Dans ce mémoire, les contes de trois conteurs contemporains du Québec – Jos Gallant d’André Lemelin, Ti Pinge de Joujou Turenne et L’entrain à vapeur, de Fred Pellerin – font avant tout l’objet d’une lecture pragmatique afin de mieux comprendre comment le conteur, qui emploie le canevas en spectacle, transmet une fiction à un auditoire ou à un lectorat. L’étude présente d’abord une analyse comparative de chacune des prestations avec la version publiée d’un même récit et met ainsi en relief leurs points de convergence et de divergence. Selon l’hypothèse avancée, l’analyse de la prestation des conteurs qui suivent un canevas révèlerait comment s’y manifestent les dimensions performatives et les articulations du discours fictionnel. Corrélativement, l’examen des rapports entre le conteur et son public permet ensuite de s’interroger sur le statut du narrateur et de voir en quoi et comment, durant la performance, la fiction est partagée avec l’auditoire. L’analyse des énoncés performatifs, inspirés des travaux de Kerbrat-Orechionni et la dynamique de vectorisation proposée par Pavis pour l’étude de la gestuelle, des mimiques et de la voix, sont mises à contribution et visent également à dégager les outils pouvant servir à l’analyse des spectacles de contes. Au terme de cette recherche, l’auteure démontre les avantages liés au canevas, notamment en ce qui concerne les interactions qu’il favorise avec le public et dans la liberté qu’il procure, en permettant de modifier ou d’adapter le discours et les ressources expressives du conteur à chacune de ses représentations. / In this thesis, the three tales written by contemporary Quebec storytellers – Jos Gallant by Andre Lemelin, Ti Pinge by Joujou Turenne and L’entrain à vapeur by Fred Pellerin – are for the most part subjected to a pragmatic reading, where the objective is to develop a better understanding of how these storytellers employ structure in storytelling to transmit fiction to their audiences or readers. The study begins with an analysis of each story, a comparison of the storytelling and published versions, and finally their various points of convergence and divergence are highlighted. In accordance with this hypothesis, the analysis of each storyteller’s performance structure will reveal how the performative and fictional discourse dimensions are expressed. Correspondingly, through examining the relationships between the storyteller and the audience, we question the narrator’s status and discover by what means and how the fiction is shared with the audience during the performance. The analysis of performative statements, inspired by the work of Kerbrat-Orechionni and by dynamic vectorization put forward by Pavis for the study of gestures, facial expressions and voice, which are all made to contribution, also targets the identification of any tools useful for storytelling analysis. Once having completed this research, the author demonstrates how structure, especially that used to encourage audience interaction and the overall freedom generally procured can be beneficial in modifying or adapting expressive speech and other resources available to storytellers in each of their performances.

Si la théologie lucanienne de la résurrection a largement été étudiée dans le livre des Actes des Apôtres, Jésus n’a jamais été considéré comme personnage principal, à l’inverse des apôtres, de l’Esprit saint ou même de Dieu. Pourtant, le premier verset des Actes laisse entendre que Jésus va continuer de faire et d’enseigner ce qu’il avait commencé dans l’évangile, même si, peu de temps après l’ouverture du récit, il quitte la scène. Pour chercher à comprendre ce paradoxe, une analyse approfondie de la mise en récit du personnage Jésus dans les Actes était nécessaire. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse introduit le sujet, l’état de la question et deux approches méthodologiques empruntées aux experts de la caractérisation narrative. Au chapitre deux, après avoir introduit la difficulté d’identification du personnage qui se trouve derrière le titre Seigneur des Actes, le cadre épistémologique d’Elizabeth Struthers Malbon permet d’observer le comment en classant toutes les péricopes qui participent à la rhétorique de la caractérisation christologique en cinq catégories : (1) la christologie représentée qui montre ce que Jésus fait, (2) la christologie détournée qui permet d’entendre ce que Jésus dit en réponse aux autres personnages, (3) la christologie projetée qui laisse entendre ce que les autres personnages ou le narrateur disent à Jésus et à son sujet, (4) la christologie réfléchie qui montre ce que les autres personnages font en reflétant ce que Jésus a dit et (5) la christologie reflétée qui montre ce que les autres personnages font en reflétant ce que Jésus a fait. Ensuite, avec le chapitre trois, l’approche de John Darr donne à comprendre le pourquoi de la caractérisation par l’observation de quatre activités cognitives du lecteur : (1) l’anticipation et la rétrospection, (2) la recherche de cohérence, (3) l’identification et/ou l’implication et (4) la défamiliarisation. Enfin, au chapitre quatre, les résultats des deux méthodes sont comparés pour proposer une solution au cas de l’ouverture paradoxale des Actes. D’abord les différentes observations de la thèse montrent que le personnage Jésus n’est pas si absent du récit; puis la rhétorique narrative de la caractérisation conduit le lecteur à comprendre que c’est essentiellement au travers des personnages du récit que Jésus est présent en actes et en paroles. / Though Luke’s theology of resurrection is widely studied in the Book of Acts, Jesus is never seen as its main character, unlike the apostles, the Holy Spirit or God. However, the first verse of Acts suggests that the Jesus character will continue to do and teach what he began in the Gospel, even if soon after the opening, he leaves the scene. To resolve this paradox, a thorough analysis of Jesus characterization in Acts is needed. The first chapter of this dissertation introduces the subject, what has already been said, and two narrative scholars’ methodologies selected for this study. In chapter two, the difficult identification of the Lord of Acts is discussed. Then, the epistemological framework of Elizabeth Struthers Malbon is considered. It shows how characterization works, by ranking all episodes involving Jesus in five groups : (1) enacted Christology : what Jesus does; (2) deflected Christology : what Jesus says in response to other characters; (3) projected Christology : what other characters and the narrator say to and about Jesus; (4) mirroring Christology : what other characters do that mirrors what Jesus says and (5) reflected Christology : what other characters do that mirrors what Jesus does. Chapter three discusses the method of John Darr which helps us to understand the why by observing four cognitive activities of the reader: (1) anticipation and retrospection; (2) consistency-building; (3) identification and (4) defamiliarization. In the conclusion in chapter four, the results of the two systems are compared to resolve the case of the paradoxical opening of Acts. The main conclusion of the different observations of this thesis shows that Jesus is not so absent from the story. Thus the narrative rhetoric of characterization leads the reader to understand that Jesus is mainly present through the characters of the story in acts and words.

De quelle notion de sujet avons-nous besoin rendre compte de nos pratiques et notamment de notre pratique du langage ? Cette question du sujet et de la subjectivité se pose à nouveaux frais dans le cadre de la philosophie du langage ordinaire et tout particulièrement à partir de la théorie des actes de parole de J.L. Austin. En effet, si le langage n’a de signification qu’en tant que parole, et même qu’en tant qu’acte d’un sujet qui prend la parole, le langage ne saurait être un processus sans sujet. Un acte nécessite un agent et si cet acte est un acte de parole, il faut un agent capable de comprendre la signification de ce qui est dit, en d'autres termes, il semble bien qu’il faille un sujet pensant, un sujet psychologique. C’est dans cette voie que s’engagèrent les premières interprétations d’Austin. Les actes de parole donnèrent naissance d’une nouvelle discipline : la pragmatique, où le rôle de l’intention dans la signification est primordial. Or, la philosophie du langage ordinaire se situe dans le projet initial de la philosophie analytique, tel que mené par Frege, Russell et le premier Wittgenstein, qui détachaient la signification de la subjectivité des représentations en la liant à la référence ou dénotation. Le sujet psychologique se trouve alors hors du champ de la pensée et de la vérité. Austin poursuit et radicalise ce projet : dans la théorie des actes de parole, la vérité devient la dimension d’évaluation de certains énoncés à l’intérieur de la catégorie plus générale de la félicité, évaluation qui n’est possible qu’en situant l’énonciation dans son contexte. C’est donc le contexte, et non l’intériorité du sujet parlant qui permet la compréhension. Ainsi, Le sujet des actes de paroles n’est pas le sujet intentionnel du mentalisme. C’est en fait un sujet pensant dont la pensée se lit dans le comportement, un sujet dont la pensée publique se fonde et s’exprime dans des conventions sociales qui le rendent responsables de ses paroles. Le sujet parlant est un sujet social pour qui l’enjeu est de parvenir à trouver et faire entendre sa voix alors même qu’il parle dans les mots des autres, un sujet responsable et mis en position de fragilité car il doit répondre de plus qu’il ne le voudrait. / What kind of a notion of subject do we need in order to account for our practices, and especially our practice of language? The issue of subject and subjectivity is raised anew within the ordinary language philosophy, more particularly within J.L. Austin's speech acts theory. As a matter of fact, if language has a meaning only inasmuch as it is a speech—the speech act of a subject—language cannot be a process devoid of subject. There must be an agent to perform an act, and if the act is a speech act, the agent must be able to understand what is meant, in other words, what seems to be needed is a thinking, psychological subject. Austin's first interpretations actually went down that path. Speech acts gave birth to a new theory: pragmatics, in which intention plays a key role in meaning. Nevertheless, ordinary language philosophy is in continuity with the original project of analytical philosophy as conducted by Frege, Russell and the first Wittgenstein, who separated the meaning from the subjectivity of representations and linked it instead to the reference or denotation. The psychological subject is then excluded from the field of thought and truth. Austin continues and toughens that project. Within the speech acts theory, truth becomes the assessment dimension of some utterances within the more general category of felicity—such an assessment being possible only when the issuing of the utterance is inserted in its whole context. Therefore, what enables comprehension is context, not inwardness. So, the subject of speech acts isn't the intentional subject of mentalism. In fact, it's a subject whose thought is to be read in their behaviour, a subject whose public thought is based on and expressed in social conventions which make them responsible for what they say. The speaking subject is a social subject whose issue is to find their voice and make themselves heard, although they speak in other people's words, a responsible subject in a vulnerable position as they must answer for more than they care for.

The master's thesis Politics, Media and Manipulation: Political Journalism and Pragmatic Linguistics examines contemporary Czech publicized political communication using pragmatic analysis. It focuses on topics like power, ideology and self-presentation of the political participants in the media. It is also concerned with the framing of media communication and with the communication strategies that the political participants and journalists use. The research was conducted with the use of quantitative pragmatic analysis. Each sample was examined from many different angles. In this thesis, pragmatic phenomenon are examined like the function of the statements, speech acts, intertextuality, conversational maxims, the use and violation of speech etiquette, presupposition, conversational implicatures, deixis, and reference. The semiotic analysis and the examination of the context, from which the analyzed media texts originated, is involved as well. Journalistic texts from different types of media from the time of the first Czech direct presidential election have been chosen as samples for the analysis. The goal of the thesis is to design a complex pragmatic analysis and describe the used communication strategies of the participants.

La notion de terrorisme international relève de deux critères, l’un emprunté à des actes qui constituent l’assise de l’action terroriste, l’autre tiré de circonstances particulières, qui tiennent à une relation avec une entreprise individuelle ou collective ayant pour but de troubler gravement l’ordre public par l’intimidation ou la terreur. La communauté internationale est confrontée depuis la fin de l’effondrement de l’Union soviétique à l’internationalisation d’un mouvement radical extrémiste l’organisation wahhabite Al-Qaïda. Les attaques terroristes organisées par cette mouvance menacent aujourd’hui la sécurité mondiale. Ses actes extrémistes, criminels et terroristes visent à tuer les gens sans distinction entre les enfants et les femmes, car ils ne considèrent pas comme interdits de tels actes. La scène internationale est devenue de plus en plus menacée par l’idéologie wahhabite d’origine saoudienne à laquelle appartenaient quinze des dix-neuf kamikazes de New York et Washington. Face au problème que pose le terrorisme, les Etats ont réagi, mais chacun à sa manière, en prenant des mesures nécessaires en fonction de leur propre système juridique. Leurs objectifs sont de renforcer la répression, de faciliter le travail des enquêteurs et de rendre les jugements plus rapides. Le plus souvent, de nouvelles lois pénales ou de nouveaux textes ont été adoptés par les Parlements dans plusieurs Etats pour lutter contre ce phénomène international. Les réponses juridiques des droits nationaux restent jusqu’à présent les véritables instruments de lutte contre les actions terroristes. Elles sont l’occasion d’approfondir les réflexions sur les motivations profondes des terroristes, leurs méthodes et leurs objectifs. Elles permettent de réprimer le financement des mouvements terroristes et le blanchiment d’argent, en se basant sur les directives internationales du GAFI et du Comité Contre le terrorisme (CCT). Mots clefs en français : Lutte antiterroriste, légitime défense, agression armée, coopération européenne, menace terroriste, approches et lacunes juridiques / The notion of international terrorism is based on two criteria: one borrowed from actions that constitute the foundation of terrorist acts, the other drawn from particular circumstances coming from a relationship with an individual or collective organization whose objective is to seriously damage public security by intimidation or terror. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the international community is confronted by a radical extremist organization wahhabite Al-Qaïda. The terrorist attacks organized by this movement threaten global security today. These extremist criminal terrorist acts target civilians without distinction - women and children included - because they do not consider such acts as forbidden. The international scene has become more and more threatened today by wahhabite ideology whose Saudi origins included fifteen of the nineteen suicide-bombers responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York and Washington. Faced with the problem posed by terrorism, the international community reacted, each in their own way, by taking necessary measures that conform to their own legal system. Their objectives are to reinforce repression, facilitate the work of investigators and speed up court decisions. New penal laws or new texts have been introduced by several countries in order to confront this international phenomenon. The legal responses of national laws remain until today veritable instruments of confrontation against terrorist acts. These laws serve to deepen the understanding of terrorist motivations, their methods and their goals. By basing these laws on the international directives of the GAFI (Groupe d'Action financière) and the Committee Against Terrorism (CCT), they also serve to combat the financing of terrorist movements as well as money laundering. Keywords : anti-terrorist struggle, international law, European cooperation, extremist criminal terrorist acts

Parler une langue ou communiquer avec des gestes signifie adapter un comportement déterminé par des règles complexes dans une situation de communication donnée. Notre recherche porte l'intérêt sur l'occurrence de trois gestes conventionnels: pointage, affirmation et négation gestuels et la possibilité de distinguer leurs différentes fonctions en prenant en compte la combinaison de ces gestes et les actes de langage en tant que vecteurs de la direction de l'intention, à partir de la classification de Searle et Vanderveken (1985). Nous serons spectateurs du passage de l'étape pré-linguistique à l'étape linguistique et nous observerons comment l'enfant mobilise toutes ses capacités communicatives pour manifester ses états mentaux et atteindre ses objectifs en utilisant différentes stratégies en interaction avec l'adulte. Le cadre théorique sur lequel nous nous basons pour analyser les aspects étudiés s'appuie sur les travaux de Searle et Vanderveken (1985), Bernicot (1992, 1998), Bruner (2002), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2001) et Guidetti (2003). Ce travail utilise une méthodologie qualitative et quantitative pour l'analyse de données. On travaille en deux temps, d'abord on fait une analyse transversale, ainsi on observera la production de ces éléments dans les interactions de six enfants entre dix-huit mois et six ans. Le corpus est composé de deux tranches d'âge. Dans un deuxième temps, on fera l'analyse d'une étude de cas pour rendre compte de l'évolution diachronique des éléments étudiés. / To speak a language or communicate with gestures means adapting a behavior determined by complex rules in a given communication situation. This research focuses on the occurrence of three conventional gestures: pointing, gestures of affirmation and negation. Using the classification of Searle and Vanderveken (1985), it also takes into account combinations of those gestures and speech acts that help the speaker convey their intention, combinations which also enable us to distinguish the gestures' various functions. The shift from the pre-linguistic to the linguistic stage has been under scrutiny, and we'll study how children use all their communicative abilities to express their mental state and reach their objectives by using different strategies in their interactions with adults. The theoretical frame on which this study is based relies on the works of Searle and Vanderverken (1985), Bernicot (1992, 1998), Bruner (2002), Kerbat-Orecchioni (2001) and Guidetti (2003). For this work, the data has been analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. There have been two phases in this work: first, we make a transversal analysis to observe the production of these elements in the interactions of six children aged between 18 months and six years old. The corpus has been divided into two age groups. Second, we've analyzed a case study to account for the diachronic evolution of the studied elements. / Hablar una lengua o comunicarse a través de gestos significa adaptar un comportamiento determinado por reglas complejas en una situación específica. Nuestra investigación se centra en la ocurrencia de tres gestos convencionales : la señalización (pointage), la afirmación y negación gestuales, y la posibilidad de distinguir diferentes funciones, tomando en cuenta la combinación de estos gestos y los Actos de Lenguaje como vectores de la dirección de la intención, a partir de la clasificación de Searle y Vanderveken (1985). Seremos espectadores de la transición de la etapa pre-lingüística a la etapa lingüística, y observaremos cómo el niño moviliza todas sus capacidades comunicativas para manifestar sus estados mentales y logra sus objetivos utilizando diferentes estrategias en las interacciones con los adultos. El marco teórico para el análisis de los aspectos estudiados se apoya en los trabajos de Searle y Vanderveken (1985), Bernicot (1992, 1998), Bruner (2002), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2001) et Guidetti (2003). Este trabajo utiliza una metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa para el análisis de datos. Expondremos una análisis transversal, de esta manera observaremos la producción de estos elementos en las interacciones de 6 niños entre 18 meses y 6 años. El corpus esta compuesto por dos segmentos etarios. Luego se realiza el análisis de un estudio de caso para dar cuenta de la evolución diacrónica de los elementos estudiados.

O presente trabalho avaliou a pragmática da linguagem oral através do Teste de Linguagem Infantil - ABFW em dois grupos de crianças entre sete e 11 anos incompletos, sendo um com diagnóstico de TDA/H e outro sem diagnóstico (grupo controle), com quociente intelectual >= 90. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico, prospectivo. O projeto foi desenvolvido em crianças diagnosticadas com TDA/H, pela equipe multiprofissional no ambulatório do Distúrbio do Aprendizado do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. A linguagem oral foi avaliada através do teste de fonoaudiologia da linguagem infantil (ABFW), nas áreas de fonologia, vocabulário e pragmática (atos comunicativos). As crianças diagnosticadas com TDA/H foram avaliadas pela fonoaudióloga em dois momentos, inicialmente na vigência do tratamento medicamentoso de curta ação, com 0,3 - 0,5 mg/kg/dose, administrado de 30 a 60 minutos antes da testagem, a mesma foi refeita após 15 dias, sem o uso da medicação por 48 horas antes da testagem. As crianças do grupo controle realizaram a avaliação fonoaudiológica somente uma vez. Dessa maneira, houve a formação de três grupos: TDA/H sem medicação, TDA/H medicado e grupo controle. Foram realizadas no total 60 avaliações (20 TDA/H medicado; 20 TDA/H não medicado, 20 grupo controle). Os dados indicaram que não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante entre as médias das idades das crianças dos grupos TDA/H e controle (p=0,35). Não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante entre as medianas de QI >= 90 nos grupos TDA/H e controle (p=0,62). Não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante entre as medianas dos escores da pragmática da linguagem oral nos grupos controle e TDA/H medicado (p=0,14). Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante entre as medianas do escore da pragmática da linguagem oral nos grupos de TDA/H medicado e TDA/H não medicado (p= 0,001). Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante entre as medianas do escore da pragmática da linguagem oral nos grupos controle e TDA/H não medicado (p=0,002). As crianças diagnosticadas com TDA/H estudadas apresentaram comprometimento na pragmática da linguagem oral, tendo sido observado que a medicação possibilitou a melhora no escore quando comparado ao sem uso de medicação. Acreditamos que a alteração da pragmática da linguagem oral esteja associada com a dificuldade de aprendizagem, que também é frequentemente observada nos pacientes com TDA/H, embora não tenhamos efetuado a correlação desses fatos no atual estudo pretendemos fazê-lo posteriormente. Deve ser considerado que através da pragmática empobrecida os turnos dialógicos não são adequadamente estabelecidos, com isso há dificuldade na conquista de vínculos e manutenção das habilidades sociais / The present study evaluated the pragmatics of oral language through the Children \'s Language Test (ABFW) in two groups of children between the ages of seven and 11 years old incomplete, one with a diagnosis of ADHD and one without a diagnosis (control group) with IQ >= 90. The comparison of these groups is of great importance in the current context of pediatrics. This is a prospective clinical trial. The project was developed in children diagnosed with ADHD by the multiprofessional team at the Learning Disorder outpatient clinic of the Children\'s Institute of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. The language was evaluated through the phonoaudiological test Children\'s Language Test (ABFW), in the areas of phonology, vocabulary and pragmatic (communicative acts). The children diagnosed with ADHD were evaluated by the speech therapist in two moments, initially during the short-acting medication treatment, with 0.3 - 0.5 mg/kg/dose, which is administered 30 to 60 minutes before the start of phonoaudiological evaluation, and again after 15 days without medication for at least 48 hours. The children of the control group were evaluated at one time. Thus, three groups were formed: ADHD without medication, ADHD medication and control group. A total of 60 evaluations were performed (20 ADHD medicated, 20 unmedicated ADHD and 20 control group). Therefore their means were compared, no statistically significant difference was found between the means from the children\'s age of the group with ADHD and group control (p=0,35). No statistically significant difference was found between the IQ >= 90 in the same groups (p=0,62). No statistically significant difference was found between the medians of the initial scores in the pragmatic oral language group control and ADHD medicated (p=0,14). A statistically significant difference was found between the medians of the initial score in the pragmatic oral language in the groups with ADHD medicated and not medicated (p=0,001). A statistically significant difference was found between the medians of the oral language pragmatics score in the control and ADHD unmedicated groups (p=0,002). The children diagnosed with ADHD studied showed impairment in the oral language pragmatics which has been observed that the medication allowed the improvement in the score when compared to the non-use of medication. We believe that altering the pragmatics of oral language is associated with learning difficulties, which also are frequently observed in patients with ADHD, although we did not correlate these facts in the current study, we intend to evaluate them later. It should also be considered that through impoverished pragmatics the dialogic shifts are not adequately established, with this there is difficulty in gaining links and maintaining social skills

Dans une communication exolingue, les échecs pragmatiques ne sont pas aussi aisément reconnaissables que les erreurs grammaticales ou phonétiques et de ce fait, ils risquent de mener à des malentendus sans qu’il y ait de tentative de réparation. Comment identifier et expliquer ces difficultés pragmatiques aux apprenants ? Quels sont les moyens possibles pour la transmission du savoir pragmatique ? Cette étude vise à répondre à ces questions en coordonnant, d’une part, les problèmes rencontrés dans les interactions réelles entre Français et Japonais et, d’autre part, ceux qui apparaissent dans les situations d’enseignement du français langue étrangère au Japon. Autour de deux actes de parole (l’excuse et de la réfutation), les différences entre Français et Japonais sont examinées à l’appui de corpus variés : témoignages écrits (livres et blogs) des personnes ayant connu les deux cultures, ouvrages de savoir-vivre ou encore, extraits de films. L’étude se tourne ensuite vers les trois composantes de l’enseignement : le manuel, l’enseignant et l’apprenant. Après une analyse des manuels de français langue étrangère édités au Japon, le travail a été enrichi par des entretiens avec des enseignantes, ainsi que par des questionnaires menés auprès d’apprenants japonais. Cette étude a permis de mettre à jour les possibilités et les difficultés de l’enseignement de la pragmatique, telles que le maniement des stéréotypes, les différences entre enseignant natif et non-natif ou encore la capacité d’observation chez les apprenants même débutants. / In communication between native and non-native speakers, pragmatic failures are not as easily recognizable as grammatical or phonetic errors, and therefore, they risk to lead to misunderstandings; generally speakers have no chance to repair ommunication problems. How do foreign language teachers identify and explain these pragmatic difficulties to the learners ? What are the possible means to teach pragmatics ? This study aims at answering these questions by associating the problems in the real interactions between French and Japanese speakers and those in the situations of teaching French as a foreign language in Japan. Concerning two speech acts (apology and refutation), the differences between French and Japanese are examined using various corpuses: books and blogs written by those who experienced both cultures, French and Japanese literature on manners and etiquette, and some sequences from movies. The study then deals with the three components of education : the textbook, the teacher and the learner. After an analysis of French textbooks published in Japan, interviews were conducted with teachers of French, and questionnaires were administered to Japanese learners. This study made clear the possibilities and the difficulties of teaching pragmatics, such as the way of incorporating stereotypes, the differences between native and non-native teachers, and the learners’ ability to be aware of pragmatic features even at beginner level.

Plusieurs textes du Nouveau Testament permettent d’envisager une forme de généralisation de la prophétie au sein du christianisme naissant. Cela tranche avec l’absence relative d’une attente similaire au sein du judaïsme intertestamentaire, mise en évidence par une enquête au sein des littératures juives antiques. Une analyse des sources chrétiennes permet de constater la pratique d’un prophétisme communautaire au sein du christianisme primitif. Ces éléments d’arrière-plan pris en compte, il est démontré comment trois textes néotestamentaires envisagent, chacun à leur manière, le déploiement de la généralisation de la prophétie. Pour l’auteur des Actes, les croyants en Jésus-Christ forment un peuple prophétique qui est au bénéfice du déversement eschatologique de l’Esprit de prophétie annoncé par Joël 3. En 1 Corinthiens 12 à 14, Paul propose un ensemble de régulations concernant la mise en œuvre communautaire de la généralisation de la prophétie. L’Apocalypse invite à considérer le peuple de l’Agneau comme étant porteur d’un témoignage prophétique dans ce monde. L’analyse de ces textes prête une attention particulière aux enjeux sociologiques liés à la généralisation de la prophétie. / Several New Testament texts reflects a certain form of generalization of prophecy within early Christianity. This belief contrasts with the relative absence of a similar expectation within intertestamental Judaism, brought to light through an investigation of ancient Jewish literature. An examination of Christian sources reveals the practice of congregational prophecy within early Christianity.In light of these background elements, it is shown how three New Testament texts view, each in its own way, the deployment of the generalization of prophecy. For the author of Acts, believers in Jesus-Christ constitute a prophetic nation who is experiencing the eschatological outpouring of the Spirit of prophecy announced in Joel 3. In 1 Corinthians 12-14, Paul offers a set of regulations regarding the implementation of the generalization of prophecy in the Christian community. The book of Revelation invites to consider the people of the Lamb as bearers of a prophetic testimony in this world. The analysis of these texts pays attention to sociological issues related to the generalization of prophecy.

Thesis title: Urgent and unrepeatable acts Abstract Urgent and unrepeatable acts are procedural acts of criminal proceedings that have two opposite aspects. On the one hand, there is an interest in combating crime, and an urgent or unrepeatable act can help law enforcement authorities to obtain evidence that might not be possible to prove at later stages of the criminal proceedings (whether after the prosecution or the proceedings before court), if the law enforcement authorities did not intervene without undue delay. On the other hand, the urgent and unrepeatable acts could be a significant interference with the rights of the defense, especially in cases where they are carried out before the prosecution begins. This is why there are special provision on the requirements for urgent or unrepeatable acts in the Criminal Procedure Code. The aim of the thesis was to analyze selected questions within the topic of urgent and unrepeatable acts, which are currently discussed mainly due to their insufficient legal regulation, and to propose de lege ferenda solution, if possible. These sub-themes included: (i) the requirements of the urgent and unrepeatable acts, in particular with regards to the misconduct of law enforcement authorities in meeting the requirement of proper justification of the urgency and...