Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) are a commonly used means of wastewater treatment in the Dickinson Bayou watershed which is located between Houston and Galveston. The Dickinson Bayou is classified as "impaired" by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality due to high levels of bacteria, specifically E. coli. Failing OWTSs within the bayou's watershed are possible sources for the impairment of the bayou. Conventional OWTSs, comprised of a septic tank and a soil absorption field, rely heavily on soil treatment of effluent. The type of soils is a significant factor in treatment capabilities. In the Dickinson Bayou watershed, soils are primarily composed of clays, which are known to be problematic for conventional systems as they restrict water flow and create perched water tables. These perched water tables may contribute to surface runoff during rainfall events. The HYDRUS modeling software for water and solute flow through variably saturated media was used to simulate OWTSs in the Dickinson Bayou watershed. HYDRUS was used to simulate conventional septic systems with soil absorption fields, aerobic treatment units (ATUs) with spray dispersal systems, and mound systems. Results found that the simulated conventional systems fail due to high water tables and clay soils. However, system failure in the watershed remains uncertain due to lack of field data for validation. The alternative systems mitigate these issues, but ATUs can lead to higher contamination levels without proper maintenance. Therefore, mound systems are the suggested alternative for OWTSs in the watershed.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Microbiology, 2004. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-140).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nebraska at Omaha, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-61).

Thesis (M.S.)--Arkansas State University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 25-28). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.E.S.)--Arkansas State University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 25-28).

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Um dos grandes problemas enfrentados no tratamento de lixiviado é a definição de suas características físico-químicas e biológicas. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a composição química, a recalcitrância, e a toxicidade do lixiviado bruto e tratado por processos de tratamento (físico-químico e biológico) oriundo do Aterro Metropolitano de Gramacho, localizado no município de Duque de Caxias, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados mostraram maior biodegradabilidade aeróbia no efluente físico-químico com percentuais variando de 7% a 35 %. A natureza de tais compostos justifica a natureza refratária do lixiviado e alerta pela toxicidade que podem atribuir tanto aos microrganismos envolvidos no processo quanto a saúde humana quando dispostos incorretamente. Para o lixiviado em estudo, observou-se a diminuição da toxicidade ao passar pelo processo físicoquímico. Dessa maneira, observou-se que é necessário a adoção de sistemas de tratamento que conjuguem processos físico-químicos atuando como pré ou pós-tratamento de processos biológicos. Sendo assim, os resultados obtidos mostram a importância deste tipo de caracterização, como fonte de subsídios para a seleção, projeto e avaliação de sistemas de tratamento. / Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste are characterized by high concentration of refractory organic matter, ammonia and toxic compounds. In this context, the objective of this study is to evaluate the chemical composition, the recalcitrance and toxicity of raw and treated leachate for treatment processes (physical and biological) from the Gramacho Metropolitan Landfill, located in the municipality of Duque de Caxias, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The results showed higher aerobic biodegradability in the effluent physicochemical with percentages ranging from 7% to 35%. The nature of some compounds justifies the refractory nature of the leachate and alert the toxicity that can assign both the microorganisms involved in the process as human health when disposed improperly. Thus, it was observed that it is necessary to adopt treatment systems that combine physical and chemical processes acting as a propost treatment of biological processes. Thus, the results show the importance of this type of characterization, as a source of information for the selection, design and evaluation of treatment systems.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an aerobic training program on the aerobic fitness and blood lipid profiles of 24 premenarcheal (PREM) and 41 postmenarcheal (POSTM) volunteers. A second intent was to test for differences in the responsiveness of the two maturity groups to the program. Subjects in each maturity level were assigned to a control (C) or training (T) group. Training consisted of 30 min continous cycling at 75% max heart rate, three times per week for 12 weeks. All subjects were tested before the training, at week 6 and at the end of week 12. Anthropometric measurements, ventilatory threshold (VT), VO2 max and anaerobic capacity (AC), measured as total work performed during a 30 s Wingate test, were determined for all subjects at each test period. Serum total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density (LDL-C), very low density (VLDL-C), and high density (HDL-C) lipoprotein cholesterols as well as subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 were measured pre and post training. Analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed that both PREM groups increased their VO2 max (p $<$.001), however the increase in PREM-T exceeded that of PREM-C (p $<$.01). A training effect for VO$\sb2$ max was also observed in the POSTM-T compared to POSTM-C subjects (p $<$.001) and this increase was similar to that of PREM-T. No changes in serum TG, TC, LDL, VLDL, or HDL were reported for any group. HDL2 values decreased in all groups (p $<$.001), with larger change occurring in the PREM subjects (p $<$.001). Although an increase in HDL3 was observed for all groups (p $<$.001), the increase in PREM was greater than in POSTM (p $<$.01). No training effect was found in either HDL subfraction. It was concluded that VO2 max was equally sensitive to the endurance training in both PREM and POSTM subjects. It was also suggested that, in young females, VT and AC may not be as responsive to endurance training as VO2 max. The lack of a training effect on the blood lipids and lipoproteins may be attributed to the normal concentrations in the subjects prior to the study. It is also possible that 12 weeks were insufficient to produce changes in the blood lipid profiles of the subjects. / Graduate

O rugby union XV é um esporte coletivo e de invasão praticado em um campo gramado por duas equipes compostas por 15 jogadores cada e divididos em dois grupos denominados forwards (8 jogadores) e backs (7 jogadores) de acordo com a função desempenhada durante a partida. As demandas física e fisiológica do rugby exigem que os atletas recuperem suas reservas energéticas em pequenos intervalos ou durante exercícios de baixa intensidade. Desta forma, o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2Máx), indicador de potência aeróbia, torna-se uma variável importante para o desempenho na modalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a possibilidade de predizer a potência aeróbia em jogadores amadores de rugby union XV utilizando os testes de campo Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IRT1) e 5 m Multiple Shuttle Test (5-m MST). Para isso, 42 jogadores, 22 forwards e 20 backs, foram avaliados em três etapas: (1) em laboratório com teste máximo em esteira; (2) teste de campo definido por sorteio na primeira etapa; e (3) segundo teste de campo. Com os dados obtidos nos três testes foram realizadas análises descritivas, de comparação, de correlação, de regressão e de concordância. Dentre os principais resultados, backs, em comparação a forwards, apresentaram maior VO2Máx (respectivamente, 61,7 ± 15 ml.kg-1.min-1 e 51,6 ± 10,1 ml.kg-1.min-1), resultado no Yo- Yo IRT1 (respectivamente, 16,4 ± 0,8 e 14,9 ± 0,9) e distância final no Yo-Yo IRT1 (respectivamente, 1283,3± 312,5 m e 792 ± 277,6 m). Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre resultado final e distância final total obtidas no Yo-Yo IRT1 e o VO2Máx relativo a massa corporal (respectivamente, r = 0,425 e r = 0,459). Utilizandose a distância final percorrida no Yo-Yo IRT1, o VO2Máx, em jogadores de rugby, pode ser estimado com a aplicação da equação VO2Máx = 0,016(DIST Yo-Yo) + 40,578. / Rugby Union XV is a sport played in pitches by two teams of 15 players each. The players are divided into two groups according to the role in the game: the forwards (8 players) and the backs (7 players). During a match, the physical and physiological demands of rugby require that athletes recover its energy reserves in shorts intervals or during low-intensity exercise. Thus, the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2Max), an aerobic power index, becomes an important variable for the performance in the discipline. The objective of this study was to verify the possibility to predict the aerobic power in rugby union XV amateur players using the field tests Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IRT1) and 5 m Multiple Shuttle Test (5-m MST). Forty-two players, 22 forwards and 20 backs, were evaluated in three phases: (1) in a laboratory with maximum treadmill test; (2) field test set by a draw in the first phase; and (3) second field test. Descriptive, comparison, correlation, regression and level of agreement analyses were performed. Among the mayor results, backs, compared with forwards, reported a higher VO2Max (respectively 61.7 ± 15 ml.kg-1.min-1 and 51.6 ± 10.1 ml.kg- 1.min-1), Yo-Yo IRT1 results (respectively 16.4 ± 0.8 and 14.9 ± 0.9), and Yo-Yo IRT1 total distance (respectively 1283.3± 312.5 m e 792 ± 277.6 m). Significant correlations were found between the result and total distance on the Yo-Yo IRT1 and the VO2Max (respectively r = 0.425 and r = 0.459). Using the total distance covered on the Yo-Yo IRT1, the VO2Max in rugby players, can be estimated using the equation VO2Max = 0.016(DIST Yo-Yo) + 40.578.

O dano muscular induzido pelo exercício (DMIE) é um fenômeno que ocorre ao realizarmos um exercício com o qual não estamos habituados, seja pela modalidade, volume ou intensidade. Além disso, esta condição está fortemente relacionada com contrações excêntricas ou gestos que predominantemente envolvam este tipo de contração, causando prejuízos funcionais importantes e diminuindo o desempenho. Diante disto, estratégias para acelerar o processo de recuperação muscular vem sendo investigadas. Dentre elas, a recuperação ativa, técnica muito utilizada no meio prático e que consiste na execução de exercícios com intensidade baixa ou moderada buscando melhorar a recuperação após uma sessão de treino mais intensa. No entanto, nenhum estudo comparou duas formas de recuperação ativa com exercícios aeróbios até o momento, além dos estudos experimentais da área apresentarem qualidade metodológica frágil. Com isso, o objetivo desta dissertação é comparar o efeito da recuperação ativa em esteira e em cicloergômetro sobre marcadores de dano muscular. Para isso, trinta voluntários do sexo masculino foram alocados de forma randomizada em três grupos: grupo esteira (GE, n = 10), grupo cicloergômetro (GCI, n = 10) e grupo controle (GC, n = 10). Avaliações da contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM), dor, concentração plasmática de creatina kinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e espessura e ecogenicidade dos músculos reto femoral (RF) e vasto lateral (VL) foram realizadas pré, 24h, 48h e 72h após um protocolo indutor de dano muscular, constituído por cinco séries de 10 contrações excêntricas máximas em dinamômetro isocinético. Após o protocolo indutor de dano muscular, os sujeitos realizaram a intervenção de acordo com o grupo em que foram alocados, com duração de 30 minutos e intensidade de 60% do VO2máx, independente da modalidade. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos nos parâmetros de caracterização da amostra. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em todas as variáveis analisadas. Houve redução significativa no torque nos períodos imediatamente após (IP), 24h, 48h e 72h comparado ao período Pré em todos os grupos. Houve aumento significativo da dor nos períodos 24h, 48h e 72h comparado ao período Pré em todos os grupos. Houve aumento significativo na espessura do músculo RF 24h após o protocolo de dano muscular. A ecogenicidade foi maior tanto no RF quanto no VL nos períodos de 48h e 72h quando comparada ao período Pré. Não houve diferença significativa nas concentrações plasmáticas de CK e LDH entre os períodos de avaliação. Os resultados do presente estudo permitem concluir que a execução de recuperação ativa nos parâmetros adotados, seja em cicloergômetro ou esteira, não modifica o processo de recuperação após dano muscular. / The exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is a phenomenon that occurs when we execute an unusual exercise, either by type, volume or intensity. Furthermore, this condition is strongly associated with eccentric contractions or gestures which predominantly involve this type of contraction, causing significant loss of function and decreasing performance. In view of this, the search for strategies to accelerate muscle recovery process has been investigated. Among them, active recovery, technique widely used in practical means and which consists in carrying out exercises with low or moderate intensity seeking to improve recovery after a more intense training session. However, no studies have compared two types of active recovery yet, besides the experimental studies presented fragile methodological quality. Thus, the aim of this study is to compare the effect of active recovery on a treadmill and cycle ergometer on muscle damage markers. For this, thirty male volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: treadmill group (EG, n = 10), cycle ergometer group (GCI, n = 10) and control group (CG, n = 10). Evaluations of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), pain, plasma concentration of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and muscle thickness and echo intensity of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) were performed before, 24h, 48h and 72h after the muscle damage protocol, comprising five sets of 10 maximum eccentric contractions using an isokinetic dynamometer. After muscle damage protocol, the subjects performed the intervention according to the group they were allocated, lasting 30 minutes with an intensity of 60% VO2max, regardless of the type. Significant differences between the groups in the sample characterization parameters were observed. There was no significant difference between groups in all variables. There was a significant reduction in torque in the periods immediately after (IP), 24h, 48h and 72h compared to the Pre period in all groups. There was a significant increase in pain at times 24h, 48h and 72h compared to the Pre period in all groups. A significant increase in muscle thickness of RF was observed in 24h period. The echo intensity was higher in both RF and VL in periods of 48h and 72h compared to the Pre period. There was no significant difference in plasma concentrations of CK and LDH between the evaluation periods. Our results illustrate that the performance of active recovery, in the adopted parameters, either in cycle ergometer or treadmill, does not change the process of recovery after muscle damage.