I dagens elektroniska sjökort presenteras utöver navigationsinformation andra fartygs information såsom kurs, fart, destination samt navigationskonditioner, såsom begränsad manöverförmåga. Information om dessa navigationskonditioner sänds idag redan ut via ett system som kallas AIS (Automatic Identification System), men kräver att nautikern aktivt söker efter den. AIS har varit i bruk sedan 2001. AIS möjliggör att relevant information för navigering delas mellan fartyg. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka behovet hos svenska nautiker av en kompletterande AIS-målpresentation med inriktning på navigationskonditioner i elektroniska sjökort. Metoden som användes var en kvalitativ enkätstudie med en tematisk analys. Respondenterna utgjordes av svenska nautiker med olika befattningar och ett brett åldersspann. Resultatet visade att en övervägande majoritet av respondenterna upplevde de elektroniska sjökorten som plottriga och med för mycket information presenterad i skärmarna. Därför ansågs en kompletterande AIS-målpresentation utan av någon annan information kompromissas önskvärd. Samt att målen skulle komma att presenteras på samma sätt i samtliga tillverkares elektroniska sjökort. / In the nautical profession, navigation by ECDIS and ENC is a central part. Most vessels are required to share information such as speed, course and destination. This system is called AIS and was implemented by the IMO in 2001. The purpose with AIS is to share relevant information regarding the navigation. This study is about examining the need of, according to nautical officers, if AIS information presented in the electronic charts is needed.  Can this be improved to easier get an overview of vessel with deviating conditions in line with ColRegs Rule 18. This information is already available today. The question at issue is whether this above-mentioned information should be presented in a different way than current ECDIS/ENC present it. A qualitative survey was sent out to Swedish deck officers in all ranks and ages. The result gave different opinions on the subject, but an overwhelming majority think that the charts are way to busy with information hiding other information. However, an AIS presentation in the electronic chart which is not blocking any of the existing information was highly desirable.

<p>Den svenska marinen likväl som världens handels sjöfart nyttjar alltmer satellitnavigering för sin positionering. Enligt totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut kan sådana system störas med förhållandevis enkla medel. Nu när den svenska marinen alltmer engagerar sig i insatser utomlands mot irreguljära motståndare väcks frågan om hur en irreguljär motståndare kan påverka den svenska marinen och den svenska marinens taktik. I denna uppsats kommer frågor kring en irreguljär motståndares förmåga att påverka GNSS att ställas. Samt frågan om vilken påverkan detta har för såväl den svenska marinens fartyg som handelssjöfarten. Uppsatsen kommer även att behandla möjligheterna till skydd mot störning samt hur den svenska marinens taktik kommer påverkas om en irreguljär motståndare försöker störa ut GNSS-system.</p> / <p>The Swedish Navy as well as the worlds shipping industries use more and more satellite navigation for positioning purposes. According to the Swedish Defence Research Agency, those types of systems can relatively easily and at a low cost be jammed. With the Swedish Navy becoming more and more involved in missions overseas against insurgents, the question is whether an insurgent can affect the Swedish Navy and its tactics. This paper investigates the questions about what opportunities an insurgent have to affect the GNSS-system and how that can affect the Swedish Navyas well as the shipping industries. This paper is also about how the tactics of the Swedish Navy will be affected if an insurgent attempts to jam the GNSS-systems and the possibility of protection against jamming.</p>

Den svenska marinen likväl som världens handels sjöfart nyttjar alltmer satellitnavigering för sin positionering. Enligt totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut kan sådana system störas med förhållandevis enkla medel. Nu när den svenska marinen alltmer engagerar sig i insatser utomlands mot irreguljära motståndare väcks frågan om hur en irreguljär motståndare kan påverka den svenska marinen och den svenska marinens taktik. I denna uppsats kommer frågor kring en irreguljär motståndares förmåga att påverka GNSS att ställas. Samt frågan om vilken påverkan detta har för såväl den svenska marinens fartyg som handelssjöfarten. Uppsatsen kommer även att behandla möjligheterna till skydd mot störning samt hur den svenska marinens taktik kommer påverkas om en irreguljär motståndare försöker störa ut GNSS-system. / The Swedish Navy as well as the worlds shipping industries use more and more satellite navigation for positioning purposes. According to the Swedish Defence Research Agency, those types of systems can relatively easily and at a low cost be jammed. With the Swedish Navy becoming more and more involved in missions overseas against insurgents, the question is whether an insurgent can affect the Swedish Navy and its tactics. This paper investigates the questions about what opportunities an insurgent have to affect the GNSS-system and how that can affect the Swedish Navyas well as the shipping industries. This paper is also about how the tactics of the Swedish Navy will be affected if an insurgent attempts to jam the GNSS-systems and the possibility of protection against jamming.

I Nyköping utövar försvaret telekrigsövning för målflyg vilket Saab i Arboga är en del av. Telekrig är ett “digitalt krig” där syftet är att störa ut elektrisk utrustning, exempelvis störa ut radarfunktionen så att en eventuell fiende inte ska dyka upp på densamma.  Syftet med uppgiften var att tillförse målflygen med ett kommunikationssätt som underlättade kommunikationen vid en övning. Detta kommunikationssätt måste vara hemligt då man aldrig kan veta vem som lyssnar på informationen som skickas. Komradion behövde en ersättare som både var snabb, säker och enkel att använda. Kommunikationen skulle komma att ske via transpondrar som är installerade i samtliga övningsflygplan Nyköping tillhandahåller. Dessa transpondrar skickar och tar emot den vanliga AISinformationen vilket bland annat beskriver riktning och bäring för planet.  Del ett av uppgiften gick ut på att undersöka dessa transpondrar för att se om det fanns möjlighet att skicka egendefinierade meddelanden. Denna uppgift löstes genom att koppla upp två datorer till transpondrarna och pratade med dem via IP.  I del två av uppgiften ingick det att ta fram funktioner, ramverk och stödprogram för meddelandekommunikation. Genom att ta fram en programvara som grundades på lösningen i del ett så kan vi ta emot och sända ut meddelanden på radionätet vilket effektiviserar kommunikationen vid telekrigsövningar där flertalet enheter deltagar. Vi tog fram ett programvara som agerade hjälpprocess till programvaran i del ett. Programvaran genererar hemliga kodord till varje textkommando så att endast ett kodord behöver transmitteras över nätet, där kodordet matchas mot en textstäng på mottagande sida.  I sista delen av uppgiften, som vi skulle göra om tid fanns, skulle vi göra en applikation som gjorde detsamma som programvaran i del två gjorde fast på en surfplatta. Detta löste vi genom att innan vi började på del två använda ett tillägg som tillät oss att köra programvaran på både dator och surfplatta.

Au cours de ces dernières années, les communications sans fil connaissent une croissance vertigineuse, avec le développement de standards de communication de plus en plus nombreux, qui ouvrent la voie à de multiples applications telles que : la téléphonie mobile, le biomédical, le maritime, le civil et le militaire. De nos jours, les communications sans fil se sont diversifiées et multipliées. Cela entraîne la conception d’antennes toujours plus innovantes, performantes et de taille de plus en plus réduite (miniaturisation). Le projet FLEXBEA (FLEXible BEAcon) a pour but le développement d’un nouveau concept de balises de détresse miniatures (AIS et COSPAS-SARSAT), faible coût, intégrées dans des équipements de sécurité maritime tels qu’un radeau de survie et un gilet de sauvetage. Ces équipements sont destinés aux professionnels de la mer et aux plaisanciers. L’atout majeur de ce nouveau concept est l’intégration dans des équipements de sécurité maritime d’une fonction de détresse en cas de problème majeur : homme à la mer (MOB, Man OverBoard) par exemple lors d’un naufrage. Différentes antennes ont été étudiées. Nous présentons des antennes planaires (de type dipôle ou monopôle imprimé) développées dans la bande UHF : une solution de dipôle avec brins repliés est proposée afin de réduire l'encombrement, et deux modes d'alimentation (symétrique / dissymétrique) sont comparés. Des exemples d'antenne monopôle sont ensuite présentés avec une modification de leur géométrie (structures de type Bow-tie ou méandre) pour assurer une miniaturisation optimale. Puis les antennes filaires retenues pour le projet, avec une modélisation de ces antennes par un circuit équivalent (RLC). Des formules analytiques sont proposées afin de déterminer les valeurs de composants RLC qui interviennent dans le modèle circuit. Ensuite, nous sommes passés à la conception de l’antenne de la balise. Deux antennes ont été conçues et mesurées. Un monopôle ruban avec introduction de composants localisés pour la balise AIS et COSPAS-SARSAT, et une antenne hélice fonctionnant dans la bande AIS, intégrée dans la balise "SIMY". De nombreuses réalisations et mesures ont été effectuées pour caractériser ses antennes. / Over the last few years, wireless communications have grown dramatically, with the development of more and more communication standards, which open the way to multiple applications such as: mobile telephony, biomedical, maritime, the civilian and the military. Today, wireless communications have diversified and multiplied. This leads to the design of antennas that are always more innovative, more efficient and smaller in size (miniaturization). The FLEXBEA project (FLEXible BEAcon) aims to develop a new concept of low cost miniature distress beacons (AIS and COSPAS-SARSAT) integrated into marine safety equipment such as a life raft and a lifejacket safety. This equipment is intended for professionals of the sea and boaters. The main advantage of this new concept is the integration in maritime safety equipment of a distress function in case of major problem: man overboard (MOB, Man OverBoard) for example during a shipwreck. Different antennas have been studied. We present planar antennas (dipole type or printed monopoly) developed in the UHF band: a dipole solution with folded strands is proposed to reduce the bulk, and two modes of supply (symmetrical / asymmetrical) are compared. Examples of monopole antennas are then presented with a modification of their geometry (Bow-tie or meander type structures) to ensure optimal miniaturization. Then the wired antennas selected for the project, with a modeling of these antennas by an equivalent circuit (RLC). Analytical formulas are proposed to determine the RLC component values ​​involved in the circuit model. Then we went to the design of the beacon antenna. Two antennas were designed and measured. A ribbon monopoly with introduction of localized components for the AIS and COSPAS-SARSAT beacon, and a helix antenna operating in the AIS band, integrated into the "SIMY" beacon. Many achievements and measurements have been made to characterize its antennas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T18:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese MARCELO SOUZA DE ANDRADE.pdf: 1768433 bytes, checksum: 8051d8f14c6a38ec8166fcb2e817b674 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-25 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / Introduction. The androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare disease (1:20,000 to 1:64.000)-linked X chromosome, which generates a disorder of sexual differentiation of the male fetus (XY) with a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from females complete (CAIS) to a male phenotype with discrete signs of androgen insensitivity. An increasing number of mutations have been cataloged and nearly 500 mutations have been related to CAIS and 1000 to the androgen receptor gene. The AR gene is located on Xq11-12, with eight exons, about 919 amino acids. Objective. To characterize the mutations in the AR gene families in the region of the "Bico do Papagaio" in the southwestern state of Maranhao. Methodology. We used molecular biology techniques such as DNA extraction, PCR, electrophoresis, purification of PCR products and sequencing. In addition, we analyzed the clinical and hormonal characteristics of 14 patients and their families. Results. In one family (with two twin affected), we found the mutation R753X and the third molecular diagnosis of CAIS in twins described in the World. In another family, with 12 patients, was identified a new mutation in exon 8, as described P893A, protein AR. Conclusion. This work enabled the application of molecular techniques for the accurate diagnosis of AIS, genetic counseling for relatives of affected patients, and contribute to the formation of more qualified human resources, aiming at the development of biotechnology in the state of Maranhão. / Introdução. A Síndrome de Insensibilidade Androgênica (AIS) é uma doença rara (1:20.000 a 1:64.000), de transmissão ligada ao cromossomo X, que gera um distúrbio da diferenciação sexual do feto masculino (XY) com um espectro de fenótipo que varia desde o feminino completo (CAIS) até um fenótipo masculino com discretos sinais de insensibilidade androgênica. Um número crescente de mutações tem sido catalogadas e quase 500 mutações já foram relacionadas à CAIS e cerca de 1000 ao gene do receptor androgênico. O gene AR localiza-se em Xq11-12, com 8 exons, com cerca de 919 aminoácidos. Objetivo. Caracterizar as mutações no gene AR em famílias da região do Bico do Papagaio , no sudoeste do Estado do Maranhão. Metodologia. Foram utilizadas técnicas de biologia molecular como extração de DNA, PCR, Eletroforese, Purificação de produtos de PCR e Sequenciamento automático. Além disso, foram analisados o quadro clínico e hormonal de 14 pacientes e de seus familiares. Resultados. Em uma das famílias (com duas gêmeas afetadas), foi encontrada a mutação R753X, sendo o terceiro diagnóstico molecular de CAIS em gêmeas descrito no Mundo. Em outra família, com 12 pacientes, foi a identificada uma mutação nova no exon 8, descrita como P893A, na proteína AR. Conclusão. Este trabalho possibilitou a aplicação de técnicas moleculares para o diagnóstico preciso de AIS, aconselhamento genético aos familiares das pacientes afetadas, além de contribuir para a formação de recursos humanos mais qualificados, visando o desenvolvimento da biotecnologia no Estado do Maranhão.

Transportation across the globe's oceans increases every year and is expected to keep increasing in the following decades. Consequently, there is a need to establish communication over the horizon through the Automatic Identification System (AIS) and the Very High Frequency (VHF) Data Exchange System (VDES), still in development, to track and communicate with vessels all over the globe regardless of the distance from shore. In this Master thesis a feasibility study for the development of a system that fulfils that need is proposed consisting of a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellation providing VDES communication continuously all over the globe. A system engineering approach has been followed, identifying stakeholders and producing system requirements setting up a framework for the system. The key stakeholders were found to be the customers/users, the satellite provider, the satellite operator, the service provider and the payload provider. Furthermore, possible use-cases were presented and a system architecture was defined to outline the system, dividing the system into three segments: the space segment, the ground segment and the launch segment. In addition, design proposals for a satellite constellation and a typical satellite in such a constellation were implemented. The satellite constellation was proposed to consist of 91 satellites at an orbit altitude of around 550 km in polar orbits of common inclination, this was regarding a minimum elevation angle of 10 degrees. The satellite is recommended to consist of a 6 U CubeSat using as payload the existing airborne transponder R5A from Saab TransponderTech, it builds on the Software Defined Radio (SDR) technology and is to be further developed for VDES applications. Moreover, a link- and a data budget were implemented. Different launch options were addressed concluding that launching as secondary payload on a ride-share mission or as primary payload on a small satellite launch vehicle are the preferable options. A market analysis has been made providing details on how many AIS/VDES satellites that have been launched into LEO and by which service provider, as well as further details on small/nano satellites of extra interest to this work. A short risk evaluation was also done, identifying the most evident risks with developing, operating and disposing the system. In addition, Saab's potential role in the development of satellite VDES is discussed.  In conclusion to this work it has been shown that it is possible to build a global continuous satellite constellation in LEO utilising as payload an SDR-platform to provide VDES services to vessels at open seas. / Transport globalt till havs ökar varje år och förväntas fortsätta att öka de följande årtiondena. Följaktligen finns ett behov av att etablera över horisonten kommunikation genom det automatiska identifieringssystemet (AIS) och det väldigt högfrekventa datautbytessystemet (VDES), under utveckling, för att spåra och kommunicera med fartyg över hela världen oberoende av avståndet från land. I detta examensarbete har en förstudie utförts för utvecklingen av ett system som uppfyller detta behov. Systemet föreslås bestå av en låg jordbana satellitkonstellation som kontinuerligt tillhandahåller VDES-kommunikation över hela världen. Ett systemtekniskt tillvägagångssätt har följts, intressenter har identifierats och utifrån dessa har systemkrav tagits fram. De viktigaste intressenterna befanns vara användare/kunder, satellitleverantören, satellitoperatören, tjänsteleverantören och nyttolastleverantören. Vidare lyftes olika möjliga användningsområden för systemet fram och en systemarkitektur framställdes vari systemet delades in i tre segment: rymdsegmentet, marksegmentet och uppskjutningssegmentet. Dessutom genomfördes designförslag för en satellitkonstellation samt en typisk satellit i en sådan konstellation. Satellitkonstellationen föreslogs bestå av 91 satelliter på en altitud på omkring 550 km i polära banor med gemensam inklination, detta var gällande för en minimum elevationsvinkel på 10 grader. Satelliten rekommenderades bestå av en 6 U CubeSat med den befintliga luftburna transpondern R5A från Saab TransponderTech som nyttolast, vilken bygger på mjukvaruradioteknik och är tänkt att vidareutvecklas för VDES-applikationer.  Vidare, implementerades en länk- och data budget. Olika uppskjutningsmöjligheter undersöktes, varav slutsatsen att uppskjutning som sekundär nyttolast på ett delningsuppdrag eller som primär nyttolast medhjälp av ett mindre uppskjutningsfordon anpassat för små satelliter var de föredragna alternativen. Även en marknadsanalys har genomförts, där det redogjorts för hur många AIS / VDES - satelliter som har uppskjutits i LEO och av vilken tjänsteleverantör, samt ytterligare detaljer om små / nano satelliter av extra intresse för arbetet. En kort riskbedömning har också gjorts, där de mest uppenbara riskerna med utveckling, drift och undanröjande av systemet identifierats. Dessutom diskuteras Saabs möjliga roll i utvecklingen av satellit VDES. Slutsatsen av detta arbete har visat att det är möjligt att bygga en global kontinuerlig satellitkonstellation i låg jordbana med en mjukvaruradio som nyttolast som tillhandahåller VDES-tjänster till fartyg på öppna hav.

QDs haben aufgrund ihrer einzigartigen optischen und elektronischen Eigenschaften erhebliche Aufmerksamkeit erregt und sind vielseitige Materialien für verschiedene Anwendungen. T-QDs, wie AIS/ZnS, haben aufgrund ihrer geringeren Toxizität, Umweltverträglichkeit und einstellbaren optischen Eigenschaften an Bedeutung gewonnen. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die MW-Synthese von AIS/ZnS-QDs und untersucht den Einfluss von Syntheseparametern auf ihre optischen Eigenschaften sowie deren nachfolgende Anwendung in LSCs. Die Synthese kombiniert einen zweistufigen Erhitzungsansatz mit MW, was eine präzise Kontrolle über die QD-Zusammensetzung, Liganden und die chemische Zerfallsreihenfolge ermöglicht. Die Studie untersucht die Variation der Ag:In:S:Zn-Verhältnisse und den Einfluss von vier verschiedenen Liganden auf die optischen Eigenschaften. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Vielseitigkeit dieser QDs bei der Herstellung wasserlöslicher, hochphotolumineszierender Materialien. Die AIS/ZnS-QDs werden weiterhin als Materialien für LSCs genutzt, um erneuerbare Energie in BIPV-Systemen zu nutzen. Die Studie erforscht die Integration dieser QDs in eine Polymermatrix für LSCs und betont die Effizienz der Synthese. Zwei Syntheseansätze, ein zweistufiges Erhitzungsverfahren und die MW-Synthese mit Thiol-Liganden, erzeugen QDs, die in Toluol dispergierbar sind. Die resultierenden lumineszierenden Platten, integriert in LSC-Geräte, zeigen eine hohe PL QY (>60%). Die optischen Verluste werden für verschiedene Ligandenkombinationen verglichen, wobei überlegene Ergebnisse für MPA-OLA/OA-capped QDs beobachtet werden. Die LSC-Geräte, gekoppelt mit Si-Solarzellen unter einem Sonnensimulator, zeigen OPE-Werte von 3,8 ± 0,2% und 3,5 ± 0,2% für GSH-OLA/OA bzw. MPA-OLA/OA AIS/ZnS-QDs, und QOE-Werte von 24,1 ± 0,4% und 27,4 ± 0,4%. Die erreichte Leistung, gepaart mit der einfachen, wasserbasierten Synthese und den guten optischen Eigenschaften, unterstreicht das Potenzial von AIS/ZnS-QDs als LSCs. / QDs gained significant attention for their unique optical and electronic properties, making them versatile materials for various applications. t-QDs, such as AIS/ZnS, gained prominence due to their lower toxicity, eco-friendly nature, and tunable optical characteristics. This thesis focuses on the MW-assisted synthesis of AIS/ZnS QDs, exploring the impact of synthesis parameters on their optical properties and subsequent application as LSCs. The synthesis methodology combines a two-step heating approach with MW assistance, allowing for precise control over QD composition, ligands, and chemical decomposition order. The study investigates the variation of Ag:In:S:Zn ratios and the influence of four different ligands on optical properties. The results confirm the versatility of these QDs in producing water-soluble, highly photoluminescent materials with PL QY of 60-65% and long PL decay. The synthesized AIS/ZnS QDs are further utilized as materials for LSCs, aiming to harness renewable energy in building-integrated photovoltaic systems. The study explores the integration of these QDs into a polymer matrix for LSCs, emphasizing the efficiency of the synthesis method. Two synthesis approaches, a two-step heating method and MW-assisted synthesis with thiol ligands, yield QDs dispersible in organic solvents. The resulting luminescent slabs, integrated into LSC devices, exhibit high PLQY (>60%). Optical losses due to reabsorption and matrix effects are compared for different ligand combinations, with superior results observed for MPA-OLA/OA-capped QDs. The LSC devices coupled with Si-solar cells under a solar simulator demonstrate OPE values of 3.8 ± 0.2% and 3.5 ± 0.2% for GSH-OLA/OA and MPA-OLA/OA AIS/ZnS QDs, respectively, and QOE values of 24.1 ± 0.4% and 27.4 ± 0.4%. The achieved device performance, among the highest reported, coupled with the simplicity of the water-based synthesis and the excellent optical properties, underscores the potential of AIS/ZnS QDs as LSCs.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation and demyelination. In addition to these hallmark features, MS also presents with axonal pathology, which is likely responsible for the signs and symptoms of the disease. Although prominent in MS, axonal pathology is frequently considered a consequence of demyelination and not a primary event. This conclusion is consistent with demyelination inducing the loss of specific axonal domains, known as the nodes of Ranvier that are responsible for the propagation of action potentials along the axon. In contrast, we propose that axonal pathology associated with MS is a primary pathological event, independent of demyelination, and not a product of it. In support of our hypothesis, we have analyzed a different axonal domain known as the axon initial segment. Whereas a single axon has numerous nodes of Ranvier uniformly distributed along the axon, each axon contains only a single axon initial segment that is positioned immediately distal to the neuronal cell body. The axon initial segment is responsible for action potential generation and modulation, and hence is essential for normal neuronal function. Background studies conducted by our lab, employing a murine model of demyelination/remyelination, revealed no correlation between axon initial segment stability and myelin integrity. Here we investigate the fate of the axon initial segment in human multiple sclerosis. While not statistically significant, we provide data demonstrating an apparent 40% reduction in AIS numbers in MS. We further provide qualitative evidence that AIS integrity in MS is not dependent on myelination suggestive that axonal pathology may be a primary event in MS, independent of demyelination. Our current findings are intriguing, but unfortunately this study is underpowered, and more samples will be required to determine whether this apparent reduction is statistically significant.

Title Gait Analysis in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review. Aim The role of spine is vital as a gait stabilizer. Gait analysis may provide a more holistic view of how the body behaves to idiopathic scoliosis among adolescents. The aim of this thesis is to review the effectiveness and validity of gait analysis in examining AIS, and secondly to assess how the gait of AIS patients differ from adolescents without scoliosis. Method A systematic review of the topic was conducted. Information was gathered from six e-databases, and seventeen articles were selected, of which seven focusing solely on AIS subjects (i.e. non-comparative) and ten were focusing on AIS in relation to control subjects (i.e. comparative). Results Spatio-temporal (STP), kinematic, kinetic and EMG parameters show significant changes in AIS subjects during walking. But variations between results, lack of data for certain parameters and no significant relationship between gait parameters and scoliosis was also seen. Furthermore, AIS subjects differ in performance compared to non-scoliosis adolescents in at least one gait parameter across all studies. This includes abnormalities in muscle activity, less economical use of the body, poorer performance in kinematic parameters and differences in STP such as step...