Esta dissertação discute as questões de acesso terrestre a aeroportos. Em particular, estima a influência do fator de variabilidade do tempo de viagem na escolha modal de acesso terrestre ao Aeroporto Internacional André Franco Montoro, em Guarulhos, Região Metropolitana da Cidade de São Paulo (RMSP). Para isso, foi aplicada uma pesquisa de preferência declarada com 108 viajantes aéreos, realizada nas salas de embarque do referido aeroporto. Foram entrevistados apenas residentes da RMSP e predominantemente viajantes aéreos internacionais. Foram coletados também dados revelados: dados do indivíduo, do acesso terrestre realizado e da sua viagem aérea. Para a coleta dos dados de preferência declarada foi elaborado um experimento fatorial ortogonal de escolha. Cada indivíduo era questionado a proceder à ordenação de conjuntos de 4 alternativas, uma para cada modo considerado: automóvel, táxi e o serviço de ônibus existente, e um novo serviço proposto, um trem expresso ligando o aeroporto ao centro da cidade de São Paulo. As alternativas foram descritas pelos atributos de custo, tempo de viagem médio e variabilidade do tempo de viagem, expressa através de uma margem de segurança. Todos os atributos foram apresentados em 3 níveis. Com os dados coletados foram estimados modelos do tipo Logit Multinomial para diversos segmentos da amostra, estratificados por motivo de viagem (lazer ou trabalho), gênero, modo utilizado no acesso (carro ou táxi) e freqüência de viagens aéreas (alta ou baixa). Foram estimados modelos estatisticamente significativos para o segmento dos homens que viajaram nas sextas-feiras e para o segmento dos homens que utilizaram táxi no acesso ao aeroporto. Para estes casos, os coeficientes de margem de segurança e custo foram significativos, permitindo a estimação do valor de se melhorar a confiabilidade do tempo de viagem. A metodologia empregada neste trabalho pode ser estendida para incluir os outros segmentos dos usuários do aeroporto e permite uma melhor estimação da demanda para o trem expresso proposto. / The dissertation discusses and analyzes issues relating to ground access to airports, focusing on the importance of travel time reliability on the choice of transport mode for access to the André Franco Montoro International Airport of São Paulo, in Guarulhos. A stated preference survey was conducted with 108 air travelers waiting for departure at the André Franco Montoro Airport. Passengers interviewed had to be residents of the Metropolitan Regions of São Paulo; most individuals in the sample were traveling to international destinations. Revealed preference data about the trip to the airport as well as data about the air travel and other passenger attributes were collected. The stated preference survey was based on an orthogonal factorial design choice experiment. Each individual was asked to perform a ranking exercise on sets of 4 alternatives, one for each of the modes considered: auto, taxi and the existing bus service, and a new proposed express train linking the airport to the central area of São Paulo. Attributes describing each mode were cost, average travel time and a measure of travel time reliability, expressed as a safety margin, all factors presented in three levels. Multinomial Logit Models were estimated for several segments of the sample, stratified by purpose (leisure or work), gender, access mode (auto or taxi) and frequency of air travel (high or low). In general, average travel time and travel time reliability (safety margin) could not be jointly included in the models. Models segmented by trip purpose, gender or trip frequency did not present significant coefficients for safety margin or cost attributes. Valid and interesting models were estimated for the segment of men traveling on Fridays and for men using taxi as the access mode to the airport. In these cases, safety margin and travel cost coefficients were significant, allowing the estimation of the value of improving reliability of travel time. The methodology applied can be extended to include other segments of airport users and improve demand estimation for the proposed airport express train.

Este estudo visa à criação e aplicação de um índice de acessibilidade de aeroportos que considera vários perfis de usuários (passageiro com e sem bagagem, estrangeiro, idoso e gestante, cadeirante e deficiente visual) que possuem diferentes restrições de mobilidade. O método tem início com uma seleção de indicadores que surgiram da identificação de potenciais problemas que os passageiros podem enfrentar ao acessar o aeroporto. Os indicadores são agrupados de acordo com o modo de transporte disponível para acesso ao aeroporto: táxi, carona, automóvel próprio, automóvel de aluguel, ônibus regional e ônibus especial. Em seguida os indicadores são avaliados através de pesquisas e levantamentos de campo e recebem pontuações de acordo com o seu desempenho. Por fim, os escores dos indicadores são ponderados e um valor final é calculado para cada aeroporto. Para aplicação e avaliação do índice foram selecionados, em São Paulo, os aeroportos Congonhas, Guarulhos e Viracopos; no Rio de Janeiro, Galeão e Santos Dumont, e em Brasília, o aeroporto Juscelino Kubitschek. Em uma escala que vai de zero a um, os aeroportos estudados apresentaram resultados com uma amplitude de 0,16. O maior valor encontrado foi 0,629 para o aeroporto Santos Dumont e o menor valor foi 0,469 para o aeroporto de Guarulhos. Isto evidencia que há muitos aspectos a serem melhorados no que diz respeito à acessibilidade dos aeroportos no Brasil. / This study aims to create an index of accessibility to airports that takes into account several profiles of users (passengers with and without luggage, foreigners, elderly and pregnant women, wheelchair users and visually impaired users) that have different mobility constraints. The method starts with a selection of indicators that emerged from the identification of potential problems that passengers may have when accessing the airport. The indicators are grouped according to the transportations modes available for access the airport: taxi, ride with a third party, own car, rental car, regional bus and shuttle bus. The indicators are then evaluated through surveys and field observations and scored according to their performances. Finally, the scores of the indicators are weighted and an overall score is calculated for each airport. For implementation and evaluation of the index, six important Brazilian airports were selected. In São Paulo, the airports of Congonhas, Guarulhos and Viracopos; in Rio de Janeiro, Galeão and Santos Dumont; and, in Brasília, the airport Juscelino Kubitschek. In a scale that goes from zero to one, the studied airports showed results with an amplitude of 0.16. The highest value was 0.629 for Santos Dumont airport and the lowest value was 0.469, for Guarulhos airport. The results highlight the fact that many aspects must still be improved regarding accessibility to Brazilian airports.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo focado na implementação de metas de manutenção funcional de pavimentos flexíveis aeroportuários de pistas de pouso e decolagem. Os aeroportos além de terem que desempenhar sua função conforme especificado pela Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (ANAC), devem também preservar os pavimentos existentes em boas condições e promover segurança e conforto ao usuário. Ainda que haja critérios para definição de estratégias de manutenção dos pavimentos para as pistas de pouso e decolagem em outros países, é recomendado para o caso de aeroportos no Brasil a consideração de outros parâmetros relacionados a patologias e bacias transversais na superfície do pavimento. O objetivo desse trabalho é propor metas para uma manutenção efetiva para avaliação funcional de pavimentos aeroportuários flexíveis e com esse intuito, foram feitos levantamentos bibliográficos referentes a avaliação funcional, principais patologias encontradas em pavimentos flexíveis, avaliação de segurança em pavimentos aeroportuários, levantamento do índice de irregularidade internacional (IRI), principais índices de avaliação funcional e sistemas de gerenciamento de pavimentos utilizados no Brasil e em alguns países, e um estudo de caso para definição de parâmetros importantes adaptados à realidade brasileira para a criação de metas de manutenção. Para o estudo de campo foram realizados levantamentos nas pistas de pouso e decolagem de quatro aeroportos regionais no Estado de São Paulo. Os levantamentos realizados foram defeitos/patologias existentes na pista, irregularidade longitudinal e bacias transversais da pista. Para o levantamento da irregularidade longitudinal e bacias transversais na pista foi utilizado o equipamento Planógrafo AX 02, enquanto os defeitos foram levantados de acordo com a regulamentação americana do FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) para determinação do PCI (Pavement Condition Index) de acordo com o procedimento da norma ASTM D5340 (2012). / This paper presents a study focused on the implementation of functional maintenance targets for airport runway flexible pavement. Airports besides performing its function specified by the Brazilian National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC), should also preserve existing pavements in good condition and promote safety and comfort to the passenger. Although there are already criteria to define pavement maintenance strategies for runways in other countries, it is recommended for the Brazilian airports to consider other parameters related to pathologies and transversal basins on the pavement surface. This research consists on establishing an effective maintenance for functional evaluation of flexible runway pavement. Once established the purpose a literature review aiming to study the functional evaluation in flexible pavements was performed. The references also include main distresses found in asphalt pavements, safety evaluation on runway pavements, the International Roughness Index (IRI), the main functional evaluation indexes and Airport Pavement Management Systems in Brazil and in worldwide, and a case study to define important maintenance parameters adapted to Brazilian runways. The survey in loco was carried out to collect information about the runway state of four regional airports. This inspection detected irregularities along the runway and failure in the cross-section profile by the Planograph AX 02 equipament, and also revealed pavement defects pathologies according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations to determine the Pavement Condition Index (PCI), ASTM D5340 (2012).

Contribuição à análise histórico geográfica da formação territorial intra urbana de São Paulo através do estudo da instalação dos aeroportos da cidade no período de transição metropolitana, examinando as transformações do regime de posse, apropriação e domínio do patrimônio público fundiário urbano. Tendo por foco o Aeroporto do Campo de Marte, o estudo busca compreender os conflitos latentes e expostos entre entes federados nesse processo. / Contribution to the historical geographic analysis of São Paulo intra-urban territorial formation through the study of the installation of the citys airports during the metropolitan transition period. The research investigates the transformation of the ownership regimen, the appropriation and the control of the public heritage of urban soil. Focusing at the Campo de Marte Airport, the study aims at understanding the latent and exposed conflicts between federated instances during the process.

本文分為個部分：多技能員工調問題，和集合覆蓋、裝運和劃分混合問題多面體研究，其中第一部分問題啟發我們第二部分的探。 / 首先，我們研究在一個大型機場的國際客運站中客戶服務人員的調問題。員工有同的技能和技能水平。技能定義是二維的，包括操作技能和語言能。在學模型中，我們也考慮用餐和休息時間的調和多處工作地點。我們證明該問題是NP-hard 的。我們推導出有效等式，以方計算過程。我們的學模型能夠幫助規劃者做出決策，及可計算同型的活性對業務的影響。我們的模型也可以幫助決策者計劃長遠工作調和培訓。 / 多技能人員調問題啟發我們這篇文的第二部分：集合覆蓋、裝運和劃分混合問題多面體研究。我們首先證明如覆蓋（或裝運）的等式被删去，該多面體是相當於一個放寬的裝運（或覆蓋）多面體的投影。然後我們考慮混合奇穴多面體（即是一個由覆蓋和裝運等式組成的多面體），並採用圖方法研究，通過考慮同型的等式的互動，推導出混合奇穴等式和完全描繪多面體的特徵。我們再推導出集合覆蓋和裝運混合問題的混合奇穴等式。計算結果顯示，混合奇穴等式有助於減少計算時間。我們還提供子明如何用等式幫助決策。 / This thesis is divided into two parts: Multi-Skilled Staff-Scheduling Problem and a polyhedral study on the Mixed Set Covering, Packing and Partitioning Problem, where the first part is a motivating example of the latter. / In the multi-skilled staff-scheduling problem, we study the problem of scheduling customer service agents at an international terminal of a large airport. The staff members are heterogeneous with different skills and skill levels. The skill specification is two-dimensional, defined by operational skills and language proficiency. In the mathematical model, we also consider the scheduling of meal and rest breaks, and multiple locations. The problem is shown to be NP-hard. We derive valid inequalities to speed up the computational procedure. With our mathematical model, we are able to help schedule planners make decisions and examine the impacts of different types of flexibility on the level of service provided. Our model can also help decision makers with long-term work-schedule planning. / Motivated by the staff-scheduling problem, the second part of this thesis studies the polyhedral structure of the mixed set covering, packing and partitioning problem, i.e., a problem that contains set covering, set packing and set partitioning constraints. We first study the mixed odd hole polytope, which is the polytope associated with a mixed odd hole consisting of covering and packing "edges". Adopting a graphical approach and considering the "interactions" between the different types of inequalities, we derive the mixed odd hole inequality, thereby completely characterizing the mixed odd hole polytope. We then generalize the mixed odd hole inequality for the general mixed covering and packing polytope. Computational results show that the mixed odd hole inequalities are helpful in reducing solution time. We also provide examples of problem settings in which the inequalities can be used to help decision making. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Kuo, Yong Hong. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-129). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Chapter I --- Scheduling of Multi-skilled Staff Across Multiple Locations --- p.1 / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.2 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.8 / Chapter 3 --- Mathematical Model --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1 --- Problem Formulation --- p.14 / Chapter 3.2 --- Valid Inequalities --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3 --- Shift Scheduling and Longer-Term Work-Schedule Planning --- p.21 / Chapter 4 --- Computational Studies --- p.24 / Chapter 4.1 --- Dataset and Input Parameters --- p.24 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Staffing Requirements and Shortage Penalties --- p.24 / Chapter 4.2 --- Computational Study: Managerial Insights --- p.26 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of Three Types of Flexibility --- p.26 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Impact of Different Types of Flexibility --- p.28 / Chapter 4.3 --- Computational Study: Benefits Compared with Benchmarks --- p.33 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Heuristic H1: CSA Assignment by Time Period --- p.35 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Heuristic H2: CSA Assignment by Criticality --- p.35 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Comparison with Benchmarks --- p.37 / Chapter 4.4 --- Computational Study: Computational Efficiency --- p.40 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusions --- p.44 / Chapter II --- On the Polyhedral Structure of the Mixed Set Covering, Packing and Partitioning Polytope --- p.47 / Chapter 6 --- Introduction --- p.48 / Chapter 7 --- Preliminaries --- p.51 / Chapter 8 --- Overview of Packing, Covering and Partitioning Polyhedra --- p.58 / Chapter 8.1 --- Set Packing Polytope --- p.58 / Chapter 8.1.1 --- Intersection Graph --- p.59 / Chapter 8.1.2 --- Lifting Procedures --- p.63 / Chapter 8.1.3 --- Facet-Producing Subgraphs --- p.66 / Chapter 8.2 --- Set Covering Polytope --- p.71 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Polyhedral Structure and the Associated Graphs --- p.71 / Chapter 8.3 --- Set Partitioning Polytope --- p.76 / Chapter 8.4 --- Blocking and Anti-Blocking Pairs --- p.78 / Chapter 8.4.1 --- Blocking polyhedra --- p.78 / Chapter 8.4.2 --- Anti-blocking polyhedra --- p.80 / Chapter 8.5 --- Perfect, Ideal and Balanced Matrices --- p.81 / Chapter 8.5.1 --- Perfect Matrices --- p.81 / Chapter 8.5.2 --- Ideal Matrices --- p.83 / Chapter 8.5.3 --- Balanced Matrices --- p.84 / Chapter 9 --- Mixed Set Covering, Packing and Partitioning Polytope --- p.87 / Chapter 9.1 --- Mixed Set Partitioning and Covering/Packing Polytope --- p.87 / Chapter 9.2 --- Mixed Set Covering and Packing Polytope --- p.88 / Chapter 9.2.1 --- Mixed odd hole --- p.90 / Chapter 9.2.2 --- General Mixed Covering and Packing Polytope --- p.97 / Chapter 9.3 --- Computational Experiments --- p.108 / Chapter 9.4 --- Applications of the Mixed Odd Hole Inequality --- p.112 / Chapter 9.4.1 --- Railway Time-Tabling --- p.112 / Chapter 9.4.2 --- Team Formation --- p.113 / Chapter 9.4.3 --- Course Registration --- p.114 / Chapter 10 --- Conclusions --- p.117 / Bibliography --- p.119

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de estruturas que contribuam para avaliação do alinhamento entre percepções de qualidade e planejamento de investimentos que impactem na melhoria da qualidade dos serviços aeroportuários prestados aos passageiros. Para tanto, o trabalho se propõe: (i) realizar o levantamento na literatura dos atributos de qualidade que afetam aos passageiros nos terminais; (ii) criar uma estrutura para avaliação de qualidade em serviços aeroportuários; (iii) hierarquizar atributos de qualidade; (iv) avaliar a qualidade percebida de atributos de qualidade; (v) analisar de gaps de importância atribuída e qualidade percebida, nas percepções de passageiros e gestores; (vi) verificar as relações entre investimentos e atributos de qualidade; e (vii) avaliar o impacto dos investimentos na qualidade percebida por passageiros. Entre as principais contribuições desta dissertação, está a proposição de três estruturas: (i) estrutura para avaliação da qualidade em serviços aeroportuários; (ii) estrutura para análise de gaps de qualidade em serviços aeroportuários; e (iii) uma estrutura para avaliação do impacto dos investimentos na qualidade percebida por passageiros. Utilizando o método proposto, os gestores dos aeroportos podem realizar diagnósticos, verificar oportunidades de melhoria e priorizar a alocação de recursos em planos de investimentos futuros. Além disso, as estruturas propostas nos capítulos deste trabalho podem auxiliar os profissionais aeroportuários a direcionar esforços e políticas estratégicas para atributos importantes e com baixa qualidade percebida pelos passageiros. As características diferenciadoras e específicas dos serviços aeroportuários são consideradas nas pesquisas desenvolvidas, uma vez que foram validadas por especialistas do setor. / This study's main objective is to develop frameworks for contribute to assess the alignment between quality perceptions and investment planning, that impact on improving airport services quality, provided to passengers. Thus, this study proposes: (i) a literature survey of quality attributes that affect passengers in the terminals; (ii) to create a framework for quality assessment in airport services; (iii) prioritize quality attributes; (iv) evaluate quality perceived of quality attributes; (v) analyze gaps of prioritization and perceived quality, on the perceptions of passengers and managers; (vi) verify the relationship between investments and quality attributes; and (vii) evaluate the impact of investments in the quality perceived by passengers. Among the main contributions of this study is the proposition of three frameworks: (i) framework for the evaluation of quality attributes in airport services; (ii) quality gaps framework in airport services; and (iii) framework for evaluate the impact of investments in the quality perceived by passengers. Using the proposed method, airport managers can perform diagnostics, check opportunities for improvement and prioritize the allocation of future investment plans resources. In addition, the proposed frameworks in the chapters of this work can contribute to a structured model for analyse the alignment between perceived quality assessment and planning of airport investiments. This model can help airport managers to direct efforts and strategic policies for important attributes and low quality perceived by passengers. The distinguishing and specific characteristics of the airport services are considered in the research developed, since had been validated by sector experts.

Since the first flights in Sydney in 1910, the problem of exactly where to locate Sydney's airport has preoccupied and troubled planners, politicians and residents of the city. This thesis examines Sydney airport as a space, site and symbol under contestation by major social forces - Zukin - throughout the twentieth century. In doing so, it seeks to question the claims of both planners and anti-airport protestors to resolve and manage large-scale urban developments. Via a series of case studies of representations of the airport, the thesis develops an argument for understanding the airport as a heterotopia: neither sublime nor abject, but through such an extremist spatial imaginary pointing to the production of modernist space as a highly contested process. Because it localises and materialises discourses on the nature and goals of progress,internationalisation and globalisation, it is argued that the built form of the airport is, and will continue to be, a key site of such aerial modernity. The final chapter closely reads a series of airport tales- (a film, a play and a park) in order to consider the ways in which they rework the modernist sublime in domestic space.It is concluded that these stories offer a method of representing locality that goes beyond the existing understandings of locality as an essence of place. The appeal of the narratives lies in the shift that they develop, through excessive and negotiated representations of both the domestic and the sublime, from the local as essence, to locality as practice. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>Vi valde ämnet som handlar om möjligheten att få ett lågkostnadsflygbolag opererande på Karlstad flygplats därför att det är en intressant fråga om regionen skulle gynnas av ett lågkostnadsflyg eller inte så väl som flygplatsens existens. På senare tid har det i media också ofta framkommit att flygplatsen har ekonomiska problem.</p><p>Idén till vårt syfte uppkom efter att ha läst rapporten som Handelskammaren i Värmland skrev angående vikten av flygförbindelser till och från Karlstad flygplats för regionen. I den rapporten framkom det att det var önskvärt med ett lågkostnadsflyg från Karlstad flygplats.</p><p>Frågan kring ett lågkostnadsflyg från Karlstad Flygplats presenteras genom användning av teorier för risk, uppdragsgivare- uppdragstagareproblemet och beslutstagande. Alla dessa områden är sammanhängande.</p><p>Vi intervjuade Göteborg/Säve-, Stockholm/Skavstas-, Jönköpings/Axamo- och Smaland/Växjöflygplats för att få information om aktuell situation på respektive flygplats med eller utan opererande lågkostnadsflyg. Frågorna som ställdes var av liknande karaktär, men det utgjordes en skillnad mellan dem, beroende om de tillhörde gruppen som redan har lågkostnadsflyg eller om de önskar ha ett lågkostnadsflyg.</p><p>Vi fann likheter mellan flygplatserna och de ledandes uppfattning i frågan om lågkostnadsflyg. Det visade sig även att det för flygplatsen är kostsamt att ha ett lågkostnadsflyg opererande, men att det däremot är fördelaktigt för regionen. Utöver det bör risken delas mellan fler än en intressent. För att bli framgångsrik måste man göra uppoffringar och lätta på attityden till risk hos intressenterna.</p> / <p>We chose our topic, regarding the possibility to get a low-cost airline operating at Karlstad airport, because it is an interesting question whether the region could benefit from a low cost airline or not as well as the existence of the airport. And lately the airport has been discussed in media.</p><p>The idea to our purpose arose after having read the report by Wermland Chamber of Commerce regarding the importance of flight connections to and from Karlstad airport, for the region. In this report it appeared that it was desirable with a low-cost airline at Karlstad airport.</p><p>This topic is presented by applying theories about an interested party model, risk, agency theory, decision making and growth. All these areas are somehow connected.</p><p>We interviewed persons in managing positions at Göteborg/Säve, Stockholm/Skavsta, Jönköping/Axamo and Smaland/Växjö airport, who gave information about the actual situation at their airport respectively. The first two airports have operating low-cost airlines and the last two have not. We also interview partners in Värmland to get their view of the situation at Karlstad airport. The questions were roughly the same, with a difference made if they belonged to the group that has a low-cost airline or if they belonged to the group without a low-cost airline.</p><p>We found that there are similarities between the airports. And it turned out that having a low-cost airline operating at an airport is a costly business for the airport, but it seems to be advantageous for the region. And that the risk ought to be diversified between more than one interested parties. In order to be successful you have to make sacrifices and lighten up all parties’ attitudes to risk.</p>

Vi valde ämnet som handlar om möjligheten att få ett lågkostnadsflygbolag opererande på Karlstad flygplats därför att det är en intressant fråga om regionen skulle gynnas av ett lågkostnadsflyg eller inte så väl som flygplatsens existens. På senare tid har det i media också ofta framkommit att flygplatsen har ekonomiska problem. Idén till vårt syfte uppkom efter att ha läst rapporten som Handelskammaren i Värmland skrev angående vikten av flygförbindelser till och från Karlstad flygplats för regionen. I den rapporten framkom det att det var önskvärt med ett lågkostnadsflyg från Karlstad flygplats. Frågan kring ett lågkostnadsflyg från Karlstad Flygplats presenteras genom användning av teorier för risk, uppdragsgivare- uppdragstagareproblemet och beslutstagande. Alla dessa områden är sammanhängande. Vi intervjuade Göteborg/Säve-, Stockholm/Skavstas-, Jönköpings/Axamo- och Smaland/Växjöflygplats för att få information om aktuell situation på respektive flygplats med eller utan opererande lågkostnadsflyg. Frågorna som ställdes var av liknande karaktär, men det utgjordes en skillnad mellan dem, beroende om de tillhörde gruppen som redan har lågkostnadsflyg eller om de önskar ha ett lågkostnadsflyg. Vi fann likheter mellan flygplatserna och de ledandes uppfattning i frågan om lågkostnadsflyg. Det visade sig även att det för flygplatsen är kostsamt att ha ett lågkostnadsflyg opererande, men att det däremot är fördelaktigt för regionen. Utöver det bör risken delas mellan fler än en intressent. För att bli framgångsrik måste man göra uppoffringar och lätta på attityden till risk hos intressenterna. / We chose our topic, regarding the possibility to get a low-cost airline operating at Karlstad airport, because it is an interesting question whether the region could benefit from a low cost airline or not as well as the existence of the airport. And lately the airport has been discussed in media. The idea to our purpose arose after having read the report by Wermland Chamber of Commerce regarding the importance of flight connections to and from Karlstad airport, for the region. In this report it appeared that it was desirable with a low-cost airline at Karlstad airport. This topic is presented by applying theories about an interested party model, risk, agency theory, decision making and growth. All these areas are somehow connected. We interviewed persons in managing positions at Göteborg/Säve, Stockholm/Skavsta, Jönköping/Axamo and Smaland/Växjö airport, who gave information about the actual situation at their airport respectively. The first two airports have operating low-cost airlines and the last two have not. We also interview partners in Värmland to get their view of the situation at Karlstad airport. The questions were roughly the same, with a difference made if they belonged to the group that has a low-cost airline or if they belonged to the group without a low-cost airline. We found that there are similarities between the airports. And it turned out that having a low-cost airline operating at an airport is a costly business for the airport, but it seems to be advantageous for the region. And that the risk ought to be diversified between more than one interested parties. In order to be successful you have to make sacrifices and lighten up all parties’ attitudes to risk.

As a consequence of deregulation in the airline industry, market forces rather than public service considerations increasingly dictate services to and from airports in Europe’s peripheral areas. The new market advocates market-driven management practices as a means of satisfying airline customers and implies that airports that adopt a more marketorientated approach than their rivals will perform better. This study investigates the theoretical foundations of a market orientation, which can be defined as the organisationwide generation, dissemination and response to market intelligence. The main aim of this study is to examine the relationship between market orientation and the performance of airports in Europe’s peripheral areas. The research methodology was implemented using a questionnaire-based survey that was administered to the managers of 217 airports in 17 different countries. Usable responses from 86 airports were received and analysed. The findings of this study suggest that airports wishing to outperform competitors can do so by adopting a market orientation and should seek to continually monitor and improve the way in which they gather, disseminate and respond to market intelligence. This will be particularly effective when market turbulence is high and/or when the focus of the airport is on developing leisure services. In addition, market orientation was found to have a positive effect on performance because it means that airports are more likely to be innovative in their approach to marketing. This means that airport managers should try to develop a market-orientated culture with innovative marketing practices in mind, and visa versa. The fact that independently-owned airports have significantly higher levels of market orientation than regionally-owned or nationally-owned airports suggests that independent ownership is more conducive to the development of a market orientation. The findings of this study do have a number of limitations, the most notable being that they are restricted to airports in Europe’s peripheral areas. It is recommended that future research should be conducted on airports worldwide in order to investigate differences between a wider range of airport types and geographical regions. In addition, the findings of this study suggest that a stakeholder orientation is important for airports seeking to improve their performance, especially smaller airports that are publicly-owned. It is recommended that future studies should investigate antecedents to and consequences of a stakeholder orientation. Future studies should also investigate whether a stakeholder orientation has a greater effect on performance than a market orientation does, and whether the two types of orientation complement each other.