Advertisers invest substantial amounts of money in advertising and need to know whether these investments pay off. Given that advertising generally has both short-term and long-term effects and that the behavioral effects of advertising are influenced by numerous other factors, intermediate measures are needed that gauge the mental effects of advertising in the target audience. This thesis explores three broad issues in the measurement of intermediate advertising effectiveness: The relationship between different intermediate measures, the ability of advertising pretest measures to predict the outcome of advertising campaigns, and how measures of certain constructs should be operationalized. These issues were investigated in two empirical studies. The main result from the two studies is that measurement of advertising effectiveness requires multiple measures that are analyzed simultaneously. The results also indicate that some commonly used intermediate measures are not correctly understood and are, therefore, sometimes used for the wrong purposes. This thesis discusses the implications of these and other findings for academics and practitioners. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

The thesis deals with general attitudes toward advertising and their influence on the effect of television advertising in the selected target group. The theoretical section explains communication and advertising, attitudes, their function, changes and formation and also focuses on attitudes towards advertising and their impact on the effectiveness of advertising. In the practical part, there was done my own research on the advertising of cosmetic products and the target group of women. The methodology description is followed by secondary and primary research into general attitudes towards advertising and the effect of selected ads on cosmetics in the target group. In conclusion, the analysis of relationship between attitudes on advertising and advertising effects was done, the results were evaluated and possible implications for practice were suggested.

No description available.

This article investigates the effectiveness of bathroom print ads. Using liquor as the product domain, field study data (n = 146) indicate a high level of ad (60%) and product category (80%) recall. Contrary to the literature and the researchers' hypothesis, respondents had a significantly higher level of recall for copy dominant than for visual dominant ads. Hypotheses suggesting that color advertisements would outperform non-color advertisements and interactions between ages and visual-based versus copy-based stimuli and gender and visual-based versus copy-based stimuliwere not supported by the data. The implications for practitioners of the effectiveness of copy rich ads and suggested directions for future research are discussed.

Virtual reality tech is new, exciting and full of opportunities.Despite this the gaming section of virtual reality does not grow asfast as it was predicted it would be. Headsets and games areexpensive and perhaps a market model similar to the mobile gamingmarket would do the new tech good. A model that is heavily reliant onadvertisements and low prices.The purpose of this thesis is to show that virtual reality games areas viable an advertising target as mobile games that are a popularadvertisement medium. The study uses 2D billboard advertisements asthey are a non-intrusive advertisement format that can be implementedin a similar fashion on a mobile game and VR game.For this study two games were developed, one that runs on a OculusQuest VR headset and one for mobile Android devices. The games are asclose to each other as possible in terms of objective and settingwith the same advertisements implemented in them, each game featurestwo levels, one level contains advertisements and one does not.Surveys are used to find data regarding how the advertisementsaffected the game experience on both platforms. Interviews were thenconducted to find more qualitative information and to explain theresults as well as to find out what makes an advertisement good ortolerable.

殘酷時尚議題已成為當代的芒刺，對動物保護團體及人權組織形成挑戰。善待動物組織(People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals：PETA)是目前規模最大、發展最完善的動物權利組織，其廣告往往能在人們心中喚醒善待動物的意識。PETA首次在時尚雜誌上發起的反對毛皮廣告活動，即獲得「非營利組織最佳廣告獎(Best Ads Produced by a Nonprofit)」。 本研究的宗旨為，展示公益內容廣告運動可在任何市場導向的經濟體中運作。本研究列舉PETA的PSA廣告範例如下：「我寧願裸體」（“I’d rather go naked”, 1992年) 、「毛皮代表死亡」(“Fur is dead”, 2001年)、「對皮膚感到自在」(“Be comfortable in your own skin”, 2003年)、「拯救海豹」(“Save the seals”, 2009年)。「毛皮」 （“Skins”）主題上述廣告皆由知名女性代言。 本研究為質量研究，採用射影技術(projective technique)及深入訪談，調查結合訊息與圖像的PSA廣告在傳達動物權力相關議題時的效果。本研究將指出這些廣告可如何透過1.有創意、逼真的圖像、2.說服力的寓意訊息及3.知名代言人，加強傳遞人與自然關係的概念。 本研究發現，具說服力的訊息必須擁有逼真、富含寓意、簡潔、清楚等特性，且僅有在搭配適當的圖像時，才能發揮效力。此類圖像必須擁有不含混、非情色誘因、有創意、外來風或暗中使用性訴求等特性。廣告必須同時訴諸感性訴求及現實主義，並由知名、受人敬重的代言人出演。當公益廣告意圖以幽默感營造有利的風趣情境時，就不應使用嚴肅形象，或要求觀眾訴諸行動。至於訴諸恐懼類的公益廣告，則結合令人反感的圖像特徵及寓意訊息，仍可營造有利觀眾回應的情境，然而太過強烈的反感特徵有時會造成觀眾無法掌握寓意，導致觀眾無法回應。訴諸恐懼類平面廣告所引起的觀眾回應差異，以及本研究的局限性，可歸因於應答者的文化差異。 本研究做出結論為，擁有優良公眾形象及正面背景的知名代言人，可成功向大眾傳遞寓意訊息。再者，有創意、逼真，但不過度暴力、過度情色的圖像可吸引觀眾目光，促使大眾意識並做出反應。 / In the Modern Age the problem of killing fashion has become a thorny issue for the fashion industry, animal rights protection organizations, animal world and humanity. In this respect, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) performs as the largest and most highly developed animal rights institution in modern countries. PETA’s advertising has made a revolution in people’s minds concerning the ethical treatment of animals and already the first advertising campaign by PETA received the “Best Ads Produced by a Nonprofit” Award for its anti-fur advertising campaign in fashion magazines. The purpose of the study is to show how such social content advertising campaigns can work in all countries that are learning to live under market-driven economies. This research concerns properly selected print PSA samples of “I’d rather go naked” (launched in 1992), “Fur is dead” (launched in 2001), “Be comfortable in your own skin” (launched in 2003), and “Save the seals” (launched in 2009) campaigns presented by a number of celebrity spokeswomen posing for PETA’s “Skins” print advertisements. Based on qualitative research with the use of projective techniques and in-depth interviews, the study investigates the impact of a combination of PSA specific messages and image characteristics concerning animal rights using Public Service Print Advertising. The research will show how these ads hopefully can improve their effectiveness in order to achieve more respect for the human-nature relationship by using 1) Creative, realistic images, 2) A powerful educational message, and 3) A highly respected and appreciated celebrity spokesperson. The study found that a strong persuasive message is defined as realistic, educational, laconic, clear and the advertisement is ultimately effective only when used with proper image characteristics. Such image characteristics are non-vulgar, non-sexually distracting, but creative, exotic, or latent in sexual appeal. An advertisement should use emotional appeal and realism, presented by a celebrity spokesperson with a respected personal background. While PSA uses a high degree of humor to produce favorable and amused attitude, they do not present a serious image or promote a call to action. Regarding using fear appeal, strongly unpleasant image characteristics combined with educational messages still may produce a favorable and responsible attitude. However, it was found that unfavorable perceptions caused by strongly unpleasant images sometimes distracted viewers from the educational message or failed to produce a responsible reaction. The striking differences among public responses regarding fear appeal in print ads and study limitations can be attributed to cultural differences within respondents. The study has concluded that strong educational messages spoken by highly trustworthy celebrities with positive background activity makes the public listen. Furthermore, creative, realistic, but not overly-violent or overly-sexual images catch the viewer’s attention, makes the public more aware and encourages responsible thinking.

Submitted by Ricardo Jucá Bentivegna (rjuca@rjuca.net) on 2013-12-21T12:38:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Ricardo Jucá FINAL PROTOCOLO.pdf: 4221580 bytes, checksum: 3c9735e942e3b24e405458e1b4f30a66 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-12-26T12:49:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Ricardo Jucá FINAL PROTOCOLO.pdf: 4221580 bytes, checksum: 3c9735e942e3b24e405458e1b4f30a66 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-26T12:52:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Ricardo Jucá FINAL PROTOCOLO.pdf: 4221580 bytes, checksum: 3c9735e942e3b24e405458e1b4f30a66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / The culture impact on the compared effectiveness of rational and emotional advertising has received significant academic and managerial attention, given that different cultures may result in distinct effectiveness for a single piece of communication. The relationship of the effectiveness of rational and emotional advertising with culture can be investigated under two related but different perspectives: the homogeneity and the favorability. The first deals with which type of advertising has more homogeneous results despite cultural differences, while the second discusses which type is more favorable, depending on the culture being analyzed. Considering these two perspectives, the theoretical review identified three important knowledge gaps. First, there is an apparent controversy among authors about the effectiveness of rational and emotional advertising in different cultures. Second, the culture impact is typically studied having as unit of analysis national or geopolitical boundaries, and usually researching a single city per country investigated. If a cultural heterogeneity inside a given country would be enough to affect the effectiveness of rational and emotional advertising it a topic underexplored. Lastly, the studies that seek to understand the effect of culture in the effectiveness of rational and emotional advertising commonly do so not controlling other possible moderator variables, like, for example, product type. Based on these gaps, this research purpose was to study the compared effectiveness of rational and emotional advertising in different subcultures of a country. The overall objective was to measure and compare the effectiveness of rational and emotional advertising in different Brazilian subcultures. To achieve such objective, the research strategy was to implement an Internet survey, with samples of the same size and homogeneous in terms of gender, age, education and social class. The Brazilian subcultures considered were the geographical regions (North, Northeast, South, Southeast, Center-west), already identified in previous scientific studies. Two pieces of a print advertising were developed – one predominantly rational, the other predominantly emotional – isolating other possible influences in the effectiveness, so that only the cultural aspect was tested. Those pieces of advertising were showed to consumers, who assessed effectiveness through variables used in previous studies about this topic. The statistical results pointed emotional advertising as more homogeneous than the rational, with modest absolute differences. From the favorability point of view in each subculture, the rational advertising was statistically more effective in the South and North subcultures, with absolute differences also of modest magnitude. There weren’t other differences of effectiveness in the others subcultures. Looking at the relationship of cultural dimensions and effectiveness, the rational advertising was statistically more effective in cultures of greater power distance, more masculine and both in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. There were no other significant differences in the other cultural dimensions investigated, so that the emotional advertising was not more effective than the rational in any of the dimensions. This study brings significant theoretical, methodological and managerial contributions. On the theoretical front, builds theory by testing limits of current propositions, bringing empirical data to a controversial theme, in the direction of reconciling current contradictory findings, and adding new quantitative knowledge about advertising effectiveness in Brazil. From the methodological point of view, developed a method that better isolates the culture effect on the rational and emotional advertising, so that future studies might better measure the real culture impact; also contributed by being the first to use a sample not from one specific city, but rather the subculture as a whole, what possibly brings more representative results. Last, in the managerial side, research learnings may help brand managers to choose which type of advertising to use in Brazil, better profiting from the money invested in this marketing tool. For brands with national media plans with the objective to build a single positioning in the country, it might be more interesting to use emotional advertising, which has more homogeneous results. For brands that are not present in all Brazilian regions or that define which advertising to use regionally, it is worth considering that the rational advertising was more effective in the South and in the North, while in the other regions there were no evidence of difference in effectiveness. / O impacto da cultura na efetividade comparada de propaganda racional e emocional tem recebido significativa atenção acadêmica e empresarial, visto que diferentes culturas podem implicar em efetividades distintas de uma mesma comunicação. A relação entre efetividade de propaganda racional e emocional com cultura pode ser investigada sob duas perspectivas relacionadas, porém distintas: a homogeneidade e a favorabilidade. A primeira trata de qual tipo de propaganda apresenta resultados mais homogêneos apesar das diferenças culturais, enquanto a segunda de qual tipo de propaganda é mais favorável, dependendo da cultura em questão. Considerando essas duas perspectivas, a revisão teórica identificou três lacunas importantes de conhecimento. Primeiramente, existe uma aparente controvérsia entre autores sobre a efetividade de propaganda racional e emocional em diferentes culturas. Em segundo lugar, a questão cultural é tipicamente investigada tendo como unidade de análise fronteiras nacionais ou geopolíticas, e usualmente pesquisando uma única cidade por país comparado. Se uma heterogeneidade cultural dentro de um mesmo país seria suficiente para afetar a efetividade da propaganda racional e emocional é assunto pouco explorado. Por último, os estudos que buscam entender o efeito da cultura na efetividade de propaganda racional e emocional comumente não controlam outras possíveis variáveis moderadoras como, por exemplo, o tipo de produto. Tais lacunas levaram à proposta deste estudo, que foi estudar a efetividade comparada de propagandas racionais e emocionais de marcas em diferentes subculturas de um país. O objetivo geral dessa investigação foi medir e comparar a efetividade de propagandas racionais em relação às emocionais em diferentes subculturas Brasileiras. Para atingir tal objetivo, a estratégia de pesquisa foi realizar uma survey via Internet, com amostras de mesmo tamanho e homogêneas em termos de gênero, idade, escolaridade e classe social. As subculturas Brasileiras consideradas foram as regiões geográficas do país (Norte, Nordeste, Sul, Sudeste, Centro-Oeste), já identificadas em estudos científicos anteriores. Foram desenvolvidas duas propagandas impressas – uma predominantemente racional e outra predominantemente emocional – isolando outras possíveis influências na efetividade de propaganda racional e emocional, de forma que apenas a questão cultural foi testada. Tais propagandas foram expostas aos consumidores, que avaliaram a sua efetividade por meio de variáveis de efetividade de propaganda utilizadas em estudos anteriores sobre o tema. Os resultados estatísticos apontaram a propaganda emocional como mais homogênea que a racional, com diferenças absolutas modestas. Do ponto de vista da favorabilidade em cada subcultura, a propaganda racional mostrou-se estatisticamente mais efetiva nas subculturas Sul e Norte, com diferenças absolutas também de magnitudes relativamente pequenas. Não houve diferença de efetividade nas demais subculturas. Do ponto de vista das relações entre dimensões culturais e efetividade, os resultados indicaram que a propaganda racional é estatisticamente mais efetiva em culturas de maior distância do poder, mais masculinas e tanto em culturas mais individualistas como coletivistas. Não houve diferenças significantes nas demais dimensões culturais investigadas, de forma que a propaganda emocional não se mostrou mais efetiva que a racional em nenhuma dimensão. Esse estudo traz contribuições significativas teóricas, metodológicas e gerenciais. Do lado teórico, testou limites de proposições existentes, trouxe dados empíricos para tema atualmente controverso, na direção de reconciliar as proposições contraditórias atuais e adicionou conhecimento novo quantitativo sobre efetividade de propaganda no Brasil. Do ponto de vista metodológico, desenvolveu um método que melhor isola o efeito da cultura na efetividade de propaganda racional e emocional, de forma que estudos futuros sobre o tema poderão melhor medir o impacto real da cultura; contribuiu também ao ser o primeiro estudo a utilizar como amostra não uma cidade por subcultura, mas sim a subcultura de forma mais abrangente, o que possivelmente traz uma melhor representatividade dos resultados. Por último, gerencialmente os aprendizados do estudo podem auxiliar gestores de marcas a escolher que tipo de propaganda utilizer no Brasil, rentabilizando melhor o dinheiro investido nessa ferramenta de marketing. Para marcas com planos de mídias nacionais com objetivo de construir um posicionamento único no país, pode ser mais interessante utilizar uma propaganda emocional, que tem resultados mais homogêneos. Para marcas que não estão presentes em todas as regiões do Brasil ou que definem qual propaganda utilizar regionalmente, vale considerar que a propaganda racional se mostrou ser mais efetiva no Sul e no Norte, sendo que nas demais regiões não há evidências de diferença.

Abstract Background: Social media is becoming more prominent each day. Platforms such as TikTok and Instagram are amongst the top six social media platforms used by Generation Z and Millennials (Dixon, 2023; Ceci, 2023). From a business perspective, it entails that these platforms, as well as social media as a whole, are essential for attracting users’ attention when promoting a product or service. These platforms have changed how people communicate, share information, and behave as consumers. Understanding the factors that affect behaviors on social media platforms is crucial given the growth of niche dating apps that target the Muslim community, such as Muzz. This study intends to examine how TikTok and Instagram advertisements affect how viewers perceive Muzz, its features, expected advantages, and the probability of individuals using the app. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of social media on behaviors towards dating app. This is specified towards Generation Z and Millennials. Ultimately, this study aims to find how this target audience interacts with advertisements and what factors affect their behavior. The findings from this paper can be useful to marketing departments of various companies within the dating app industry as they can begin to improve their marketing strategy to appeal to a new and larger target audience.   Method: The findings from this thesis was conducted through qualitative research including interviews of 10 participants with ages between 19-30 years old. The analysis of these findings was done through a thematic analysis approaching grouping the findings in themes and similarities. Conclusion: The findings and analysis from this report indicate that social media and advertisements presented on social media significantly influence the behaviors of Generation Z and Millennials towards dating apps, specifically Muzz app. The way in which social media has an influence is in relation to three theories/models: Advertising Effectiveness, Consumer Behavior Models and Uses and Gratification Theory. Each of the said models and theories aid in the analysis of how behaviors shift depending on social media presence.

Работа посвящена разработке ИТ-проекта, направленного на реализацию внедрения рекламы в игровой процесс. Для реализации функционала демонстрации рекламы, а также анализа ее эффективности, в работе исследуются методы анализа эффективности цифровой рекламы с применением технологии окулографии, методы отображения рекламы поверх игрового окна, а также методы регистрации движения глаз. Для подтверждения целесообразности внедрения описанного проекта в работе приведены полная модель предприятия, на которое планируется внедрять систему, и на основе этих данных приведен анализ экономической эффективности системы. / The work is devoted to the development of an IT project, aimed at the implementation of the introduction of advertising in the game process. To implement the functionality of advertising demonstration, as well as to analyze its effectiveness, the work investigates the methods of digital advertising effectiveness analysis using oculography technology, methods of advertising display over the game window, as well as methods of eye movement registration. To confirm the feasibility of the described project, the paper presents a complete model of the enterprise, which is planned to implement the system, and based on these data is an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the system.

本研究目的在探討代言人的選用策略、代言人代言數量、產品涉入程度與廣告效果之間的意涵；分析人口統計變數對廣告效果的差異性；檢定產品涉入程度、代言人代言數量多寡之間對廣告效果的關係。根據量化分析及質化訪談的研究分析，對代言人的選用策略提出整合研究建議。 研究方法採取量化的實驗法及質化的深度訪談進行，以實驗法進行的過程，先針對代言人代言數量多寡進行人選的前測，再與涉入程度高低不同程度的商品搭配，設計出一組3*2的實驗組合。透過統計檢定導出結論，再輔以實際廣告業界當中，從廣告主及廣告代理商的深度訪談佐證，最終再提出名人代言的選用策略建議。 根據實驗的結果統計歸納，摘要四點結論如下： 一、名人多品牌大量代言等於高知名度，廣告效果仍佳。 二、代言人代言數量過多導致推荐疲乏雖然存在，但對廣告效果影響有限。 三、在商品涉入程度的關係中，名人代言策略建議用在低涉入產品中，高涉入產品效果較差。 四、代言人的選擇應考慮目標對象的性別及教育程度進行遴選標準。 根據廣告主及廣告公司等業者的訪談，提出八項建議如下： 一、依據代言人性格及品牌關聯，為名人量身打造廣告，破解可能的推薦疲乏。二、經由代言人成為「品牌大使」的角色，發揮品牌精神。 三、為避免折損名人價值，名人應嚴選合作品牌，與品牌適配結合。 四、創造虛擬偶像或素人明星為操作代言人的奇兵策略。 五、整合性名人代言的傳播決策路徑 六、避免喧賓奪主效應，發展名人與品牌之間的雙贏及共生關係。 七、用名人自己平常慣用的語言及消費者認同的語言來溝通。 八、理性與感性建立品牌人格化模式。 / The purpose of this study is to explore the strategy of choosing advertising spokesperson, the number of endorsements, the meaning between product involvement and advertising effectiveness. Analyze the demographic variables toward advertising effectiveness. Test product involvement level and relationship between the number of endorsements of advertising spokesperson and the advertising effectiveness. The conclusion is based on the analysis of the quantitative and qualitative research to provide the integrated suggestion for choosing advertising spokesperson. Methodology is based on the quantitative and qualitative (in-depth interview) research. In the course of an experimental method, conduct the pre-test of the candidates for the number of endorsements by advertising spokesperson, the next step is to design a set of 3 * 2 experimental combinations with varying degrees of product involvement. The conclusions derived through a statistical test, and then supplemented with the actual advertising industry which, from the advertisers and advertising agencies in support of in-depth interviews and eventually made the choice of celebrity endorsement strategy proposals. According to the experimental results of statistical induction, four-point summary of the conclusions are as follows: 1. Celebrity endorsement for a large number of brands increases the total brand awareness which means the advertising effect is still good. 2. Lead to an excessive number of spokesmen for endorsement recommendation fatigue exist, but a limited impact on advertising effectiveness. 3. The relationship between the degree of product involvement, the celebrity endorsement strategy proposes to use in low-involvement products, high-involvement products seems less effective. 4. Choosing the advertising spokesperson should take into account gender and educational level of the Target audience as the selection criteria. According to the in-depth interview with advertisers and advertising agencies. The eight suggestions are as follows: 1. Based on the spokesperson personality and association with the brand, it is recommended that the advertising should be tailored to reduce the recommendation fatigue. 2. Through the advertising spokesperson become a "brand ambassador" role, to play the brand spirit. 3. In order to avoid impairment value of celebrity, celebrities should be carefully selected co-brand fit and brand integration. 4. The creation of a virtual idol or a prime people as the advertising spokesperson is an innovative strategy. 5. Integrated decision-making path to celebrity endorsement. 6. To avoid overwhelming and reduce the advertising effect, it is necessary to build the symbiotic relationship between celebrities and the brand to create the win-win situation. 7. Using its own language of the celebrities to communicate with the target audience. 8. Sense and Sensibility patterns to build brand personification.