Currently using specialized sites, people gather in virtual communities that occur on the Internet. Some examples of those virtual communities are forums, bulletins and chats. They have created special ways to work with information in texts, sound and images. In that perspective, what knowledge and processes of apprehension/transmission of music can be revealed in forum Violão.org? That question leads this dissertation to its general objective that is to carry out an exploratory study to reveal knowledge and processes of apprehension/transmission of music developed in the forum Violão.org. Originated in the late 90s of the 20th century, it is the main forum of classical guitar in Brazil. The research has a qualitative character having a case study as methodological option. It contains a bibliography study; elaboration and applying of a questionnaire; interviews with moderators and analysis of a virtual scene as an example for understanding the forum dynamics on knowledge and processes of apprehension/ transmission of music. Data were interpreted being observed the different sources and research procedures. The analysis emerged from the contribution of Music Education scholars that have conducted their studies on new technologies related to apprehension/transmission of music, still considering the experiences of the author with the research object. The first chapter discusses Musical Education, interactive society and cyberspace, and issues related to the interactivity provided by the web as well; the second one presents the forum Violão.org; the third one approaches the base categories for the interpretation. The fourth chapter describes the methodology used for the investigation development and the fifth chapter develops the description and discussion of data collected. The results show that the exploratory exercise on the forum Violão.org has been a way to extend the studies and discussions on knowledge and processes of apprehension/transmission in virtual communities in the area of Musical Education. / Atualmente por meio de sites especializados, as pessoas se reúnem em comunidades virtuais que acontecem na Internet. Os fóruns eletrônicos de discussão, quadros de avisos eletrônicos bem como os chats são alguns exemplos de comunidades virtuais. Elas criam modos próprios de trabalhar com as informações sejam em texto, sons, imagens. Nessa perspectiva, que saberes e processos de apreensão/transmissão da música podem ser desvelados no fórum Violão.org? Esta questão de pesquisa orienta a dissertação que tem como objetivo geral desenvolver um estudo exploratório para desvelar saberes e processos de apreensão/transmissão musical desenvolvidos no fórum Violão.org. Este é o maior fórum de violão clássico no Brasil e teve sua origem nos finais dos anos noventa do século passado. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e tem o estudo de caso como opção metodológica. O planejamento da pesquisa envolveu um levantamento bibliográfico, elaboração e aplicação de questionário com os participantes do fórum, entrevistas com moderadores e análise de uma cena virtual que serviu como exemplo para estimular a compreensão da dinâmica do fórum no que diz respeito aos saberes e processos de apreensão/transmissão musical. Os dados coletados tiveram como recurso metodológico para interpretação, a análise de conteúdo e a triangulação tendo em vista as diferentes fontes e procedimentos da pesquisa. Os dados foram interpretados à luz das contribuições do pensamento de autores da Educação Musical que tratam sobre a inclusão das novas tecnologias nos processos de apreensão/transmissão da música e de teóricos de áreas afins considerando ainda neste debate as experiências do autor com o objeto de pesquisa. O primeiro capítulo faz reflexões sobre a Educação Musical, a sociedade interativa e o ciberespaço, bem como questões relacionadas à interatividade proporcionada pela rede de computadores. O segundo apresenta o fórum Violão.org. O terceiro capítulo destaca as categorias de análise que serviram de base para a interpretação. O quarto capítulo descreve a metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento da investigação e o quinto capítulo desenvolve a descrição e discussão dos dados coletados. A pesquisa mostrou que o exercício exploratório sobre o fórum Violão.org foi uma maneira de ampliar os estudos e discussões sobre os saberes e processos de apreensão/transmissão em comunidades virtuais na área de Educação Musical. / Mestre em Artes

Based on linear models, this study demonstrated that the psychological and social structures of the classroom, viewed as a naturalistic human system, impact learning outcomes. To operationalize learning outcomes, final grades in the course and a subject self report scale tapping perceptions of utility of material taught were used. The social and psychological structures of the classroom-as-a-human-system were operationalized through the following variables: the degree of social integration of each student, based on network analytic procedures; communication apprehension of students; dimensions of perceived credibility of instructors; dimensions of interpersonal attraction to instructors; perceived satisfaction with task demands of the course; and adjusted orientation to communication, based on communication apprehension scores and network data. Data were obtained from five sections of a multi-section communication course of a large state institution of higher learning in the southwestern region of the United States. Differences in sex were not found.

Cette hantologie de l’œuvre o’brienesque dépasse le postulat selon lequel Tim O’Brien est un écrivain de la guerre du Vietnam. S’il est indéniable que l’expérience personnelle du combat a influé sur la fiction et la non-fiction de l’auteur, les récits sont avant tout marqués par la hantise, au sens géographique, spatial et psychique du terme. La psychologie des lieux investis ou remémorés par l’auteur, les narrateurs et les protagonistes, est associée à des événements marquants dont on retrouve la trace dans le corps, la mémoire individuelle et collective, ainsi qu’au niveau formel. De fait, les êtres sont habités par la hantise timérique, le poids de la perte ou les séquelles de la traumatisation. O’Brien souligne l’appréhension, l’obsession, la mélancolie et les revenances traumatiques dans des thanatographies pénétrées de spectres et de fantômes, tout autant de manifestations de restances qui ne cessent de faire retour. La fréquentation des mêmes lieux, leur pouvoir hantologique, ainsi que la symbolisation du hantement psychique constituent une habitation thématique dont l’ascendance est perceptible d’un point de vue structurel et stylistique. Par conséquent, le texte o’brienesque se fait à son tour hantise : un lieu scriptural où l’auteur se spectralise, (re)visite d’autres écrivains et sa propre discursivité. L’ambiguïté née de l’autofictionnalisation et de l’énigmatisation, la configuration métafictionnelle ou métanarrative, enfin la tension narrative, ont pour effet de générer des textes intrigants et autoréflexifs. Au terme de l’analyse, il apparaît qu’O’Brien compose une spectropoétique ancrée dans un hantissage empreint d’une sensibilité baroque et d’une quintessence thanatologique qui assurent à l’auteur l’immortalité symbolique. / While critics tend to consider Tim O’Brien as a writer of the Vietnam War, this hauntology of the author’s works goes beyond such postulate. Though it is indisputable that the personal experience of combat has influenced O’Brien’s fictional and non-fictional writing, the latter primarily deals with haunting, in the geographical, spatial and psychological sense of the term. The places visited or remembered by the author, the narrators and the protagonists, are associated with unforgettable events, lingering memories and reviviscences that can be traced in the body, in individual and collective memory, as well as in the form of the texts. Thus, individuals are haunted by disquietude, loss or the side effects of traumatization. O’Brien stresses apprehension, obsession, melancholy and traumatic revivification in thanatographies penetrated by specters and ghosts that keep returning. The hauntological power of geographical, spatial and psychological haunts establishes a recurring theme that impacts structure and style. Therefore, the o’brienesque text becomes a haunted and a haunting space, marked by the spectrality of the author. O’Brien (re)visits other writers and his previous writings. Ambiguous and enigmatic utterances, metafictional or metanarrative configurations and narrative tension generate intriguing and self-reflexive texts. In the end, it appears that O’Brien’s spectropoetics reads like a hantissage imbued with baroque traits and thanatological quintessence that provide the author with symbolic immortality.

The intention of this research is to develop a homiletical approach that will better equip the preacher in proclaiming the Glory of God. The study comes in a context where there has been a legitimate shift in emphasis in the direction of the listener, but it is the contention of this study that the pendulum has swung away from the pre-eminence of God that should permeate sermons being preached. Having established the need for a renewed apprehension of God in preaching the writer examines the general preaching landscape leading up to and including the 21st century. This part of the study includes some of the influences on the present day understanding on the role of knowledge and the questioning of God’s ability to communicate truth to man. The study also shows how these influences have led to a focus in preaching on human feeling and experience. The weight of Gods glory is then examined with the consequent implication of God’s passion for His own glory and the need for all preaching therefore to be Theo-centric. This is reinforced by an examination of the transcendence of God, unfolding the dangers of domesticating God by eliminating a sense of mystery as to the infinite nature of God. An overview of more recent developments in homiletical theory is examined demonstrating the conspicuous absence of the pre-eminence of God in preaching. A summary of the following three preaching models is presented; expository, narrative and topical, to provide a basis for later comparison. Key theological convictions and practices necessary to proclaim the Glory of God are then identified from the literature study. These are then used in a questionnaire compiled to be used in churches where the listeners are exposed to the three identified preaching models. The results from the empirical study is then analysed in the light of the theory presented in the literature studies. On the basis of these outcomes the following guidelines were recommended: -- Guidelines on determining the content of the sermon. -- Guidelines on the focus of the sermon. -- Guidelines on the content of the sermon. -- Guidelines on believing that God is primarily concerned about Himself leading to greater confidence in God’s grace to sinful people. And then finally, concluding that if the desired goal of proclaiming the Glory of God is to be consistently accomplished, then the expository model of preaching is best suited to the task. / Thesis (PhD (Practical Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

In Ontario, 1% of women who give birth have their newborn infant apprehended by child protection agencies (~200/year). Hospital-based perinatal nurses are in a unique position to support mothers. However, there is a lack of research examining mothers’ experiences of newborn infant apprehension. The purpose of this study was to explore mothers’ experiences with nurses and other providers when newborn infant apprehension occurs. Doka’s Disenfranchised Grief Framework was used as a lens to help guide the research questions, methods and analysis. Thorne’s Interpretive Descriptive approach was employed. Mothers who had experienced newborn infant apprehension in the last 10 years were recruited from an agency in Ontario. Nine individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted. When analyzing the data, the researchers identified patterns and themes from among the mothers’ varied experiences. The analysis resulted in four themes: Not good enough, I am a mother, I have rights, I live everyday like I’m grieving, and Hope in the face of adversity. The findings illuminated the imbalance of power that mothers face when experiencing newborn infant apprehension, where power and authority rest with health and social service providers. This research study will focus on the findings describing what mothers want - for nurses to be open-minded, non-judgmental, to teach mothers regarding cycles of violence, and to advocate for mothers’ rights. Ultimately, the mothers posited that nurses are well positioned to empower mothers, thereby giving them the opportunity to begin recovery. The findings indicate a need for nurses to provide safe, compassionate, competent, ethical care and inform how perinatal nurses can better support mothers experiencing newborn infant apprehension.

The master's thesis is focused on forwarding information to the general public. In the first part of the thesis there is described the present status of this topic. Further there is accomplished a survey. This survey tries to demonstrate that it is possible to increase an effect of forwarding information thanks to information technologies. In the last part there is described how it can be implemented in a real world.

Skolan har ett viktigt uppdrag när det gäller att undervisa om källkritik och att träna kritiskt tänkande, som har stärkts ytterligare genom den senaste läroplanen från 2022 för grundskolan. För att värna om demokratins grundpelare där yttrandefrihet är en viktig del, behöver våra unga medborgare lära sig att se igenom desinformation och konspirationsteorier av olika slag. I en värld där information är en färskvara är det också viktigt att kunna bedöma om källan är aktuell och adekvat och att kunna skilja ut de trovärdiga källorna i mängden och våga lita på dessa. Syftet med studien är att genom en vetenskaplig teori kring källkritik och kritiskt tänkande, lyfta fram mellanstadieelevers upplevelse av vad som gör en källa trovärdig eller inte trovärdig, som ett bidrag till den fortsatta forskningen. Det empiriska underlaget samlades in genom tre olika fokusgruppssamtal med elever i årskurs fyra och sex på en mellanstadieskola på en mindre ort i södra Sverige. Studien visar att eleverna utgår från sina erfarenheter och förkunskaper när de bedömer om en källa är trovärdig eller inte. Där eleverna själva saknar kunskaper för att kunna göra en bedömning använder de sitt sociala nätverk för att vikta trovärdigheten hos information och källor. Deras resonemang visade att de hade ett kritiskt tänkande när de sökte information, även om deras kunskaper kring bakomliggande faktorer och dolda agendor var begränsade. Didaktiskt behöver lärare i samhällskunskap vara uppmärksamma på när elevernas förkunskaper gör att de tolkar information och källor på ett mindre kritiskt sätt än de borde. Eleverna behöver kunna ta både det abstrakta och det konkreta i beaktande när de viktar information och källor, förstå processer bakom och på ett djupare plan. ”Kunskap är makt”, som filosofen Francis Bacon uttryckte det. / The school has an important mission in teaching source criticism and training critical thinking, which has been furthermore strengthened by the latest 2022 curriculum for the Swedish middle school. To protect the pillars of democracy where freedom of speech is an important part, we need to teach our young citizens to see through misinformation and conspiracy theories of various kinds. In a world where information is a fresh commodity, is it also important to be able to assess whether the source is current and adequate and to be able to distinguish the credible sources from the crowd and dare to trust them. The purpose of the study is to, through a scientific theory around source criticism and critical thinking, highlight middle school students’ experience of what makes a source credible or not credible, as a contribution to the continued research. The empirical data was collected through three different focus group discussions with pupils in grades four and six at middle school in a small town in southern Sweden. The study shows that students rely in their experiences and prior knowledge when they judge whether a source is credible or not. Where the students themselves lack the knowledge to be able to make an assessment, they use their social network to weight the credibility of information and sources. Their reasoning showed that they had critical thinking when seeking information, although their knowledge of underlying factors and hidden agendas was limited. Didactically, social studies teachers need to pay attention to when pupils’ prior knowledge causes them to interpret information and sources in a less critical way than they should. Students need to be able to take both the abstract and the concrete into account when weighing information and sources, understand processes behind and on a deeper level. “Knowledge is power”, as the philosopher Francis Bacon put it.

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This study indicates that communication skills and communication apprehension of English First Additional Language (EFAL) learners are important aspects in teaching and learning, as well as for academic performance. A learner‘s major hurdle to overcome in communication in a second language classroom is a fear of failure. Communication skills and communication apprehension are challenges teachers have to face in language classrooms. Communication barriers that may lead to fear, distress and poor performance should be identified at an early stage. Therefore, it is critical for teachers to know about the communication process, communication skills, and communication apprehension to design positive solutions and teaching strategies to assist learners to overcome fear of communication, especially in the area of second and additional languages. A sample of 779 male and female learners in the secondary phase in Kannaland District, Western Cape participated in the study. For this non-experimental quantitative study, data were gathered using two questionnaires, Communication Skills Scale, and the Personal Report Communication Apprehension questionnaire. To explore the relationship between communication skills, communication apprehension and academic achievement, the first and second term EFAL marks of grades 7-9 learners were used. The data were presented as descriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlations and comparisons. Results distinguished no differences between males, females, or grades. Findings were discussed with regard to communication skills and the academic achievement, as well as communication apprehension and academic achievement of the learners. Results indicate that there is no significant relationship between communication skills and academic achievement. Nevertheless, distinct relationships between communication skills and communication apprehension (group work, meetings and public speaking) were established and discussed. Communication apprehension (group work, conversations and in the classroom) and academic achievement presented clear relationships that were reported in detail. The factors identified may have a negative impact on learners‘ academic achievement in EFAL. Insight generated by the research in Kannaland District, Western Cape will help to develop an understanding of the situations that affect the degree of communication apprehension of secondary phase EFAL learners. It will allow for a better understanding of the influence of communication skills and could assist teachers to understand EFAL learners‘ fear, distress or ability to communicate. / MEd (Curriculum Development), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This study indicates that communication skills and communication apprehension of English First Additional Language (EFAL) learners are important aspects in teaching and learning, as well as for academic performance. A learner‘s major hurdle to overcome in communication in a second language classroom is a fear of failure. Communication skills and communication apprehension are challenges teachers have to face in language classrooms. Communication barriers that may lead to fear, distress and poor performance should be identified at an early stage. Therefore, it is critical for teachers to know about the communication process, communication skills, and communication apprehension to design positive solutions and teaching strategies to assist learners to overcome fear of communication, especially in the area of second and additional languages. A sample of 779 male and female learners in the secondary phase in Kannaland District, Western Cape participated in the study. For this non-experimental quantitative study, data were gathered using two questionnaires, Communication Skills Scale, and the Personal Report Communication Apprehension questionnaire. To explore the relationship between communication skills, communication apprehension and academic achievement, the first and second term EFAL marks of grades 7-9 learners were used. The data were presented as descriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlations and comparisons. Results distinguished no differences between males, females, or grades. Findings were discussed with regard to communication skills and the academic achievement, as well as communication apprehension and academic achievement of the learners. Results indicate that there is no significant relationship between communication skills and academic achievement. Nevertheless, distinct relationships between communication skills and communication apprehension (group work, meetings and public speaking) were established and discussed. Communication apprehension (group work, conversations and in the classroom) and academic achievement presented clear relationships that were reported in detail. The factors identified may have a negative impact on learners‘ academic achievement in EFAL. Insight generated by the research in Kannaland District, Western Cape will help to develop an understanding of the situations that affect the degree of communication apprehension of secondary phase EFAL learners. It will allow for a better understanding of the influence of communication skills and could assist teachers to understand EFAL learners‘ fear, distress or ability to communicate. / MEd (Curriculum Development), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015