Historically, black women have always played key roles in the struggle for liberation. A critical determinant of black women’s activism was the influence of both race and gender, as these factors were immutably married to their subjectivities. African American women faced the socio-cultural and structural challenge of sexism prevalent in the United States and also in the black community. My study examines the life of Fulani Sunni Ali, her role in black liberation, her role as the Minister of Information for the Provisional Government for the Republic of New Africa, and her communication strategies. In doing so, I evaluate a black female revolutionary nationalist’s discursive negotiation of her identity during the Black Power and Black Nationalist Movement. I also use womanist criticism to analyze interviews with Sunni Ali and archival data in her possession to reveal the complexity and diversity of black women’s roles and activities in a history of black resistance struggle and to locate black female presence and agency in Black Power. The following study more generally analyzes black female revolutionary nationalists’ roles, activities, and discursive identity negotiation during the Black Power Movement. By examining Sunni Ali’s life and the way she struggled against racism and patriarchy to advocate for Black Power and Black Nationalism, I demonstrate how her activism was a continuation of a tradition of black women’s resistance, and I extrapolate her forms of black women’s activism extant in the movement.

This study focuses on the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) and the movement associated with that party, in the aftermath of the 1977 elections in Pakistan. Through this study, the author addresses the issue of regionalism and its effects on politics at a National level. A study of the course of the movement also allows one to look at the problems in representation and how ideological stances merge with material conditions and needs of the country’s citizenry to articulate the desire for, what is basically, an equitable form of democracy that is peculiar to Pakistan. The form of such a democratic system of governance can be gauged through the frustrations and desires of the variety of Pakistan’s oppressed classes. Moreover, the fissures within the discourses that appear through the PNA, as well as their reassessment and analysis helps one formulate a fresh conception of resistance along different matrices of society within the country. / text

Beginning in December 2010, Tunisian citizens used techniques of protest, resistance and intervention in a struggle for freedom from the systems that had for decades denied them agency, autonomy and dignity. As a result of their resistance, in January 2011 the Tunisian people successfully deposed the authoritarian president Ben Ali after 23 years in power. Though this movement began spontaneously and operated without designated leadership, the role of the national labor union - The Union Générale Tunisienne du Travail (UGTT) - was vital in mobilizing and directing the uprising. This thesis will interpret the events of the 2011 Tunisian uprising through the framework of civil resistance, as defined by Gene Sharp and Hardy Merriman. Through the use of political defiance and noncooperation, civil resistance employs nonviolent tactics to challenge and remove entrenched political leaders and systems. This study will analyze the Tunisian uprising and the role of the UGTT in the movement using three indicators of civil resistance success: unity, strategic planning, and nonviolent discipline. Despite sporadic incidents of violence, this thesis asserts that the 2011 Tunisian uprising successfully enacted nonviolent civil resistance, and the implementation of nonviolent political action has made the establishment of a genuine and lasting democracy a real possibility for the future. The UGTT were invaluable in the 2011 uprising as facilitators and collaborators with the Tunisian people, and currently function in a pivotal nonpartisan and objective intermediary political role. Though the outcome remains uncertain and the conclusion of the revolution in flux, the 2011 Tunisian uprising has set an example and a precedent for civil resistance to the rest of the world.

My study examines three female Black British bildungsromane: Monica Ali’s Brick Lane, Joan Riley’s Waiting in the Twilight, and Buchi Emecheta’s Second-Class Citizen. By combining a study of a relatively established novel form with contemporary female diasporic fictions, my work looks at how gender, race and location complicate the tropes of the genre, while still adhering to many of its parameters. I explore ways in which the existential states of loneliness, isolation, and solitude faced by the female protagonists in England assist or inhibit the formation of collectivity and subjectivity. This study pays particular attention to ways that community formation and friendship, as well as work and affective labor, serve as means to find/create a sense of home in diasporic conditions, as in Brick Lane and Second-Class Citizen. I also study how a sense of community falters because of a disconnection from productive work in Waiting in the Twilight. / Department of English

The aim of this study is to define mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of phlogopite-pargasite enriched ultramafic-mafic cumulate rocks from Kuran&ccedil / ali (Kirsehir) and their implications for petrology and regional geological setting. The Kuran&ccedil / ali rocks, found within an allochthonous sliver, are representative for the isolated members of the Central Anatolian Ophiolites, derived from closure of Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan branch of Alpine Neotethys. The rocks overthrust the Metamorphic Ophiolitic M&eacute / lange (the uppermost part of the Central Anatolian Metamorphics) and cut by felsic dykes of the Late Cretaceous Central Anatolian Granitoids. The Kuran&ccedil / ali rocks are unusually enriched in phlogopite and pargasite with varying crystal sizes. They are also composed of diopsidic augite, plagioclase, rutile, ilmenite, sphene, apatite and pyrite. The rocks are divided into six types / clinopyroxenite, clinopyroxenite-with-hydrous minerals-plagioclase, phlogopitite, hornblendite, layered gabbro and diorite. Evaluation of detailed EMP data from constituent minerals of different rock types showed that phlogopite with high Fe2+-Fe3+-Al[6]-Ti, diopsidic-augite with high Ca-Al(t)-Ti, Si-undersaturated pargasite with high Al[4]-K-Na-Ti-contents and intercumulus plagioclase with a wide range of composition (an%=40.61-98.58) display unusual compositions. Substitution mechanisms and elemental variations of the minerals suggest crystallization from hydrous metasomatized mantle, high water pressure and oxygen fugacities during formation of the Kuran&ccedil / ali rocks. Major oxide, trace and rare earth element abundances of the rock units were used to evaluate petrological characteristics. Chemical and tectonic discrimination diagrams, and parallel multi-element and REE patterns with highly enriched in LILE and LREE relative to HREE and HFSE show strong calc-alkaline affinity with slight alkaline features. Troughs at Nb-Ta and Ti characterize the rocks but these elements are slightly enriched than N-MORB. The rocks show high LREE/HREE ratios. Both unusual mineralogical and geochemical features of the rocks show that the rocks were generated in an arc environment. Moreover, they require a mantle wedge source strongly influenced by metasomatic components (fluid/melt) derived from subducting slab and/or OIB-like alkaline melt. Comparison of the rocks with tectonically well-defined rocks displays that they are generated in an intra-oceanic arc environment, but owe a comparison with fore-arc back-arc Central Anatolian Ophiolites within supra-subduction zone environment revealed that Kuran&ccedil / ali rocks are different and generated in an arc basement.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--UCLA, 2009. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 442-455).

Shīʿī aḥādīth, particularly on women, are an immensely understudied area. Studies on Shīʿī aḥādīth on women usually centre on Fāṭimah al-Zahrāʾ, and little research explores pre-Islamic sacred female figures in Shīʿī aḥādīth. At the same time, there an urgent interest in Shīʿism as well as women in Islam, and a desire for new methods to be applied as well as new questions to be asked. This thesis will analyse Shīʿī aḥādīth about women in pre-Islamic sacred history who appear in the Qurʾān (focusing on Eve, Sārah, Hājar, Zulaykhā, Bilqīs, and the Virgin Mary), and apply the methodologies of ideological criticism and feminist hermeneutics (to be explained in Chapter 1) to explore the subtexts about the essential nature and role of women communicated through these narrations. In addition to exploring the roots of these ideas, it will compare them against the contemporary Shīʿī ideology of gender referred to as the ‘separate-but-equal’ ideology to explore how well this ideology corresponds to Shīʿī narrations. (What constitutes an ‘ideology’ will be explored in Chapter 1.) Rather than attempting to derive the ‘authentic’ teachings of the Prophet or the Imāms, this study will take a stance of inauthenticity with respect to narrations and treat narrations as socio-cultural artefacts representing the diversity of views and beliefs of the Shīʿī community. This distinguishes it from other works which either attempt to derive the ‘authentic’ teachings of the Prophet, or else which presume that all narrations equally reflect what the Prophet and Imāms actually said. This avoids the sticky question of which narrations are actually ‘true’ and allows them to be treated equally as cultural artifacts in negotiating a Shīʿī ideology of gender. Because this study focuses on sacred female figures shared with the Judaeo-Christian tradition, it allows for the exploration of how ideas about women from outside the Islamic tradition were integrated into the Shīʿī corpus through isrāʾīlīyāt, particularly through the intertextual synthesis of pre-Islamic material (such as the Bible) with post-Prophetic notions (such as normative paradigms of jurisprudential discourse). Two trends will emerge from these narrations. The first heavily reinforces patriarchal norms, such as women’s seclusion, the need for male authority, and male guardianship over women. These narrations reflect jurisprudential discourse and are largely found in two of the four most prominent books of Shīʿī ḥadīth, al-Kāfī and al-Faqīh. However, in the second, other narrations form a ‘counter-narrative’ in which women and men are portrayed as equals; these narrations invoke the imagery of esoteric Shīʿism and focus on the narrative of wilāyah (loyalty to and love of the Prophet, Fāṭimah al-Zahrāʾ, and the Shīʿī Imāms). Since both sets of narrations address uniquely Shīʿī concerns, such as the Imāmate, it can be deduced that these differing portrayals of women reflect competing concerns in the early and mediaeval Shīʿī communities with respect to determining Shīʿī identity and orthodoxy, and may also reflect the spread of and resistance to Arabization. Lastly, because many narrations attributed to Imam ʿAlī convey strikingly different views about women, the penultimate chapter will explore whether Imam ʿAlī was misogynistic through a comparison of two foundational Shīʿī texts: Kitāb Sulaym ibn Qays al-Hilālī (c. 100 AH) and Nahj al-Balāghah (c. 400 AH).

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-11-01T17:01:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3159739 bytes, checksum: b72252f3c160a6f7c58b5a719003a721 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-01T17:01:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3159739 bytes, checksum: b72252f3c160a6f7c58b5a719003a721 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-08-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Desenvolveu-se um sistema multimídia, com a finalidade de subsidiar a melhoria de procedimentos de higiene em Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN). Neste sistema, que consiste de cinco módulos, as informações estão interligadas, facilitando a compreensão e proporcionando rapidez no seu uso. O primeiro módulo, “Métodos de Higienização”, é considerado o mais relevante do sistema e descreve, de forma detalhada, os procedimentos de higienização para manipuladores, equipamentos, utensílios, ar de ambientes de processamento e alimentos. Os módulos seguintes fornecem as informações de apoio à tomada de decisão e ao treinamento. Nesses, estão contidos informações, conceitos e descrição de técnicas para a implementação, controle e correção dos procedimentos de higienização. O módulo “Limites Críticos” fornece os valores recomendados, máximos ou mínimos, para parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos de forma a se determinar a eficiência dos procedimentos operacionais, fundamentados na legislação brasileira e em entidades como a APHA (American Public Health Association) e WHO (World Health Organization). O módulo “Monitoramento dos Limites Críticos” fornece a metodologia para a implantação e o desenvolvimento das atividades de monitoramento do procedimento de higienização. O módulo “Ações Corretivas” propõe ações que deverão ser implementadas quando os resultados do monitoramento estiverem fora dos limites estabelecidos. O módulo “Entendendo a Higiene” é o maior do sistema e contém informações de apoio para a realização dos procedimentos. Nele, está detalhado o método de higienização, levando-se em conta o tipo de sujidade, a natureza da superfície a ser higienizada e os auxiliares de limpeza usados como coadjuvantes no processo. Enfatiza a qualidade e o adequado tratamento da água para as UAN. Esclarece sobre as funções, o modo de ação, como e onde poderão ser empregados os detergentes e sanitizantes químicos e físicos e, ainda, exemplifica cálculos necessários para a preparação de soluções. Finalmente, oferece informações sobre a importância da higienização no controle da adesão bacteriana e formação de biofilme. Dentro dos “Itens de Apoio”,estão disponíveis para o usuário as seções “Glossário” e a seção “Legislação” que contêm leis e resoluções brasileiras pertinentes ao processamento de alimentos com qualidade. Assuntos complementares encontram-se na seção intitulada “Saiba Mais”. Ao final da fase de desenvolvimento, o sistema foi submetido à avaliação, para verificar a sua capacidade de proporcionar satisfação ao usuário, requisição essencial ao seu eventual sucesso. A ferramenta desenvolvida para a coleta de dados foi um questionário constituído de questões quantitativas que avaliaram a interface, o conteúdo e os módulos. Questões qualitativas complementares avaliaram o sistema em relação aos benefícios e possíveis obstáculos para sua utilização. Uma cópia da primeira versão foi disponibilizada a uma equipe de trinta painelistas, alunos do Programa de Pós-graduação da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. A operacionalização das variáveis quantitativas foi realizada utilizando-se a escala Likert modificada, com nove pontos. Os dados coletados foram analisados por métodos estatísticos descritivos. Através da freqüência das notas foram determinados a moda, as porcentagens e, a partir destas porcentagens, construíram-se gráficos demonstrativos dos resultados. A interface foi avaliada segundo apresentação das telas, estética e qualidade gráfica dos ambientes, cores e imagens, quanto à facilidade de navegação pelos ambientes por usuários não treinados e à legibilidade do texto, tendo sido classificada em todos estes itens como “muito bom”. Os avaliadores classificaram como “extremamente bom” a abordagem do assunto “higienização” no sistema e a adequação do conteúdo ao público-alvo. Foram classificados como “muito bom” a qualidade das informações escritas, a qualidade das mídias, a seqüência lógica da apresentação do conteúdo e quantidade de informações disponíveis para o entendimento do assunto. Todos os módulos foram considerados “muito bom”, destacando-se “Métodos de Higienização” e o “Entendendo a Higiene”, para os quais não foram atribuídas notas inferiores a 7. Permitiu-se, nesta avaliação, identificar deficiências do sistema e observar onde serão necessários ajustes. A inclusão de recursos que agilizem a navegação e facilitem o acesso às informações, assim como outras mídias, poderá melhorar a interação do usuário com o sistema multimídia. / A multimedia system was developed to give support to hygiene procedures for food services. The system consists of five modules providing interconnected information to facilitate understanding and speedy use. The first module, “Hygiene Methods”, is the most important one, providing a detailed description of the hygiene procedures, equipments, utensils, air processing area and raw supplies used in food processing. The other modules supply information concerning decision- making and training describing concepts and techniques for controlling and correcting hygiene procedures. The module “Critical Limits” supplies the maximal and minimal recommended values for the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters used to determine the efficiency of the operational procedures based on the Brazilian legislation and entities such as the APHA (American Public Health Association) and WHO (World Health Organization). The module “Monitoring Critical Limits” supplies the methodology for implementing and developing the monitoring activities of hygiene procedures. The module “Corrective Actions” proposes actions to be implemented when the “Monitoring Critical Limits” results are beyond the limits established. The module “Understanding Hygiene” is the largest module of the system, supplying support information for procedure application, including the sanitizing method taking into account the type of dirt, the surface to be cleaned and the cleaning assistants involved in the process. Emphasis is placed on water quality and adequate treatment for food services, with explanation being supplied on the functions, modes of action, and how and where the detergents and chemical or physical products may be applied, as well as the calculation needed for the preparation of solutions. Finally, information is given on the importance of hygiene for controlling bacterial adherence and bio film formation. A glossary entitled “Know More” and a section on Brazilian legislation related to quality food processing are also available to the user. The multimedia system was evaluated during its final development phase to verify its capacity to meet consumers’ satisfaction, an essential requirement for its success. The tool developed for data assessment was a questionnaire consisting of quantitative questions to evaluate the interface, contents and modules. Additional qualitative issues evaluated the possible benefits provided by the system and the obstacles for its use. A copy of the first version was made available for a team of 30 members, graduate students from the UFV ,Viçosa -MG, Brazil. A modified 9-point Likert scale was used in the evaluation. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods. Based on score frequency, the mode and percentages were determined and on the basis of these percentages, graphics showing the results were designed. The interface was evaluated based on screen presentation, aesthetics, and graphic quality of the environments, colors and images, easiness of use by untrained users and text readability , being classified in all these items as “ very good “. The evaluators classified the approach to the subject “hygiene’’ and its suitability to the target public as ‘’extremely good’’. Written information, media quality, logical sequence of content presentation and quantity of information available for understanding the subject matter were classified as ‘’very good. ‘’ All the modules were classified as ‘’very good,’’ especially ‘’Hygiene Methods’’ and ‘’Understanding Hygiene,’’ with scores not below 7.The evaluation allowed to identify the deficiencies of the system and the adjustments that need to be made. The inclusion of resources to speed up use and access to information as well as introduction of other media, such as videos and photographs, may improve user interaction.

Considerada um gênero menor, a literatura confessional foi, por muito tempo, excluída dos estudos acadêmicos. Porém, na última década o mercado editorial abriu-se sensivelmente para estas obras. Este trabalho procura analisar sob a luz da literatura comparada as autobiografias de Gioconda Belli, poetisa nicaraguense e da política holandesa-somali Ayaan Hirsi Ali, e encontrar na narrativa autobiográfica entrecruzamentos com a modernidade. As narrativas autobiográficas despontam com uma alternativa de situar o sujeito no mundo, um sujeito de certa forma descentrado e que pontua a experiência pessoal como uma alternativa de reconstrução de sua identidade e de reconstruir este mundo. / Por mucho tiempo se consideró a la literatura confesional como un género menor y se la excluyó de los estudios académicos. Sin embargo, en la última década, ocurrió una gran apertura del mercado editorial a estas obras. Esta tesis de maestría busca analizar, bajo la luz de la literatura comparada, las autobiografías de Gioconda Belli, poetisa nicaragüense, y de la política holandesa-somalí Ayaan Hirsi Ali. Asimismo, intenta encontrar en la narrativa autobiográfica un entrecruzamiento con la modernidad. Las narrativas autobiográficas despuntan como una alternativa de situar el sujeto en el mundo, un sujeto sin centro y que puntúa la experiencia personal como una alternativa de reconstrucción de su identidad y reconstrucción del mundo.

I denna jämförande studie analyseras vad det androgyna gör med identiteten och det kreativa skapandet i romanerna Orlando av Virginia Woolf och How to be both av Ali Smith. Analysen görs utifrån Virginia Woolfs tanke om ”the androgynous mind” samt Judith Butlers teori om performativitet. Studien visar att Virginia Woolf `s tanke med ”the androgynous mind” går att finna i Orlando och How to be both utifrån vad det androgyna tillför konsten och identiteten i de båda romanerna. Studien visar också att Butlers teori om performativitet som här använts för att undersöka och jämföra vad som sker när protagonisterna ”spelar” sina nya könsidentiteter går att finna i båda romanerna.