Tecken som kommunikationsmedel i förskolan möjliggör inkludering av barn som av olika anledningar saknar eller har begränsad tillgång till verbal kommunikation. Tecken underlättar även och är ett stöd för barngruppen som helhet, även de barn som kan kommunicera verbalt. Barnens språkutveckling gynnas av att både verbal kommunikation och tecken används. Dual-coding med hjälp av verbalt språk och tecken berikar barnens vokabulär och styrker deras stavningsförmåga.   Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur TAKK, vilket står för tecken som alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation, används i den svenska förskolan. För att undersöka det fick förskolepersonal från hela landet svara på en webbaserad enkät kring användandet av TAKK i förskolan. Enkäten hade både öppna och slutna frågor för att skapa ett brett underlag för analys. Enkätundersökningens resultat tematiserades utifrån de mönster som framgick i svaren och presenteras under resultat i flytande text. Det teoretiska perspektiv som examensarbetet har är socialkonstruktivism som lägger mycket vikt på språket och att samhället skapas genom sociala handlingar.  Genom undersökningen framkom det att förskolepersonal ställer sig positivt till användandet av TAKK samt att det underlättar kommunikation med barn. De hinder som framkom är att utbildningen inom området är bristfällig, vilket leder till ojämn kompetens hos personalen.

Background: Aspirin, the pro-drug of salicylate, is associated with reduced incidence of death from cancers and is commonly prescribed in combination with metformin in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Salicylate activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) via Ser108 of the AMPK β1 subunit, a mechanism that is distinct from metformin, which increases AMP:ATP. Many cancers have high rates of fatty acid synthesis and AMPK inhibits this pathway through phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). It is unknown if targeting the AMPK-ACC-lipogenic pathway using salicylate and metformin may be effective for inhibiting cancer cell survival. Results: Salicylate suppresses clonogenic survival of prostate and lung cancer cells at therapeutic concentrations of aspirin. These clinically achievable concentrations of salicylate activated AMPK per the increasing phosphorylation of ACC and suppressing the activity of mTOR effectors kinase p70-S6 kinase and S6; effects that were enhanced with the addition of metformin and blunted in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFS) deficient in AMPK β1. MEF cells deficient in AMPK β1 were more resistant to salicylates inhibitory effect on proliferation. Supplementation of media with fatty acids and mevalonate reverses the suppressive effects on cell survival indicating the inhibition of de novo lipogenesis is likely important. Conclusions: Salicylate increases ACC phosphorylation, reduces phosphorylation of mTOR targets and inhibits de novo lipogenesis in prostate and lung cancer cells, with concentrations of salicylate achievable through the ingestion of Aspirin (0.25-1.0mM) these effects are blunted in AMPK β1 deficient cells. Effects on AMPK activity via ACC phosphorylation as well as reductions in mTOR signalling targets and de novo lipogenesis are enhanced when used in combination with metformin. Suppressive effects on prostate and lung cancer cell survival are ameliorated when media is supplemented with mevalonate and fatty acids. Pre-clinical studies evaluating the use of salicylates alone and with metformin to inhibit de novo lipogenesis and the growth of prostate and lung cancers are warranted. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

Volvo Cars is working on reducing the frequency of small margin driving situation in order to reach Vision 2020; that no one should be seriously injured or killed in a new Volvo car by 2020. In this specific case, there is one main goal; to increase the usage of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC). ACC helps the driver by setting a time interval to the vehicle ahead, adapting the vehicle’s speed according to the set time interval. When using ACC, drivers will decrease the risk of crashes related to visual distraction, where close following conditions leaves the driver with too little time to recover when a lead vehicle unexpectedly brakes. By using ACC one increases the time for action during a potential crash situation. The purpose of the thesis work is to develop and iteratively test an ACC in-vehicle usage feedback concept that is using the principles of nudging. Nudging is an idea that relates to subconsciously pushing humans in a desired behavioural direction. Also, focus was on finding the right method for evaluation using traditional Usability testing as the ground design outline method. This work is divided into three phases; Research phase, Development phase and Final Performing phase. The research phase provides the opportunity to get to know the users and their experience of using ACC. The development phase was divided into two areas; the application development and method development. The third phase was the final performance, where the developed method was applied on the final implemented concept. This work resulted in a nudging concept aiming to encourage the driver towards a more frequent ACC usage, and a developed method for measuring drivers’ behaviour and experience on the usability and satisfaction of the concept.

O mamão é um fruto climatérico, cujas transformações resultantes do amadurecimento ocorrem rapidamente após a colheita. O tratamento com 1- metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) tem sido testado para ampliar sua vida útil, entretanto, com resultados até então pouco consistentes. Pesquisas com peras, bananas e ameixas foram realizadas utilizando conjuntamente 1-MCP e etileno, com resultados relevantes. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a fisiologia e a conservação pós-colheita do mamão Golden, submetido a diferentes combinações de 1-MCP e etileno, aplicados simultaneamente. Os frutos foram colhidos em pomares comerciais no estádio 1 de maturação, tratados e armazenados em câmaras frias a 11 e a 22ºC. O projeto foi dividido em três etapas. Na primeira etapa, observou-se que doses de 100 e 200 nL.L-1 de etileno combinados com iguais concentrações de 1-MCP, apresentaram resultados semelhantes aos do 1-MCP aplicado isoladamente. Na segunda etapa, o etileno nas concentrações entre 0 e 10 SL.L-1 foi combinado com 100 nL.L-1 de 1-MCP. Esse aumento na concentração de etileno diminuiu ou até mesmo anulou a ação do 1-MCP, nas concentrações mais elevadas. A mudança de cor e a perda da firmeza foram mais lentas nos tratamentos com 1-MCP na dose de 100 nL.L-1, aplicado sozinho ou associado a menor dose de etileno (2,5 SL.L-1). Estes mesmos tratamentos apresentaram atividade respiratória e produção de etileno menores que o controle. Na terceira etapa, os frutos tratados apenas com 1-MCP e 1-MCP mais etileno nas doses de 1 e 2,5 SL.L-1, mostraram maior retenção da firmeza externa, firmeza interna e cor da casca. A aparência também foi melhor nestes tratamentos, com menor porcentagem de frutos podres. O teor de sólidos solúveis foi semelhante em todos os tratamentos e o de ácido ascórbico foi mais elevado nos frutos tratados apenas com 1-MCP. A produção de etileno e a concentração de etileno endógeno foram maiores nos frutos que receberam apenas 1-MCP. A atividade respiratória e a concentração de CO2 endógeno mostraram pouca variação entre os tratamentos, durante o armazenamento. O teor de carotenóides foi menor nos tratamentos que receberam as maiores doses de etileno. O teor de clorofila foi maior no tratamento que recebeu apenas 1-MCP o qual levou mais tempo para tornar-se amarelo. A atividade da enzima pectinametilesterase (PME) foi menor nos tratamentos com 1-MCP e 1-MCP mais etileno na dose de 1 SL.L-1. A atividade das enzimas 1-aminociclopropano-1- carboxílico sintase (ACS) e oxidase (ACO) alternaram períodos de elevada e de baixa atividade em todos os tratamentos, durante o armazenamento. A aplicação simultânea de 1-MCP e do etileno mostrou resultados promissores no controle do amadurecimento do mamão Golden. / Papaya is a climacteric fruit which ripening resulting transformations occur rapidly after harvest. Treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) has been tested to extend its shelf life, however, with inconsistent results so far. Researches with pears, bananas and plums were carried out using 1-MCP and ethylene with relevant results. Therefore, the aim was to study the physiology and postharvest storage of \'Golden\' papaya subjected to different combinations of 1-MCP and ethylene applied in the same time. The fruits were harvested from commercial orchards in stage 1 of ripening, they were treated and stored in cold chambers. The study was divided into three stages. In the first step it was observed that doses of 100 and 200 nL.L-1 of ethylene combined with equal concentrations of 1-MCP showed similar results to the 1-MCP applied alone. In the second step, ethylene concentrations between 0 and 10 L.L-1 were combined with 100 nL.L-1 of 1-MCP. This increase in ethylene concentrations, decreased or even nullified the action of 1-MCP. The change in color and the firmness loss were slower in the treatments using 100 nL.L-1 of 1-MCP applied alone or associated with a lower dose (2.5 L.L-1) of ethylene. These same treatments showed less respiratory activity and ethylene production than the control. In the third step, the fruits treated only with 1-MCP and 1-MCP more ethylene at the doses of 1 and 2.5 L.L-1, showed higher retention of external and internal firmness and the green color of peel. The appearance was also better in these treatments, with a lower percentage of rotten fruit. The soluble solids content was similar for all treatments and the ascorbic acid was higher in the fruits treated only with 1-MCP. The ethylene production and endogenous ethylene concentration was higher in fruits treated only with 1-MCP. Respiratory activity and endogenous CO2 concentration showed few variation among the treatments during the storage. The carotenoid content was lower in the treatments that received the highest doses of ethylene. The chlorophyll content was higher in treatments with only 1-MCP, which took longer to become yellow. The pectinmethylesterase (PME) enzyme activity was lower in treatments only with 1-MCP and 1-MCP more ethylene at a dose of 1 L.L-1. The 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and oxidase (ACO) enzyme activity, alternate periods of high and low activity in all treatments during storage. Simultaneous application of 1-MCP and ethylene showed promising results in the ripening of papaya \'Golden\'.

Les carcinomes de la cortico-surrénale (CCS) sont des tumeurs de mauvais pronostic et les thérapies sont encore limitées. La chirurgie reste à ce jour le seul traitement efficace. La compréhension des mécanismes de la tumorigenèse cortico-surrénalienne et l'identification des gènes et des voies de signalisation impliquées sont nécessaires pour identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Ces dernières années, plusieurs études de génomique ont été réalisées sur des cohortes indépendantes de CCS et ont mis en évidence l'existence de deux groupes de CCS ayant des profils d’expression génique particuliers et associés à des pronostics de survie différents. Il a aussi été identifié de fréquentes mutations touchant les gènes TP53 et CTNNB1 (β-caténine). De plus, l'activation aberrante de la voie WNT/β-caténine est associée au groupe des CCS agressifs. Enfin, des analyses des altérations génomiques par puce SNP et le séquençage de l’exome de cohortes de CCS a permis de préciser les fréquences des mutations de TP53 (~18%) et CTNNB1 (~14%) mais a aussi mis en évidence des mutations et des délétions homozygotes au niveau du gène ZNRF3 (Zinc And Ring Finger 3) dans environs 20% des CCS. ZNRF3 a été montré comme jouant un rôle de régulateur négatif de la voie WNT/β-caténine. Par conséquent, la voie de signalisation WNT/β-caténine est la voie la plus fréquemment altérée dans les CCS (~40%). L’objectif de mon projet était d’étudier comment l’activation constitutive de la voie WNT/β-caténine pouvait participer à la tumorigenèse cortico-surrénalienne, puis d'essayer de comprendre plus spécifiquement le rôle des altérations de ZNRF3 dans le développement et/ou l'agressivité des CCS. En combinant des analyses de transcriptomes de modèles cellulaires et de cohortes de CCS, nous avons établi une signature robuste cortico-surrénalienne de l'activation de la voie WNT/β-caténine. Parmi les gènes de cette signature, nous avons montré que AFF3 était une cible transcriptionnelle de la β-caténine et qu'il était capable de transmettre en partie les effets oncogèniques de la voie WNT/β-caténine dans les cellules cortico-surrénaliennes. En effet, son invalidation entraîne l'apoptose et diminue la prolifération des cellules cortico-surrénaliennes à l'image de l'invalidation de la β-caténine. La surexpression d’AFF3 altère l’organisation des speckles nucléaires et la localisation de CDK9/CyclinT1 impliqués respectivement dans l'épissage des ARNm et la transcription des gènes. ZNRF3 est le gène le plus fréquemment altéré dans les CCS alors qu'il l'est très peu dans les autres types de cancers. ZNRF3 est une E3 ubiquitin ligase qui entraîne l'internalisation et la dégradation des récepteurs Frizzleds de la voie WNT. Nous avons montré que ZNRF3 agit bien comme un gène suppresseur de tumeur dans les cellules cortico-surénaliennes humaines H295R. En effet la surexpression de ZNRF3 diminue la prolifération et augmente l’apoptose cellulaire de ces cellules. Nous avons aussi montré qu'à l'image d'autres régulateurs négatifs de la voie WNT comme AXIN2, ZNRF3 est un gène cible de la voie WNT/β-caténine dans la corticosurrénale. De manière intéressante, les altérations du gène ZNRF3 ne sont pas retrouvées dans des tumeurs présentant une forte activation de la voie de signalisation WNT/β-caténine, suggérant l'implication d'autres voies de signalisation. Nous avons identifié des partenaires protéiques de ZNRF3 par des expériences d'immunoprécipitation / spectrométrie de masse. Nous avons montré que ZNRF3 interagit avec la sous unité catalytique de la pompe NA+/K+, ATP1A1. Cette interaction altère le fonctionnement de la pompe NA+/K+ conduisant à des modifications du flux de Ca2+ intracellulaire. L'ensemble de ces travaux a permis de mieux comprendre comment la voie WNT/β-caténine participe à l'agressivité des cancers de la corticosurrénale et de montrer qu'AFF3 est essentiel pour les effets oncogéniques de cette voie. (...) / Adrenocortical carcinomas are rare tumors with poor prognostic and limited therapy. Up to now, surgery remains the only curative therapy. A better understanding of tumor biology and molecular prognostic factors would help to select relevant therapeutic targets and to develop innovative therapeutic strategies. In the last years, different genomic studies on independent cohorts of ACC have identified two subgroups of cancers with two distinguished profiles of genes expression and two different survival rates. Frequents alterations of CTNNB1 and TP53 are identified in ACC. Moreover, aberrant activation of WNT/β-catenin pathway in ACC is associated with lower overall survival. Using a combination of genomic approaches, we and others have recently analyzed independent cohorts of ACC. These works confirmed recurrent alterations in CTNNB1 (~14%) and TP53 (~18%), but also revealed new loci not previously reported to be altered in ACC. Strikingly, ZNRF3 (zinc and ring finger 3) was the most frequently altered gene (~20%). ZNRF3 encodes a protein that acts as a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway represents the most frequently altered pathway in ACC (~40%). The aim of my project was to study how the aberrant activation of WNT/β-catenin pathway could participate to adrenal tumorigenesis and then to identify more specifically the role of ZNRF3 alterations in development/aggressiness of ACC. By a combination of transcriptomic analysis on two cohorts of ACC and on H295R adrenocortical cells, we identified a list of genes whose expression is correlated to the WNT/β-catenin activation. Among these genes, we show that AFF3 is essential to mediate the effect of activation the WNT/β-catenin pathway in adrenocortical cancer. Indeed, AFF3 is a direct target gene of β-catenin and its silencing in H295R adrenocortical cells induces a decreased cell proliferation and an increased apoptosis similar to that induced by β-catenin silencing. Moreover, AFF3 overexpression altered the structure of nuclear speckles and the localization of CDK9/CyclinT1, which are respectively involved in mRNA splicing and transcription. ZNRF3 (zinc and ring finger 3) was the most frequently altered gene (20%) in ACC. ZNRF3 had never been frequently associated with other tumour types. ZNRF3 encodes a protein that had been described as cell-surface transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligases, acting as negative regulators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, by promoting the degradation of Wnt ligand receptors (Frizzled receptors). We show that ZNRF3 act as a tumor suppressor gene in adrenocortical cell line H295R. Indeed the overexpression of ZNRF3 decreases cell proliferation and increases apoptosis. We demonstrate also that ZNRF3 is a target gene of WNT/β-catenin pathway. ZNRF3 alterations have less effect on expression of WNT/β-catenin target genes than CTNNB1 mutations in ACC. Moreover, our results with ZNRF3 overexpression in H295R adrenocortical cells suggest that ZNRF3 is also involved in βcatenin independant-pathway(s) to mediate its effects on apoptosis. Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified that ZNRF3 interacts with ATP1A1 (ATPase Na+/K+ Transporting Subunit Alpha 1), affecting the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in adrenocortical cells. These results provide a better understanding of the biological process of WNT/βcatenin pathway activation in ACC with AFF3 as new target of this pathway. Moreover, our data provide insight into the tumor suppressor role of ZNRF3 in ACC and uncovers an additional role of ZNRF3 on Na+/K+ ATPase pump activity.

O mamão é um fruto climatérico, cujas transformações resultantes do amadurecimento ocorrem rapidamente após a colheita. O tratamento com 1- metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) tem sido testado para ampliar sua vida útil, entretanto, com resultados até então pouco consistentes. Pesquisas com peras, bananas e ameixas foram realizadas utilizando conjuntamente 1-MCP e etileno, com resultados relevantes. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a fisiologia e a conservação pós-colheita do mamão Golden, submetido a diferentes combinações de 1-MCP e etileno, aplicados simultaneamente. Os frutos foram colhidos em pomares comerciais no estádio 1 de maturação, tratados e armazenados em câmaras frias a 11 e a 22ºC. O projeto foi dividido em três etapas. Na primeira etapa, observou-se que doses de 100 e 200 nL.L-1 de etileno combinados com iguais concentrações de 1-MCP, apresentaram resultados semelhantes aos do 1-MCP aplicado isoladamente. Na segunda etapa, o etileno nas concentrações entre 0 e 10 SL.L-1 foi combinado com 100 nL.L-1 de 1-MCP. Esse aumento na concentração de etileno diminuiu ou até mesmo anulou a ação do 1-MCP, nas concentrações mais elevadas. A mudança de cor e a perda da firmeza foram mais lentas nos tratamentos com 1-MCP na dose de 100 nL.L-1, aplicado sozinho ou associado a menor dose de etileno (2,5 SL.L-1). Estes mesmos tratamentos apresentaram atividade respiratória e produção de etileno menores que o controle. Na terceira etapa, os frutos tratados apenas com 1-MCP e 1-MCP mais etileno nas doses de 1 e 2,5 SL.L-1, mostraram maior retenção da firmeza externa, firmeza interna e cor da casca. A aparência também foi melhor nestes tratamentos, com menor porcentagem de frutos podres. O teor de sólidos solúveis foi semelhante em todos os tratamentos e o de ácido ascórbico foi mais elevado nos frutos tratados apenas com 1-MCP. A produção de etileno e a concentração de etileno endógeno foram maiores nos frutos que receberam apenas 1-MCP. A atividade respiratória e a concentração de CO2 endógeno mostraram pouca variação entre os tratamentos, durante o armazenamento. O teor de carotenóides foi menor nos tratamentos que receberam as maiores doses de etileno. O teor de clorofila foi maior no tratamento que recebeu apenas 1-MCP o qual levou mais tempo para tornar-se amarelo. A atividade da enzima pectinametilesterase (PME) foi menor nos tratamentos com 1-MCP e 1-MCP mais etileno na dose de 1 SL.L-1. A atividade das enzimas 1-aminociclopropano-1- carboxílico sintase (ACS) e oxidase (ACO) alternaram períodos de elevada e de baixa atividade em todos os tratamentos, durante o armazenamento. A aplicação simultânea de 1-MCP e do etileno mostrou resultados promissores no controle do amadurecimento do mamão Golden. / Papaya is a climacteric fruit which ripening resulting transformations occur rapidly after harvest. Treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) has been tested to extend its shelf life, however, with inconsistent results so far. Researches with pears, bananas and plums were carried out using 1-MCP and ethylene with relevant results. Therefore, the aim was to study the physiology and postharvest storage of \'Golden\' papaya subjected to different combinations of 1-MCP and ethylene applied in the same time. The fruits were harvested from commercial orchards in stage 1 of ripening, they were treated and stored in cold chambers. The study was divided into three stages. In the first step it was observed that doses of 100 and 200 nL.L-1 of ethylene combined with equal concentrations of 1-MCP showed similar results to the 1-MCP applied alone. In the second step, ethylene concentrations between 0 and 10 L.L-1 were combined with 100 nL.L-1 of 1-MCP. This increase in ethylene concentrations, decreased or even nullified the action of 1-MCP. The change in color and the firmness loss were slower in the treatments using 100 nL.L-1 of 1-MCP applied alone or associated with a lower dose (2.5 L.L-1) of ethylene. These same treatments showed less respiratory activity and ethylene production than the control. In the third step, the fruits treated only with 1-MCP and 1-MCP more ethylene at the doses of 1 and 2.5 L.L-1, showed higher retention of external and internal firmness and the green color of peel. The appearance was also better in these treatments, with a lower percentage of rotten fruit. The soluble solids content was similar for all treatments and the ascorbic acid was higher in the fruits treated only with 1-MCP. The ethylene production and endogenous ethylene concentration was higher in fruits treated only with 1-MCP. Respiratory activity and endogenous CO2 concentration showed few variation among the treatments during the storage. The carotenoid content was lower in the treatments that received the highest doses of ethylene. The chlorophyll content was higher in treatments with only 1-MCP, which took longer to become yellow. The pectinmethylesterase (PME) enzyme activity was lower in treatments only with 1-MCP and 1-MCP more ethylene at a dose of 1 L.L-1. The 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and oxidase (ACO) enzyme activity, alternate periods of high and low activity in all treatments during storage. Simultaneous application of 1-MCP and ethylene showed promising results in the ripening of papaya \'Golden\'.

Fruit of Capsicum annuum L. (capsicum or pepper) are one of the major sources of red food colourant and pungency for spice production. In the spice production industry, fruit are mechanically harvested at different ripeness stages and fruit colour needs to be synchronised before being processed. However, even though capsicum ripens normally on the plant it often fails to ripen fully and turn red once harvested at the green stage. Attempts to promote ripening of harvested fruits have had limited success and the reason for this has been unclear. This project, therefore, investigated ripening behaviour on and off the plant of capsicum fruit grown in Australia and examined effects of pre- and postharvest applications on ripening of green harvested fruit. To examine ripening behaviour on and off the plant, capsicum fruit from three different cultivars (a mild paprika type cv. “Papri Queen”, a cayenne chilli cv. “Caysan”, and a sweet type bell pepper cv. “Aries”) were either allowed to ripen naturally on the plant or harvested at three different maturity stages: light green, deep green and breaker. Harvested fruit were stored individually at room temperature and several ripening characteristics including internal ethylene (C2H4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, extractable colour, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and oxidase activity, and total soluble solid content (TSSC) were studied during storage. There was very limited involvement of C2H4 during ripening of capsicum and the change in ACC synthase and ACC oxidase (two enzymes in C2H4 biosynthesis pathway) activity was not closely related to that of C2H4. However, it appeared that colour development in cv. “Papri Queen” was closely associated with what C2H4 production did occur while a climacteric-like peak of C2H4 could be observed in all fruit from cv. “Caysan”. For all three cultivars, the level of internal CO2 concentration, extractable colour and TSSC were greater in fruit ripened on the plant followed by fruit harvested at the breaker, deep green and light green stage, respectively. Fruit harvested at the light green stage failed to change colour properly and had very low levels of internal CO2 concentration and TSSC while fruit harvested from the breaker stage onwards ripened normally and developed sufficient colour for spice processing. This may suggest a role of external carbon-supply during ripening. To study the effect of the external-carbon supply during ripening, the stem of fruit were cinctured when fruit reached the light green stage and fruit were left to ripen on the plant. Cincturing delayed colour development of fruit by approximately five days but cinctured fruit were still able to turn red and develop extractable colour higher than the acceptable level of 140 ASTA units. Cincturing did not significantly alter other ripening behaviour such as CO2 concentration or TSSC. The lack of external carbon-supply is, therefore, unlikely to play a major role in the failure of green harvested fruit to ripen. To study the effect of application of plant growth regulators (both pre- and postharvest), an effective method of solution application utilising cincturing was firstly developed. Different plant growth regulator solutions including ethephon, naphthalene acetic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, sucrose, and different combinations of these were applied to fruit at the light green stage to study preharvest effects on ripening parameters during storage. Only treatment with high concentrations of ethephon increased the extractable colour higher than the acceptable level of 140 ASTA units and induced the complete degradation of chlorophyll. To study effects of postharvest application, 10 µL of various plant growth regulators was dropped into the hole created on the stem of harvested fruit for ten consecutive days. Treatment with ethephon significantly increased extractable colour and degraded chlorophyll content of fruit. Pre- and postharvest ethephon treatment strongly up-regulated Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (Ccs) gene expression in a manner similar to the up-regulation of Ccs observed in fruit ripened on the plant. This explains the effect of C2H4 on colour development and also indicates the possible reason for the failure of green harvested fruit to ripen. However, the Ccs gene expression and chlorophyll degradation induced by ethephon was not visible until 14 days after harvest which indicated it may not be a direct effect and other signal transduction factors may be involved. When fruit are ripened on the plant, colour development may, therefore, be induced by ripening-related factors (other than C2H4) which is possibly inhibited or inactivated when fruit are harvested at the green stage. C2H4 application to fruit at this stage may help to reactivate or recover these factors which in turn induce colour development. Thus, although capsicum fruit show typical non-climacteric behaviour, C2H4 appears to be involved in some aspects of the ripening process. / http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1294648 / Thesis(Ph.D.)-- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2007

It is known that some psychiatric disorders may deteriorate in relation to the menstrual cycle. However, in some conditions, such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), symptomatology is triggered mainly by the variations in ovarian steroid hormones. Although symptoms induced by fluctuations in ovarian steroids often are affective, little is known about how emotion processing in women is influenced by variations, or actual levels, of ovarian steroid hormones. The general aim of this thesis was to evaluate menstrual cycle effects on reactivity in emotion generating and controlling areas in the corticolimbic system to emotional stimulation and anticipation, in healthy controls and women with PMDD. A second aim was to evaluate corticolimbic reactivity during long-term administration of exogenous ovarian steroids. In study I, III and IV effects of the menstrual cycle on emotional reactivity in women with PMDD was studied. In study I, women with PMDD in displayed higher amygdala reactivity than healthy controls to emotional faces, not in the luteal phase as was hypothesised, but in the follicular phase. No difference between menstrual cycle phases was obtained in women with PMDD, while healthy controls had an increased reactivity in the luteal phase. The results of study I was further elaborated in study III, where women with PMDD were observed to have an increased anticipatory reactivity to negative emotional stimuli. However, no differences in amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli were obtained across the menstrual cycle. Finally, in study IV the hypothesis that amygdala reactivity increase in the luteal phase in women with PMDD is linked to social stimuli rather than generally arousing stimuli was suggested, tested and supported. In study II, re-exposure to COC induced mood symptoms de novo in women with a previous history of COC-induced adverse mood. Women treated with COC reported increased levels of mood symptoms both as compared to before treatment, and as compared to the placebo group. There was a relatively strong correlation between depressive scores before and during treatment. The effects of repeated COC administration on subjective measures and brain function were however dissociated with increased aversive experiences accompanied by reduced reactivity in the insular cortex.

Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of gastrointestinal diarrheal disease in humans worldwide. This zoonotic pathogen has a complex epidemiology due to its presence in many different host organisms. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the role of amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba as an intermediate host and vector for survival and dissemination of C. jejuni. Earlier studies have shown that C. jejuni can enter, survive and replicate within Acanthamoebae spp. In this thesis, I have shown that C. jejuni actively invades Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Once inside, C. jejuni could survive within the amoebae by avoiding localization to degradative lysosomes. We also found that A. polyphaga could protect C. jejuni in acid environments with pH levels far below the range in which the bacterium normally survives. Furthermore, low pH triggered C. jejuni motility and invasion of A. polyphaga. In an applied study I found that A. polyphaga also could increase the survival of C. jejuni in milk and juice both at room temperature and at +4ºC, but not during heating to recommended pasteurization temperatures. In the last study we found that forty environmental C. jejuni isolates with low bacterial concentrations could be successfully enriched using the Acanthamoeba-Campylobacter coculture (ACC) method. Molecular genetic analysis using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and sequencing of the flaA gene, showed no genetic changes during coculture. The results of this thesis have increased our knowledge on the mechanisms behind C. jejuni invasion and intracellular survival in amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba. By protecting C. jejuni from acid environments, Acanthamoebae could serve as important reservoirs for C. jejuni e.g. during acid sanitation of chicken stables and possibly as vectors during passage through the stomach of host animals. Furthermore, Acanthamoeba spp. could serve as a vehicle and reservoir introducing and protecting C. jejuni in beverages such as milk and juice. Validation of the ACC method suggests that it is robust and could be used even in outbreak investigations where genetic fingerprints are compared between isolates. In conclusion, Acanthamoeba spp. are good candidates for being natural hosts and vectors of C. jejuni.