In this study, young children’s development of speech acts was examined. Interaction between six Swedish-speaking parents and their children was observed. The frequency, form and distribution of speech acts in the output from the parents were compared with the frequency, form and distribution of the children’s speech acts. The frequency was measured by occurrences per analysed session. The aim of the analysis was to examine if the parent’s behaviour could be treated as a baseline for the child’s development. Both the parents’ and the children’s illocutionary speech acts were classified. Each parent-child dyad was observed at four different occasions, when the children were 1;0, 1;6, 2;0, and 2;6 years of age. Similar studies have previously shown that parents keep a consistent frequency of speech acts within a given time span of interaction, though the distribution of different types of speech acts may shift, depending on contextual factors. The form, in terms of Mean Length of Speech Act in Words (MLSAw), were correlated with the longitudinal result of the children’s MLSAw. The distribution of the parents’ speech acts showed extensive individual differences. The result showed that the children’s MLSAw move significantly closer the MLSAw of their parents. Since the parent’s MLSAw showed a wide distribution, these results indicate that the parent’s speech acts can be treated as a baseline for certain aspects of the children’s development, though further studies are needed.

The purpose of this study is to pose possibilities in addressing the problem of ethnical discrimination, its development into supersessionism and the perpetual discriminatory practices in the contemporary church by engaging Acts 6:1-7 from a rhetorical and deconstructive perspective. The episode in Acts 6:1-7, where the seven men have been selected to deal with the issue of the “daily distribution of food” presents a problem with regard to its interpretation. The problem resides in the fact that the text itself contains a certain number of inconsistencies. The most obvious is the contradiction between the task assigned to the seven and their actual function in the subsequent narrative. The account of the selection of the seven has attracted the attention of many scholars. However, although they have identified the contradictions and incoherencies, the methodologies applied by these scholars to uncover the original meaning, did not enable them to dismantle the hierarchical dichotomies underlying the text, and to question how ethnical discrimination can be prevented as well as how the leadership is differently constructed. The objective of this study is to expose these contradictions and to ask how we can deal with this exposure, and how we can think with a text such as Acts 6:1-7 in addressing the problem of ethnical discrimination, supersessionism and leadership, not only in the church but also in its wider political manifestations. The research methodology used in this study derives from deconstruction and rhetoric within the wider ambit of critical theory. Acts 6:1-7, when read from a conjunction of rhetorical and deconstruction perspectives, demonstrates that there is indeed a problem of ethnicity in Acts 6, reveals how the author of Acts privileges an engendered masculinity ethos, exposes the absence of taking the plight of widows into full consideration, shows that the roots of supersessionism can be found in Acts 6: 1-7, and also infuses the notion of leadership with an ethical overturning that requires rethinking the implications for leadership. The significance of the study lies in considering how a continuation of ethnical discrimination in contemporary denominational context can be resisted via my thinking with Acts 6:1-7. / New Testament / D. Th. (New Testament)

The thesis follows one of the supporting characters from the New Testament, James, the brother of the Lord. The first chapter deals with the meaning and occurrence of the name James in both biblical and non-biblical sources. The following second chapter deals with the canonical biblical texts that depict fragments of James' life. However, many questions remain about the closer characterization of our wanted person James and the form of his earthly family. The thesis also examines whether James could or could not really be the brother of Jesus of Nazareth. Through the analysis of texts we look for the answer that canonical texts give us.Subsequently, in the third chapter attention is also directed to the apocryphal and non-biblical sources that govern us about our James. In connection with the wanted James is mentioned and the first church community in Jerusalem, in which James played a significant leadership role. The aim of the thesis is to describe the character of James, the brother of the Lord, by means of all analyzed sources. In conclusion, a summary possible solution of questions concerning James, the Lord's Brother is presented. Keywords James, brothers of the Lord, Acts of the Apostles, the primary Christian community in Jerusalem.

Blood symbolism is a phenomenon that is commonly processed in literature, especially within the fantasy genre. Siri Pettersen’s fantasy novel Kraften (2016) does not make an exception from this tradition. In this essay I present the different levels of blood symbolism and textual aesthetics within Kraften while focusing on four perspectives: violence, sexual acts, bodily functions and rituals. As a result, I find that blood symbolism has a profound connection to Pettersen’s characters and fantasy universe as a whole; that the particular force affecting the earth can represent the Norse giant Ymir’s symbolic blood. I also find that the contemporary view of blood – menstrual or other – is impacted by ancient cultural traditions and beliefs among the very first humans walking the earth. And finally, that blood symbolism operates very much like the first law of thermodynamics in fantasy literature: it cannot disappear or be destroyed, only be recreated into new forms.

Försiktighetsåtgärder vidtagna av gärningspersonen efter att ett mord har undersökts i begränsad utsträckning. Internationell forskning på området indikerar att förövare och offers relation samt vilken typ av våld som tillfogas vid gärningstillfället kan hänga samman med huruvida försiktighetsåtgärder vidtas eller inte. Föreliggande studie syftar att undersöka skillnaden mellan partnerrelaterade och icke-partnerrelaterade mord gällande försiktighetsåtgärder som vidtagits efter brottet. Fortsättningsvis syftade studien att undersöka om försiktighetsåtgärder efter mordet kan förklaras av en interaktionseffekt mellan förövaren och offrets relation samt typ av våld. För att undersöka detta granskades 166 domar varav de partnerrelaterade morden bestod av 61 domar (37%) och de icke-partnerrelaterade morden bestod av 105 domar (63%). Resultatet visade att det inte föreligger en signifikant skillnad mellan partnerrelaterade och icke-partnerrelaterade mord gällande förekomst eller omfattning av försiktighetsåtgärder. Däremot fanns det signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna beroende på vilken typ av försiktighetsåtgärd som vidtas, om det är crime scene staging eller andra försiktighetsåtgärder. Resultatet visade även att det inte föreligger en interaktionseffekt mellan förövaren och offrets relation samt typ av våld. Mer forskning på området krävs för att kunna uttala sig om det föreligger en interaktionseffekt mellan partnerrelaterade och icke-partnerrelaterade mord samt typ av våld gällande försiktighetsåtgärder som vidtas efter brottet. / Precautionary acts that the perpetrator performs after the homicide have been investigated to a limited extent. International research shows that the perpetrator and victim’s relation, with type of deadly violence that is inflicted to the victim have a connection whether precautionary acts are performed or not. The present study aimed to examine the differences of precautionary acts in intimate partner homicide [IPH] and non-intimate partner homicide [NIPH]. Furthermore the aim was to investigate if the precautionary acts performed after the homicide could be explained by an interaction effect between the perpetrator and victims relation and type of deadly violence. There were 166 verdicts examined in this study, whereof 61 (37%) concerned the IPH group and 105 (63%) concerned the NIPH group. The results show that there was no significant difference between IPH and NIPH in terms of occurrence and extent of precautionary acts. On the contrary, there was a significant difference regarding what type of precautionary act that was performed, whether it was crime scene staging or other types of precautionary acts. The result also showed that it did not occur an interaction effect between the perpetrator and victim relation and type of violence that can explain the variance in precautionary acts. Further research is required to observe if there is an interaction between IPH and NIPH and type of violence regarding precautionary acts.

and keywords Urgent and unrepeatable acts Urgent and unrepeatable acts are procedural acts of criminal proceedings in which there is a conflict between the rights of the defense with the purpose of criminal proceedings consisting in the lawful determination of the circumstances of the commission of a crime and in the fair punishment of its perpetrator. This conflict is tolerated because urgent and unrepeatable acts are used to secure and take evidence that risks being thwarted, destroyed or lost, or evidence that cannot be taken in court proceedings. The aim of this work is to describe and analyze the conditions under which these, by their nature exceptional, acts of criminal proceedings can be performed and to analyze the consequences of non-compliance with these conditions. To this end, the first chapter described the structure of criminal proceedings with a focus on the structure of preparatory proceedings and analyzed the definition of urgent and unrepeatable acts, provided some typical examples and an analysis of the problematic definition of urgency. In the second chapter, in addition to the general conditions of evidence, the formal and material conditions for performing urgent and unrepeatable acts were analyzed, including the question of whether some additional conditions imposed on...

In recent years, several nations have adopted institutional framework laws, so-called Climate Change Acts (CCAs), as means to enforce Paris-compliant mitigation pathways. A key institutional feature to ensure policy stability and compliance with CCAs has been the establishment of independent advisory bodies, tasked with advising on mitigation targets and policy instruments, as well as the, monitoring and evaluation of target attainment. These advisory bodies are endowed with a crucial role in the long-term evaluation and planning process: examining how the low-carbon transition pathways might be achieved. Calling attention to the question of how transition pathways should be conceived and approached, whether it is in 'bio-physical' (climate science), 'techno- economic' (technology assessment/economics) or 'socio-technical' (socio-technical transition field) terms. Recent studies have indicated that a socio-technical transitions is increasingly framed as a question of removing carbon energy from various practices and infrastructures, challenging the dominant techno-economic approach of emissions reductions using carbon-pricing instruments. This thesis explores this challenge, drawing upon a case study of the establishment of the Swedish Climate Policy Council, by means of analyzing the process of institutionalization and how transition pathways are (re)produced discursively through the practices of climate policy evaluation and planning. The main findings of this thesis is that a cross-party consensus behind the Swedish CCA was formed around institutionalizing a 'bio-physical’ mitigation pathway, monitored and safeguarded by the Council which could assign 'political embarrassment' to governments failing to comply with the interim and long-term GHG mitigation targets. Beyond this consensus, the institutional design of the Council is the result of discursive struggles between actor-coalitions supporting techno-economic versus socio-technical transition pathways. However, the recently formed Council has come to challenge previously dominant techno-economic practices of forecasting cost-efficient emissions reductions. This has been accomplished by introducing a novel socio-technical approach to climate policy evaluation: the backcasting of interrelated technological and institutional shifts believed to be necessary in bringing about a low-carbon transition or transformation. Nevertheless, as this socio-technical practice primarily backcasts upon a number of key technological innovations, with limited changes to current industrial patterns of production and consumption, doubts are raised if this approach is to be considered as constitutive of transformative transition pathways.

Principles of administrative proceedings, abstract Focus of this diploma thesis is the issue of basic principles of administrative proceedings, but not in terms of basic procedure principles of administrative authorities as they are set out in § 2 to 8 of the Administrative Procedure Code, but in terms of procedural principles of administrative proceedings, as rules of procedure before administrative authorities. These principles represent a key element for understanding and interpretation of the procedural process in an administrative proceeding, but Administrative Procedure Code does not contain an express codification of these principles in its text. Goal of this thesis is to perform a detailed analysis of individual principles both individually and in context. The aforementioned principles of administrative proceedings usually occur in the form of mutually ambivalent pairs and their application during administrative proceedings presents many conflicting issues which stems from their implicitly general nature. The methodological basis of this thesis is the method of textual hermeneutics and general empirical-analytical paradigm based on the source material, which consists mainly of judgments and resolutions of the Supreme Administrative Court and is supplemented by relevant literature. The text of this...

Usage-based, constructivist approaches to first language acquisition assume that children’s linguistic abilities emerge in a piecemeal fashion through interaction with mature language users (Tomasello 2003). In spite of the fact that both formal and functional characteristics of the linguistic constructions involved are thought to be of importance in this process, most previous studies have focused exclusively on form. The current study aims at exploring the contribution of functional factors in the learning of a subset of yes-no questions: providing an in-depth analysis of the emergence of Can -person-process?-constructions in a high-density Childescorpus of a boy learning English (Lieven et al. 2009), it is shown that functional factors need to be considered in order to be able to account for the developmental path. It is suggested that we need to re-evaluate the relationship between (formal as well as functional) frequency, salience, and entrenchment and the ways in which these aspects interact during the language learning process. This has important implications for future research on language development as well as for claims about the mental organization of linguistic knowledge within CxG and Cognitive Linguistics more generally.

Narrative inquiry provides an opportunity to humanize the human sciences, placing people, meaning, and personal identity at the center of research, inviting the development of reflexive, relational, dialogic, and interpretive methodologies, and drawing attention to the need to focus not only on the actual but also on the possible and the good. In this chapter, we focus on the intellectual, existential, empirical, and pragmatic development of the turn toward narrative. We trace the rise of narrative inquiry as it evolved in the aftermath of the crisis of representation in the social sciences. The chapter synthesizes the changing methodological orientations of qualitative researchers associated with narrative inquiry as well as their ethical commitments. In the second half of the chapter, our focus shifts to the divergent standpoints of small-story and big-story researchers; the differences between narrative analysis and narratives under analysis; and narrative practices that seek to help people form better relationships, overcome oppressive canonical identities, amplify or reclaim moral agency, and cope better with contingencies and difficulties experienced over the life course. We anticipate that narrative inquiry will continue to situate itself within an intermediate zone between art and science, healing and research, self and others, subjectivity and objectivity, and theories and stories.