older users’ on-line search behavior and help them deal with the search task complexity (2 experiments). The second part of our work analyzed the role of two information search support tools. One tool aimed at optimizing the benefits of domain knowledge by pre-activating prior knowledge (experiment 3) whereas the other aimed at supporting search goal refreshing in working memory (experiment 4). Results showed that older users had more difficulties evaluating the search engine results pages and reformulating than young ones (i.e. they produced fewer new keywords and used more keywords extracted from the search problem statement in their queries). The initial stage of the search represented a challenge for older users who formulated initial queries that were less elaborate and spent longer dwell time on the first search engine page than young ones. Prior knowledge can improve older users’ reformulation and support more elaborate search strategies. In addition, pre-activating prior knowledge can foster top-down search strategies and improve the semantic content of the queries produced by older users (especially in a domain for which they have low prior knowledge). The support tool helping search goal refreshing in working memory fostered more flexible search strategies and improved reformulation (i.e. reduced the time needed by older users to reformulate). Eventually, our research work led us to elaborate a new cognitive model of information search with a search engine that takes into account the role of aging.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Fortini Machado.pdf: 1105996 bytes, checksum: 68e5fa5a20453b2eb13ae7b6235b1f31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-27 / This research aims to investigate the possible business environment issues that motivated the XYZ company to invest in the training of creative thinking with accounting professionals and the possible impact of the training generated in the training participants and the accounting department. Specifically we intend to verify the creativity of accountants considering the behavioral profile, using the questionnaire developed by the Brazilian Institute of Coaching, the environment characteristics that indicate the needs of creative individuals, raising the perception of accountants as to the consequences of training for his life professional and to the department. To this end, the survey was conducted in a large group of Brazilian companies. The research, an exploratory descriptive study, qualitative and quantitative, and used the case study method. The results showed that the accountants, participants of the research, were not as predominant features the creative profile, although the environmental demand for creative individuals to meet the challenges of the area. Through the training it was possible the accountants visualize that in all professions can be creative and that the potential can be developed by individual effort and through techniques such as Brainstorming and Mind Map. And finally, in the perception of the accountants, can grow the value of the accounting profession considering the creative ability on the job, when ideas create value for the company / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar as possíveis questões do ambiente empresarial, que motivaram a empresa XYZ a investir no treinamento do pensamento criativo com os profissionais da área contábil e os possíveis reflexos do treinamento gerado nos participantes do treinamento e ao departamento contábil. Especificamente, pretende-se verificar a criatividade dos contadores considerando o perfil comportamental, por meio do questionário desenvolvimento pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Coaching, as características do ambiente que indicam a necessidade de indivíduos criativos, o levantamento da percepção dos contadores quanto aos reflexos do treinamento para sua vida profissional e ao departamento. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi realizada com um grupo econômico brasileiro de grande porte. Para a pesquisa, de natureza exploratório-descritiva, com abordagem tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativa, utilizou-se o método de estudo de caso. Nos resultados do questionário do perfil comportamental, os contadores não se mostraram com perfil predominante à criação, apesar de que o ambiente demanda de indivíduos criativos para responder aos desafios da área. Como reflexo do treinamento foi possível aos contadores visualizarem que na sua profissão é possível ser criativo e que o potencial pode ser desenvolvido pelo esforço individual e através das técnicas como o Mapa Mental e Brainstorming. E, por fim, na percepção dos contadores, se pode aumentar o valor da profissão contábil considerando a habilidade criativa no exercício da função, quando boas ideias criam valor para empresa

As the complexity of systems increases, so does what can go wrong with them. For example, the United States Air Force selected McDonnell Douglas’ design for the F-15 Eagle fighter aircraft in 1967 and the aircraft’s first test flight was in 1972, 5 years later. In contrast, the US military selected Lockheed Martin as one of two companies to develop the F-35 Lightning II in 1997 and its first flight was in 2006, 9 years later, and the first production aircraft had its first flight in 2011, 14 years after the selection. This complex program’s problems have been well-documented by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) and have contributed to the project’s long lead time and skyrocketing budget. GAO reports on other military projects reveal that problems the F-35 project has experienced are shared among all of these projects. In this dissertation I posit that similar problems plague all complex systems engineering projects and that a combination of these problems may lead to negative consequences, such as budget and schedule exceedances, quality concerns, not achieving mission objectives, as well as accidents resulting in loss of human life.<div><br></div><div>Accidents, or unexpected events resulting in loss, have been well-studied over time and we currently have sophisticated theories that help explain how they occur. The leading theory is that most accidents are a result of an accumulation of “mundane” errors at an organization, and that these errors are similar across industries. However, these mundane errors, such as failing to follow procedures and poorly training personnel, occur in all companies, such as companies that design and manufacture military aircraft. My theory is that these mundane errors accumulate in all organizations and result in many different kinds of systems engineering failures, including failures traditionally referred to as “accidents” that result in loss of life, as well as other types of failures which I refer to as “project failures”.<br></div><div><br></div><div>What can be learned from these systems engineering failures? In this dissertation, I begin by mining publicly-available reports to determine whether seemingly dissimilar failures, accidents and project failures, share common causes. I then explain the similarities and dissimilarities between these causes and provide examples from the failures I studied. To help provide systems engineers with actionable advice on these common causes, I describe how I linked the causes to recommendations from accident reports in a cause-recommendation network. I then discuss the results of interviews I held with systems engineers to determine whether the problems I identified in past failures occur in similar ways to the problems they have encountered on their projects. I also discuss the criticisms these systems engineers have about systems engineering education based on the tasks their newly-hired systems engineers struggle with. I explain how I used what I learned about problems in systems engineering that lead to failures to develop survey questions designed to gauge whether systems engineering education at Purdue prepares students to identify and fix these problems. Then, to help systems engineers learn from the data I collected and solve the problems they encounter on their projects, I describe how I built an interactive, web-based tool that presents expert advice on systems engineering failures. I finally explain the results from feedback I received from experts and novices in systems engineering to determine whether this tool could be useful for engineers in this context.<br></div>

Orientador: Sadao Omote / Banca: Maria Amélia Almeida / Banca: Olga Maria Piazentin Rolim Rodrigues / Banca: Rita de Cássia Tibério Araújo / Banca: Dagoberto Buim Arena / Resumo: A partir da década de 90, vários documentos internacionais, leis e diretrizes nacionais, assim como orientações estaduais passaram a versar sobre a educação inclusiva nas instituições educacionais. Diante desta realidade, esta pesquisa teve como propósitos analisar as atitudes sociais dos professores de escolas comuns, juntamente com suas habilidades sociais frente à inclusão de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais e verificar, se as diretrizes sobre a inclusão presentes nos documentos oficiais estavam em funcionamento nas escolas pesquisadas. Fizeram parte desta pesquisa oito dirigentes de escolas nas quais as professoras, no total de 55, atuavam no ensino fundamental (séries iniciais) de dois municípios mineiros. Destas escolas, cinco atendiam ao ensino fundamental e médio e, três ao ensino fundamental completo, sendo seis escolas de um município e as outras duas de outro. Das escolas selecionadas, três tinham projeto de inclusão formalizado, sendo uma estadual e uma municipal da mesma cidade e a outra, estadual, de outro município. Os professores responderam a duas escalas, a ELASI - Escala Likert de Atitudes Sociais em relação à Inclusão e o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais (IHS). Os dirigentes responderam um questionário, denominado Perfil Escolar para Inclusão, construído para esta pesquisa. Foram estatisticamente significantes os resultados da ELASI e do IHS nas categorias: especialização; experiência com alunos portadores de necessidades educacionais especiais; escolas municipais. Os resultados da relação de dependência entre a ELASI e o IHS foram significantes nos índices: total e operacional da ELASI com o fator de auto-exposição a desconhecidos e situações novas do IHS e operacional da ELASI com total do IHS. Na análise das escolas, quanto ao Perfil Escolar para Inclusão, destacou-se na comparação das escolas com projeto inclusivo, a escola municipal. / Abstract: From early nineties, many international documents, laws and national guidelines as well as state guidance focused the inclusive education on schools, universities and so, regarding to the inclusion of people who have special educational needs. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the acts toward inclusion and the teachers' social abilities and, also, to evaluate the schools based on official indicatives for teaching students with special needs in regular schools, and to verify whether these inclusion guidance presented on official documents were working on the researched schools. Principals (8) from schools where teachers (55) teach elementary school (initial grades) from two municipalities in Minas Gerais, have taken part of this research. From these schools, five offered elementary and high school levels and three offered complete elementary school. Among the selected schools three had official and formalized project of inclusion, being one of then a state school and a metro one, in the same municipality, and the other one, from another city, a state school. The teachers answered to two scales, the Likert Scale for Social Attitudes (ELASI) and, a Social Skills Inventory (IHS). The principals answered a questionnaire called Scholar Profile, built up for this research. The results were significant on the ELASI scale for the following categories: specialization course, experience with students who have special educational needs, metro schools. The results of dependence relation between the ELASI and the IHS were significant for the indexes total and operational of ELASI with the self-exposure to unknowns and new situations of the IHS, and operational of ELASI with total of IHS. The schools analysis regarding to the Inclusive Scholar Profile highlighted in the comparison of schools with inclusive project, the municipal school one. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:59:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogerio Giorgion.pdf: 2816091 bytes, checksum: 1fdcae05b78c48f1a3c3dff99f540152 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This piece of work aims to identify mathematical abilities present in middle school students who participate in the Science Fairs. In order to research the relationship between the process of carrying out the work for Science Fairs and the development of mathematical abilities we use the mathematical ability categories made by Krutetskii (1976) and the concepts of the learning theory by Vigotski. Some aspects of the history of the Science Fairs and the teaching of mathematics, including an analysis of curricular changes made in the last few years explain the scenario of the research. The methodology chosen was qualitative and exploratory, since the objective was to identify and analyze what mathematical abilities were present in the subjects of the research: three finalists of the national Fairs with unsatisfactory performance in the regular mathematics course. The tests were inspired in those developed by Krutetskii (1976) and the analysis made confirmed the presence of some of the abilities investigated: perception, spatial perception, mental representation and flexibility / Este trabalho visa identificar as habilidades matemáticas presentes em alunos do ensino médio participantes de Feiras de Ciências. Para pesquisar a relação entre o processo de realização dos trabalhos para Feiras de Ciências e o desenvolvimento de habilidades matemáticas utilizamos as categorias de habilidades matemáticas feitas por Krutetskii (1976) e os conceitos da teoria de aprendizagem de Vigotski. Alguns aspectos da história das Feiras de Ciências e do ensino de matemática, incluindo uma análise das mudanças curriculares dos últimos anos explicam o cenário da pesquisa. A metodologia escolhida foi exploratória qualitativa, visto que o objetivo foi identificar e analisar quais eram as habilidades matemáticas presentes nos sujeitos de pesquisa: três estudantes finalistas de Feiras nacionais com desempenho insatisfatório no curso regular de matemática. Os testes foram inspirados nos desenvolvidos por Krutetskii (1976) e a análise realizada confirma a presença de algumas das habilidades pesquisadas: percepção, percepção espacial, representação mental e flexibilidade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tania Filomena Knittel.pdf: 1725855 bytes, checksum: 44e3af055fef450588e4a448a3e063f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-03 / In the field of Education today, we must take into consideration the fact that our students were born in the age of the internet and technologic boom. Video games and computers, faster and more advanced than ever, are part of their routine. According to Marc Prensky (2010), who specialized in technology and education at Yale University, children today are born in a world characterized by technology and digital media, and thus would have their cognitive profile altered. The present study, titled The Use of Mobile Devices as Teaching and Learning Tools in Classrooms, has the goal of identifying possible applications of the use of mobile devices as learning artifacts, as well as analyzing challenges, perspectives and possibilities for both learners and educators. The theoretical framework used as foundation for the argumentation is the Activity Theory, which emphasizes the importance of student action during the learning process (MATTAR, 2013), has as main contributors Vygotsky, Luria, Leontiev and Engeström and as main concept the unity of human consciousness and activity. The methodology used was the study of multiple cases with both a qualitative and quantitative approach, with descriptive and interpretative investigation based on an exploratory perspective that allowed a diversified set of data collection tools: interviews, questionnaires and investigation of the different issues in the focus group. The research analyzed mobile devices as mediation devices for the development of skills and abilities in order to face future challenges such as: critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, communication, creativity, and innovation skills in classroom activities. The participating subjects were students and teachers in a private school located in the Southern Zone (Zona Sul) of the city of São Paulo. Final considerations of the study evidence mobile devices as a reality in students day-to-day lives, furthermore, in order for them to be used in the classroom, planning is required to allow for resignification by students and teachers, who play a fundamental role as mediators. Research findings show limiting factors, among them distraction and reduced screen size. However, the wide variety of functionalities present in such devices, such as applications, games, books and films, in addition to facilitating real time data and information access, make the use of smartphones and tablets for educational purposes ever more appealing / Atualmente na Educação, deve-se levar em consideração que os alunos já nasceram sob o advento da Internet e do boom tecnológico. Videogames e computadores cada vez mais velozes e avanços tecnológicos fazem parte do cotidiano desses aprendizes. Para Marc Prensky (2010), especialista em Tecnologia e Educação pela Universidade de Yale, as crianças de hoje já nascem em um mundo caracterizado pelas tecnologias e mídias digitais e esse novo contexto veio a interferir no perfil cognitivo deles, modificando-o significativamente. O presente trabalho, intitulado A utilização de dispositivos móveis como ferramenta de ensino-aprendizagem em sala de aula , tem por objetivo não só identificar as possíveis aplicações do uso de tais artefatos como instrumentos de aprendizagem, mas também analisar os desafios e as perspectivas que se abrem a alternativas inovadoras tanto para os educandos quanto para os educadores. A sustentação da argumentação dar-se-á a partir da Teoria da Atividade, que enfatiza a importância da ação por parte do aluno durante o processo de aprendizagem (MATTAR, 2013), consoante propostas de Vygotsky, Luria, Leontiev e Engeström no que concerne ao conceito da unidade entre a consciência humana e a atividade. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa privilegiou a abordagem qualitativa, de investigação exploratória, pelo estudo múltiplo de casos que tornou possível a recolha diversificada de dados: observações diretas e indiretas, entrevistas, questionários e discussões de diferentes questões oportunizadas no grupo focal, cujos participantes foram alunos e professores de uma escola particular, localizada na Zona Sul da cidade de São Paulo. As análises dos dispositivos móveis como artefatos de mediação para o desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências para enfrentar desafios futuros objetivaram a exploração de aspectos tais que pensamento crítico, solução de problemas, colaboração, comunicação, criatividade e inovação em atividades de sala de aula. Levando em conta que os dispositivos móveis são uma realidade e estão presentes no dia a dia, sugere-se a utilização desses recursos com planejamento, que venha a tornar possível a ressignificação do papel dos alunos e professores, que passam a mediadores. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para fatores limitantes, dentre eles a distração e o tamanho reduzido da tela e, igualmente, destacam a grande variedade de funcionalidades presentes nos aparelhos - aplicativos, jogos, livros e filmes - recursos que proporcionam respostas em tempo real mediante a facilidade de acesso a dados e informações. Isso torna o uso de smartphones e tablets cada vez mais atraente para uso na Educação