Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T19:48:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosCNS_ate_Cap5.pdf: 3703939 bytes, checksum: a88b3b0db730c8a08ea3614d58f09633 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-06-09 / Northeastern Brazil is mainly formed by crystalline terrains (around 60% in area). Moreover, this region presents a semi-arid climate so that it is periodically subject to drought seasons. Furthermore, ground water quality extracted fromwells usually presents poor quality because of their high salinity contents. Nevertheless, ground water is still a very important source of water for human and animal consumption in this region. Well sitting in hard rocks terrains in Northeastern Brazil offers a mean success index of aboul 60%, given that a successful siting is defined by a well producing at least 0.5 m?/h. This low index reveals lack of knowledga about the true conditions of storage and percolation of ground water in crystalline rocks. Two models for structures storing and producing ground water in crystalline rocks in Northeastem Brazil have been proposed in the literature. The first model,tradnionally used for well sitting since the sixties are controlled by faults or fractures zones. This model is commonly referred, in Brazilian hydrogeological literature, as the "creek-crack" model (riacho-fenda in Portuguese). Sites appearing to present dense drainage network are preferred for water well siting - particularly at points where the drainages cross-cul each other. Field follow up work is usually based only on geological criteria. The second model is the "eluvio-alluvial through" (calha eluvio-aluvionar in Portuguese); it is also described in the literature but it is not yet incorporated in well sitting practice. This model is based on the hypothesis that reclilinear drainages can also be controlled by the folietion of the rock. Eventually, depending upon the degree of weathering, a through-shaped structure filled with sediments (alluvium and regolith) can be developed which can store and water can be produced from. Using severalfield case studies, this Thesis presents a thorough analysis ofthe two above cited models and proposes a new model. The analysis is based on an integrated methodological approach using geophysics and structural geology. Both land (Resitiviy and Ground Penetrating Radar- GPR) and aerogeophysical (magnetics and frequency domain eletromagnetics) surveys were used. Slructural analysis emphasized neolectonic aspects; in general, itwas found that fractures in the E-W direction are relatively open, as compared to fracturas inthe N-S direction, probably because E-W fractures were opened by the neotectonic stress regime in Northeastern Brazil, which is controlled by E-W compression and N-S extension. The riacho-fenda model is valid where drainages are controlled by fractures. The degree of fracturing and associated weathering dictale the hydrogeological potential of the structure. Field work in structural analogues reveals that subvertical fractures show consistent directions both in outcrop and aerophotograph scales. Geophysical surveys reveal subvertical conductive anomalies associated to the fracture network controlling the drainage; one of the borders of the conductive anomaly usually coincide wih the drainage. An aspect of particular importance to the validation of fracture control are the possible presence of relalively deep conductive anomalies wihoul continuation or propagalion to the surface. The conductive nature of lhe anomaly is due to the presence of wealhered rock and sedirnenls (alluvium and/or regolilh) storing ground waler which occur associated to the fracture network. Magnetic surveys are not very sensisnive to these structures.lf soil or covering sedirnents are resislive (> 100 Ohm.m), GPR can ba used to image precisely lhe fracture network. A major limialion of riacho-fenda model, revealed by GPR images, is associated to the fact thal subhorizontal fractures do play a very important role in connecting the fracture network, besides connect shallow recharge zones to relalively deep subvertical frecture zones. Iffractures play just a secondary control on the drainage, however, r/acho-fenda model may have a very limiled validny; in these cases, large portions oflhe drainage do nol coincide wilh frectures and mosl oflhewells localed in lhe drainage surrounding would resull dry. Usually, a secondary conlrol on lhe drainage by Ihefraclure networkcan be revealed only wilh detailed geophysical survey. The calha elClv1o-aluvlonarmodel is valid where drainages are conlrolled by folialion. The degree 01 wealhering 01 lhe lolialion planes dictales lhe hydrogeological polenlial 01 lhe slruclure. Outcrop analysis reveals Ihal lolialion and drainage direclions are parallel and Ihal no Iraclures, orfraclures wilh diflerent directions 01 lhe drainage direclion occur. Geophysical surveys reveal conduclive anomalies in a slab lorm associaled 10 lhe Ihrough 01 lhe wealhered rock and sedimenls (alluvium and/or regolith). Magnelic surveys can ofler a very good conlrol on lolialion direclion. An importanl aspect 10 validale lolialion conlrol are lhe presence 01 conductive anomalies showing shallow and deep portions area which are linked. Illhere is an exlensive soil cover, r/acho-fenda and calha eIClv1o-aluv/onar conlrols can be easily misinlerpreled in lhe absence 01 geophysical conlrol. Certainly, Ihis lacl could explain at leasl a part of lhe failure index in well sitting. The model wealhering sack (bolsllo de Intempertsmo in Portuguese) is proposed to explain cases where a very inlensive wealhering occur over lhe crystalline rock so Ihal a secondary inlerslilial porosity is crealed. The waler is Ihen stored in lhe porous of lhe regolilh in a similar mannerlo sedimentary rocks. A possible example ofthis model was delecled by using land geophysical survey where a relalivelyvery deep isolaled conduclive anomaly, in a slab form, was delected. Iflhis structure does store ground waler, certainly Ihere must be a link 01 lhe deep slructure wilh lhe surface in orderlo provide walerfeeding. This model mighl explain anomalous waler yields as greal as 50 m?/h Ihalsomelimescan occur in crystalline rocks in Northeaslern Brazil / A Regi?o Nordeste do Brasil apresenta substrato composto principalmente por rochas cristalinas (em tomo de 60% de sua ?rea).Al?m disso, esta regi?o apresenta um clima semi-?rido ocasionando secas peri?dicas. Estas caracteristicas envolvem a m? qualidade da ?gua explotada dos po?os existentes na regi?o, associadas a elevados ?ndices de sais dissolvidos. N?o obstante, os recursos hidricos subterr?neos nesta regi?o ainda s?o uma fonte muito importante de ?gua para os consumos humano e animal. Os po?os perfurados em rochas cristalinas no Nordeste do Brasil envolvem um indice m?dio de sucesso quanto aos po?os produtivos da ordem de 60%, sendo considerado po?o produtivo aquele com vaz?o superior a 0,5 m?/h. Este baixo ?ndice revela a falta de conhecimento sobre as verdadeiras condi??es de fluxo e armazenamento da ?gua subterr?nea em rochas cristalinas. Dois modelos de estruturas de fluxo e armazenamento de ?gua subterr?nea em terrenos cristalinos para o Nordeste do Brasil tem sido propostos na literatura. O primeiro modelo, tradicionalmente utilizado para locar po?os desde a d?cada de sessenta, est? baseado no controle de drenagens retilineas por zonas de falhas ou fraturas. Este modelo ? referido comumente na literatura hidrogeol?gica brasileira como o "modelo riacho-fenda". Com base neste modelo, s?o enfatizados os locais mais densamente fraturados - particularmente os pontos de interse??o de drenagens. Com base no modelo riacho-fenda, o trabalho subseq?ente de campo envolve normalmente a an?lise geol?gico-estrutural do terreno. J? o segundo modelo ? denominado de "calha el?vio-aluvionar"; este modelo tamb?m ? descrito na literatura mas ainda n?o ? incorporado ? pr?tica de loca??o de po?os. A estrutura tipo calha baseia-se na hip?tese de que drenagens retil?neas tamb?m podem ser controladas pela folia??o da rocha. Eventualmente, dependendo do grau de intemperismo, uma estrutura pr?-existente preenchida por sedimentos (aluvi?o e regolito) pode ser desenvolvida de modo a armazenar e produzir ?gua. Com base na an?lise de diversos estudos de casos, esta Tese apresenta uma an?lise detalhada dos modelos citados, al?m de propor um novo.Aan?lise est? baseada em uma t?cnica metodol?gica integrada que envolveu levantamentos geofisicos e an?lise geol?gica enfatizando a neotect?nica. Foram utilizados levantamentos geof?sicos terrestres (eletro-resistividade e Ground Penetrating Radar - GPR) e aeroportados (magn?ticos e eletromagm?ticos no dominio da freq?encia). A an?lise estrutural enfatizou aspectos da neotect?nica. Em geral, foram identificadas fraturas na dire??o E-W relativamente abertas, quando comparadas com as fraturas na dire??o N-S. Este comportamento ? regido pelo campo de tens?es neotect?nico do Nordeste do Brasil, o qual ? controlado por compress?o E-We distens?o N-S. O modelo riacho-fenda ? v?lido onde drenagens s?o controladas por fraturas. O grau de fraturamento e o intemperismo associado ditam o potencial hidrogeol?gico da estrutura. Levantamentos de campo enfocando a geologia estrutural revelam que as fraturas subverticais apresentam dire??es consistentes com as fei??es fr?geis obsarvadas em afloramentos e fotografias a?reas. Levantamentos geof?sicos identificam anomalias de condutividade associadas ? rede de fraturas que controla a drenagem; nestas anomalias, uma de suas bordas coincide com a drenagem. Um aspecto importante e particular para validar o controle estrutural por fratura ? a presen?a de anomalias de condutividade relativamente profundas que n?o apresentam continuidade ou propaga??o para a superf?cie. A origem da elevada condutividade da anomalia decorre do grau de intemperismo da rocha ou sedimentos (aluvi?o ou regolito) armazenando a ?gua subterr?nea ao longo da rede de fraturas. Levantamentos magn?ticos s?o insensiveis a estas estruturas. Em casos especificos, nos quais a cobertura sedimentar ou o solo s?o resistivos (> 100 Ohm.m), o GPR pode ser utilizado para imagear precisamente a rede de fraturamento. Uma limita??o principal ao modelo riacho-fenda, revelado por imagens de GPR, est? associada ao fato de que fraturas subhori zontais t?m um importante papel interconectando as diversas fraturas em subsuperf?cie e por sua vez, conectando-as com as zonas de recarga em superficie. Por outro lado, caso as fraturas apresentem um controle secund?rio da drenagem, o modelo riacho-fenda ter? validade limitada. Neste caso, amplas por??es da drenagem n?o coincidem espacialmente com as fraturas e desta forma, os po?os locados ao longo da drenagem geralmente s?o secos. Normalmente, este controle secund?rio da drenagem somente pode ser identificado a partir de levantamentos geofisicos. O modelo calha el?vio-aluvionar ? v?lido onde drenagens s?o controladas pela folia??o. O grau de intemperismo da folia??o dita o potencial hidrogeol?gico da estrutura. An?lises de afloramentos revelam que as dire??es da folia??o e da drenagem s?o compat?veis entre si e que, caso existam fraturas, a sua dire??o ser? diferente da dire??o da drenagem. Levantamentos geofisicos indicam condutividade elevada que pode resuitar da resposta de uma calha de sedimentos e/ou regolito preenchendo os espa?os gerados pela forma do relevo e influenciado pelo intemperismo que atua sobre os planos da folia??o. Neste caso, levantamentos magn?ticos podem identificar a dire??o da folia??o. Um aspecto importante para validar o controle da folia??o ? a presen?a de anomalias mostrando por??es rasas e profundas que se interconectam. Na presen?a de coberturas sedimentares expressivas, os controles da drenagem segundo as estruturas tipo riacho-fenda ou calha el?vio-aluvionar podem ser facilmente confundidos na aus?ncia de dados geofisicos. Certamente, este fato pode ser ?til para explicar grande parte do ?ndice de insucesso na loca??o de po?os em terrenos cristalinos. J? o modelo bols?es de intemperismo ? proposto para explicar casos nos quais ocorre uma altera??o extremamente forte nas rochas cristalinas gerando ume porosidade intersticial secund?ria. A ?gua ? ent?o armazenada nos poros do regolito de forma semelhante ao que ocorre nas rochas sedimentares. Um possivel exemplo para este modelo foi detectado em levantamento geofisico terrestre, no qual uma anomalia de condutividade relativamente profunda foi detectada. A partir do momento em que esta estrutura tenha a capacidade de armazenar ?gua, ? necess?rio conect?-la ? superf?cie para garantir o seu suprimento sazonal. Este modelo pode ser utilizado para explicar as vaz?es an?malas, superiores a 50 m?/h, que algumas vezes s?o encontradas em po?os perfurados em rochas cristalinas no Nordeste do Brasil

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CristinaAD.pdf: 1396383 bytes, checksum: 2ded09c99516b39813718bfd6b0ceebf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-07-18 / A research project is being developed by PPGG/UFRN and PETROBRAS in the Xar?u Oil Field located in Cear? Basin, Northeastern Brazil. The objective of the research is to characterize a fractured carbonate reservoir, the Trairi Limestone, in order to drill a borehole with two horizontal legs taking advantage of the natural fracture system to enhance the oil recovery. The present master thesis is part of this research and its contribution is to estimate fault orientation from unoriented cores, using the method proposed by Hesthammer & Henden (2000). In order to orient a fault cutting a bed observed in the core, the bed should be previously oriented. As additional constraint to orient the bed, we use regional bedding orientation obtained from structure maps of Trairi Limestone. Because the number of cores drilled from the Trairi Limestone was too small, we analyzed all cores from the field. As geologic constraint, we admit that all faults were formed as result of the South America and Africa separation, in the context of a regional dextral strike-slip fault formation. In this context, secondary faults are manly T and R faults according Riedel s classification. We analyzed 236.5 m of cores. The dip of bedding varies from 0o to 8o, being the most frequent value equal to 2o. We interpret this result as evidence that the deformation process was manly ruptil. 77 faults were identified in the cores. These faults strike manly to NW and NE with dips, in general, inside the interval 700 - 900. We suggest that the horizontal legs of the borehole should be oriented to NW and NE in order to improve the probability of intercepting open fractures and faults / Um projeto de pesquisa est? sendo desenvolvido pelo PPGG/UFRN e a PETROBR?S no Campo Petrol?fero de Xar?u localizado na bacia do Cear?, Nordeste do Brasil. O objetivo da pesquisa ? a caracteriza??o de um reservat?rio carbon?tico fraturado, o Calc?rio Trair?, para a perfura??o de um po?o com duas pernas horizontais levando em considera??o o sistema natural de fraturas deste reservat?rio visando aumentar a taxa de recupera??o do ?leo. A presente disserta??o ? parte desta pesquisa e sua contribui??o ? estimar a orienta??o das falhas presentes em testemunhos de sondagens n?o orientados, usando o m?todo proposto por Hesthammer & Henden (2000). Para orientar uma falha interceptando um estrato observado no testemunho, o estrato deve ser previamente orientado. Como v?nculo para orientar os estratos, utilizou-se o mergulho regional das camadas, obtido em cada posi??o de po?o a partir dos mapas de contorno estrutural do Calc?rio Trair?. Devido ao fato do n?mero de falhas presentes nos testemunhos do Calc?rio Trair? ser pequeno, a analise estrutural foi realizada em todos os testemunhos do Campo de Xar?u. Como hip?tese geol?gica de trabalho, admitiu-se que todas as falhas foram formadas como resultado da separa??o da Am?rica do Sul e ?frica, no contexto de forma??o de uma falha transcorrente dextral regional. Nesse contexto, falhas secundarias s?o principalmente dos tipos T e R de acordo com a classifica??o de Rieldel. Foram analisados 263.5 m de testemunhos. Os mergulhos dos estratos variam de 0o a 8o, sendo que o valor mais freq?ente ? igual a 2o. Este resultado foi interpretado como um ind?cio de que a deforma??o no Campo de Xar?u foi principalmente de natureza r?ptil. As dire??es preferenciais de strike para as falhas analisadas s?o NW e NE. Essas falhas possuem mergulho alto, em geral entre 70o e 90o. Sugere-se que as pernas horizontais do po?o sejam orientadas para NW e NE, de modo a aumentar a probabilidade das pernas interceptarem o maior n?mero poss?vel de fraturas e falhas abertas

Negative attitudes and stigma associated with mental illness have a profound impact on individuals who experience them. Researchers have defined stigma as the attribution of a deviant characteristic to members of a particular group. Persons with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) face many difficulties that impact their full participation in social life. Although attitudinal reactions to individuals with SPMI have improved considerably over the last few decades, there are still areas for improvement. Limited research has been conducted to evaluate attitudes and stigma associated with individuals with SPMI among human service professionals-in-training (HSPs). For this study HSPs were defined as individuals entering into social service, mental health, and substance abuse professions. Further, there have only been a few published studies in attitude research that utilized randomized vignettes portraying individuals with two different mental health diagnoses. Data collection occurred in counselor education and similar programs at many universities. A total of 79 participants (20 males and 58 females) took part in this study. Recruitment efforts reached HSPs at 27 universities throughout the contiguous United States. For this study, participants were asked to respond to self-report surveys and to one of two written vignettes to quantify their attitudes toward the individuals depicted in them. The two vignettes described an individual with a mental illness and differed in the diagnosis attributed to the individual: schizophrenia spectrum disorder in one vignette and generalized anxiety disorder in the other vignette. Results indicated that although there were slight mean differences between the two groups of participants, the differences were not statically significant, t (77) = 0.63, p =53. The Attribution Questionnaire-27 (AQ-27; Corrigan, 2012) gathered overall attitudes towards mental illness. The Mental Health Provider Stigma Inventory (MHPSI; Kennedy, Abell, & Mennicke, 2014) was used to collect data on attitudes, behaviors, and social pressure impacting stigma towards individuals who have SPMI. Data collected with these two scales yielded evidence to indicate that participants held stigmatizing attitudes towards individuals with SPMI. Data gathered suggested that graduate students in rehabilitation counselor education programs expressed fewer stigmatizing attitudes than students from other programs. This result was seen across both measures. Data were collected on frequency of contact with persons with mental illness to evaluate the association between contact frequency and knowledge of mental illness and negative attitudes. Demographic data gathered included gender, age, professional training, and number of years of work experience in a counseling-related role. Further, a hierarchical multiple regression was used to determine which order of predictors were statistically significant to the outcome measure. Prior literature suggest that prior contact and familiarity scores playing a more important role in predicting the outcome variable (AQ-27) then the demographic information. The first model was statistically significant F(6,72) =3.64, p= .003 and explained 23% of the variance in the dependent variable (AQ-27 total scores). After the input of these demographic factors the second step included LOF and SADP- PCF-R scores. After entry of the second step the overall variance was 28%. The second model was statically significant F(8,70) = 3.39 p = 002 and explained an additional 4% variance in the model. In the final adjusted model, four out of the seven predictor variables were statistically significant. A small pilot study consisting of rehabilitation counseling professionals was used to develop the methodologies for this study. The primary limitation of the primary study was the sample size. Further details of the methodology used and limitations of this particular study will be described in subsequent chapters. Implications of this study and suggested future research are proposed.

Submitted by Samara Reis (samara.psr@gmail.com) on 2018-01-24T18:46:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Samara_Reis_Dissertacao_Mestrado_versao_final_submetida_pdf.pdf: 5724487 bytes, checksum: aab72e819f1473472ff8b19f68d942ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca Isaías Alves (reposiufbat@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-26T11:43:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Samara_Reis_Dissertacao_Mestrado_versao_final_submetida_pdf.pdf: 5724487 bytes, checksum: aab72e819f1473472ff8b19f68d942ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-26T11:43:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Samara_Reis_Dissertacao_Mestrado_versao_final_submetida_pdf.pdf: 5724487 bytes, checksum: aab72e819f1473472ff8b19f68d942ec (MD5) / Fundação CAPES / A empatia é atualmente compreendida como um construto multidimensional, sendo esse modelo corroborado por estudos de neuroimagem, incluindo um componente cognitivo, associado com a percepção e compreensão do estado emocional de outras pessoas, e um componente afetivo, que consiste em uma resposta emocional vicária às emoções do outro. Entretanto, muitas medidas de empatia utilizadas na literatura não estão alinhadas com esse modelo atual, o que aponta para a necessidade de refinar esses instrumentos ou desenvolver outros, mais consistentes. Por sua vez, o Fenótipo Ampliado do Autismo (FAA) é como ficou conhecida a manifestação a nível subclínico de traços cognitivos e comportamentais do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) em parentes próximos de indivíduos com tais quadros. Esses traços associados ao fenótipo do TEA parecem apresentar distribuição normal na população, conforme resultados de pesquisas sobre o FAA. Alterações da empatia em indivíduos com TEA já foram observadas em estudos, entretanto, ainda não está claro se esses déficits se resumem ao componente cognitivo da empatia ou também ao afetivo. Pesquisas sobre alterações na empatia afetiva e cognitiva associadas ao FAA podem ajudar a esclarecer esse aspecto, entretanto, para isso, é necessário dispor de instrumentos adaptados e válidos para a população brasileira. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar dois estudos de adaptação transcultural e validação de medidas, um para avaliação da empatia em sua compreensão multidimensional e outra, para avaliação de traços associados ao fenótipo do TEA. Ambas as pesquisas foram realizadas através de um formulário online divulgado nas redes sociais, caracterizando uma amostragem pelo método bola de neve. Em ambos os estudos, foram excluídos participantes que declararam sofrer de transtornos neurológicos ou psiquiátricos. O estudo de validação da Affective and Cognitive Measure of Empathy (ACME) contou com a participação de 385 indivíduos de diferentes regiões do país, sendo que 338 permaneceram após aplicados os critérios de exclusão. Foi empregado o método de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais para testar a estrutura fatorial proposta pelos autores da referida escala, e o instrumento foi também testado para validade convergente, consistência interna e fidedignidade teste-reteste. Os resultados indicaram que o modelo de três fatores teve um bom ajuste aos dados coletados na versão brasileira da ACME, retendo todos os itens originais, e sendo considerada consistente e válida para a população brasileira. A distribuição dos escores foi significativamente diferente da normal e mulheres obtiveram pontuações mais altas do que os homens em todos os escores desse instrumento. Por sua vez, o estudo de validação do Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) teve um total de 329 participantes de diferentes regiões do país, sendo mantidos 262 após aplicados os critérios de exclusão. O instrumento foi testado por Análise Fatorial Confirmatória dentro de diversos modelos, para identificar a versão que apresentava melhor consistência interna. A versão final do AQ reteve 31 itens dentre os 50 originais, em três fatores, apresentando boa consistência interna, fidedignidade teste-reteste e forte correlação com o instrumento original. O escore total do AQ teve distribuição normal na população, e homens pontuaram mais do que mulheres no total e na subescala de (baixas) Habilidades Sociais. Normas para futura referência ao interpretar os escores na ACME e no AQ foram extraídas por sexo, considerando que foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas pontuações desses grupos, em ambos os instrumentos. / Empathy is currently comprehended as a multidimensional construct, this model being supported by neuroimaging studies, comprising a cognitive component, associated with perceiving and understanding the emotional state of others, and an affective component, consisting of vicariously experiencing an emotional response to other people`s emotions. However, most measures of empathy are not aligned with that current understanding, which points to the need of improving those instruments or developing more consistent ones. In turn, the Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP) is how the subclinical manifestation of cognitive and behavioral Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) traits in close relatives of individuals with that condition became known. Those traits associated with ASD seem to be normally distributed in the general population, according to studies concerning the BAP. Empathy deficits in patients with ASD has already been observed in studies, nonetheless, it is still unclear if those deficits are limited to the cognitive component of empathy or also include the affective component. Researches about cognitive and affective empathy alterations in association with the BAP could help clarifying that aspect, however, in order to carry them out, it is necessary to have access to adequate instruments, validated for the Brazilian population. This study aimed to carry out two studies of cross-cultural adaptation and validation of measures, one to asses empathy in its multidimensional understanding, and the other, to asses ASD traits. Both studies were available online and shared in social media networks, characterizing a snowball sampling method. In both studies, participants who reported suffering from neurological or psychiatric disorders were excluded. The validation study of the Affective and Cognitive Measure of Empathy (ACME) had 385 participants from different regions of the country, of which 338 remained after applying exclusion criteria. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the factor structure originally proposed by the ACME authors, and the instrument was also tested for concurrent validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results indicate that the three-factor model showed adequate fit to data in the Brazilian version of ACME, retaining all original items, and been declared valid for the Brazilian population. Distribution of scores was non-normal and females scored higher than males both in scale`s and subscales` totals for this instrument. In turn, the validation study of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) had 329 participants from different regions of the country, of which 262 remained after applying exclusion criteria. A series of Confirmatory Factor Analysis were carried out in order to identify the version of the instrument with best internal consistency. The final version of the AQ retained 31 of the original 50 items, in three factors, showing good internal consistency, test-retest reliability and strong correlation with the original instrument. AQ total scores were normally distributed and men scored higher than women in total scores and in (poor) Social Skills subscale. For future reference when interpreting scores in ACME and AQ, norms were extracted by sex, since significant differences were found in scores of those groups for both instruments.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:02:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosAFCJ.pdf: 1873191 bytes, checksum: 35fd621d2a3584a9f759dfe902f57bce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The expansion of shrimp farming has caused a series of environmental impacts, often as a result of lack of planning and adequate management. Organic aquaculture has emerged as an alternative to conventional shrimp farming, and differently, aims at the economical, ecological and farming potential of other organisms, such as fishes, oysters and seaweeds. The present study aimed at evaluating the biological diversity and abundance of the ichthyofauna associated to Litopenaeus vannamei organic culture at PRIMAR farm (Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). The sampling period consisted of four culture cycles (1, 2, 3, and 4) accomplished in four grow-out ponds (V1, V7, V2, and V4) in 2005. The first two culture cycles were carried out during the rainy season, and the last two cycles, during the dry season. Environmental (temperature, salinity, transparency, and rainfall), biodiversity (diversity and uniformity and abundance indexes) of the ichthyofauna, and shrimp productivity data were collected throughout these four culture cycles. The results obtained for the environmental variables showed that both salinity and transparency oscillated in a significant way (p < 0.001) between culture cycles. In relation to the abundance of the ichthyofauna, fifty four species associated to the organic culture of Litopenaeus vannamei were collected and identified at PRIMAR. For the biodiversity criterion, larger species richness (S = 46) and uniformity (E = 0.59 ? 0.16) were observed during cycles 3 and 4 than in cycles 1 and 2 (S = 41 and E = 0.15 ? 0.12). A positive and significant correlation was obtained for the transparency with diversity and uniformity of fish species between cycles 1 and 2 (wet season) and cycles 3 and 4 (dry season) (p < 0.017 - Shannon Index; p < 0.008 - Pielou Index, respectively). A correlation could not be established between shrimp productivity and fish biomass. However, fish biomass decreased from cycles 1 and 2 to cycles 3 and 4, concomitant with an increase in shrimp productivity, most probably due to a higher (from 58.0% to 71.0%) shrimp survival. Regarding the culture potential of the ichthyofauna, three species (Mugil curema, Mugil liza and Chaetodipterus faber) were identified as potential farming alternatives, either singly or in consortium with Litopenaeus vannamei. A fourth species (Centropomus undecimalis) was indicated as an alternative for single culture or in consortium with other fish species. In conclusion, the large diversity of estuarine fishes associated to Litopenaeus vannamei farming observed at PRIMAR clearly indicated the ecological feasibility for organic aquaculture in northeastern Brazil / A expans?o da carcinicultura tem ocasionado uma s?rie de impactos ambientais, frequentemente, como conseq??ncia da falta de planejamento e gerenciamento adequados. A aq?icultura org?nica tem sido apontada como alternativa ? carcinicultura convencional e apresenta como diferencial, o aproveitamento do potencial econ?mico, ecol?gico e de cultivo de outros organismos, tais como peixes, ostras e macroalgas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a diversidade biol?gica e abund?ncia da ictiofauna associada ao cultivo org?nico de Litopenaeus vannamei na fazenda PRIMAR (Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil). O per?odo amostral consistiu de quatro ciclos de cultivo (1, 2, 3 e 4) realizados em quatro viveiros de engorda (V1, V7, V2 e V4) em 2005. Os dois primeiros ciclos foram realizados durante a esta??o chuvosa e os dois ?ltimos, durante a estiagem. Dados ambientais (temperatura, salinidade, transpar?ncia e precipita??o pluviom?trica), da diversidade biol?gica (?ndices de diversidade, uniformidade e abund?ncia) da ictiofauna, e da produtividade de camar?o foram coletados nesses quatro ciclos de cultivo. Os resultados obtidos para as vari?veis ambientais mostraram que a salinidade e a transpar?ncia oscilaram de forma significativa (p < 0,001) entre os ciclos de cultivo. Em rela??o ? abund?ncia da ictiofauna, foram coletadas e identificadas cinq?enta e quatro esp?cies associadas ao cultivo org?nico de Litopenaeus vannamei na PRIMAR. Foram observadas maior riqueza (S = 46) e uniformidade (E = 0,59 ? 0,16) das esp?cies de peixe durante os ciclos 3 e 4 do que nos ciclos 1 e 2 (S = 41 e E = 0,15 ? 0,12). Correla??o positiva e significativa foi obtida para o aumento da transpar?ncia com a diversidade e uniformidade das esp?cies de peixe entre os ciclos 1 e 2 (esta??o chuvosa) e 3 e 4 (esta??o seca) (p < 0,017 - ?ndice de Shannon; p < 0,008 - ?ndice de Pielou, respectivamente). N?o houve correla??o entre a produtividade de camar?o e a biomassa de peixes. No entanto, a biomassa de peixes aumentou no transcorrer dos ciclos 1 e 2 para 3 e 4, concomitante com um incremento na produtividade de camar?o, decorrente provavelmente, de uma maior sobreviv?ncia (de 58,0% para 71,0%) desse crust?ceo. Em rela??o ao potencial de cultivo da ictiofauna, tr?s esp?cies (Mugil curema, Mugil liza e Chaetodipterus faber) foram identificadas como alternativas para cultivo isolado ou em cons?rcio com Litopenaeus vannamei. Uma quarta esp?cie (Centropomus undecimalis) foi apontada como alternativa para cultivo isolado ou em cons?rcio com outras esp?cies de peixe. Em conclus?o, a rica diversidade de peixes estuarinos associada ao cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei observada na PRIMAR indica claramente, a viabilidade ecol?gica da aq?icultura org?nica no nordeste do Brasil

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IgorSC.pdf: 2799802 bytes, checksum: f99aea3bacb12040194eae4a69657208 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-18 / The city of Natal-RN is constructed on dune areas with wavy relives softly waved and green areas that help to keep a pleasant climate, amongst these is distinguished field Pirangi-Potengi the dune with the areas of San Vale and Lagoinha. These environments are being substituted gradual for property and other workmanships of engineering on behalf of the urban expansion. This study the elaboration of a geoambiental mapping of Field had as objective generality Pirangi-Potengi the Dune with emphasis the San Vale and Lagoinha in Natal-RN. The done mapping had as objective specific to elaborate a vegetation map, a map of registers in cadastre of ambient problems to dunes, a map of flooding susceptibility, a map of vulnerability to the underground water contamination and a map of use and occupation of the ground. Of the carried through analysis, the area in study reveals sufficiently degraded, remaining only few green areas and dunares, as well as, the vulnerable presence of areas of vulnerability in floods and areas the contamination of the water-bearing one. The gotten results allow to affirm that this type of mapping, is of great importance for analysis and evaluation of the environment of the city / A cidade de Natal-RN est? constru?da sobre ?reas de dunas com relevos ondulados a suavemente ondulados e ?reas verdes que ajudam a manter um clima agrad?vel. Dentre estas destaca-se o campo de dunas Pirangi-Potengi com as ?reas de San Vale e Lagoinha. Esses ambientes est?o sendo substitu?dos gradativamente por im?veis e outras obras de engenharia em nome da expans?o urbana. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral a elabora??o de um mapeamento geoambiental do Campo de Dunas Pirangi-Potengi com ?nfase a San Vale e Lagoinha em Natal-RN. O mapeamento feito teve como objetivos espec?ficos elaborar um mapa de vegeta??o, um mapa de cadastro de problemas ambientais em ?reas de dunas, um mapa de suscetibilidade de inunda??o, um mapa de vulnerabilidade ? contamina??o de ?guas subterr?neas e um mapa de uso e ocupa??o do solo. Da an?lise realizada, a ?rea em estudo mostra-se bastante degradada, restando apenas poucas ?reas verdes e dunares, assim como, a presen?a de ?reas de vulnerabilidade de inunda??es e ?reas vulner?veis a contamina??o do aq??fero. Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que, este tipo de mapeamento, ? de grande import?ncia para an?lise e avalia??o do meio f?sico contribuindo para o planejamento e gest?o ambiental da cidade

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:19:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JailsaSM.pdf: 722262 bytes, checksum: b5daa60e103a373c84c164786328442f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The fissures aquifer northeast semi-arid Brazilian, present high text frequently of leave, with of low a h?dric availability. The research has as objective main to analyze the components that inside influence in the salinity of the waterbearing fissures of an evaluation physicist-chemistry of the water, leading in consideration the physical interventions of the environment. One used techniques of interpretation of image of Landsat satellite -1999 and delimitation of the micro basin through the topographical map SUDENE. One identified waters of the NaCl type with Ca++ and Mg++ in secondary concentrations. The analyzed wells (15), had presented an average salinity of 5.147 mg/L of STD and a well only supplies drinking waters with 319 mg/L of STD. The recharge of the aquifer one if carries through for infiltration in the open fracture of ortognaisse it migmatization. The type and directions of the fracture do not control the STD. Relations between salinity and out let do not exist. The quality of the well of low salinity is identical the superficial waters (aquifer dam and alluvial). The studies of the meteoric erosion processes had evidenced that in the transformations of the rock in ground, the Ca++ and Na+ are taken for superficial waters. The treatment of the data chemical showed that the grade of Na+, Ca++, Mg++ and Cl-are controlled for the evaporation process, from only water that would have the qualities of superficial waters or the well of low salinity. Already the HCO3-grade is controlled for the precipitation of the dolomite. The STD of this aquifer one would be consequence of the high tax of evaporation of dams constructed in regions of plain topography. You leave them precipitated in deep argillaceous ones dry dams are led for the aquifer in first rains. The research suggests some recommendations for the use and exploitation of the water salinity in piscicultura, carcinicultura, culture of the grass-salt (Atriplex sp), among others / Os aq??feros fissurais do Nordeste semi-?rido Brasileiro, apresentam freq?entemente elevado teor de sais, al?m de uma baixa disponibilidade h?drica. A pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar os componentes que influenciam na salinidade dos aq??feros fissurais dentro de uma avalia??o f?sico-qu?mico da ?gua, levando em considera??o as interven??es f?sicas do ambiente. Utilizou-se t?cnicas de interpreta??o de imagem de sat?lite Landsat -1999 e delimita??o da microbacia atrav?s da carta topogr?fica de Lajes SUDENE. Identificou-se ?guas do tipo NaCl com Ca++ e Mg++ em concentra??es secund?rias. Os po?os analisados (15), apresentaram uma salinidade m?dia de 5.062 mg/L de STD e somente um po?o fornece ?gua pot?vel com 319 mg/L de STD. A recarga do aq??fero se realiza pela infiltra??o nas fraturas abertas do ortognaisse migmatizado. O tipo e dire??es das fraturas n?o controlam a concentra??o de STD. N?o existe rela??o entre STD e vaz?o. A qualidade do po?o de baixa salinidade ? id?ntica as ?guas superficiais (a?ude e aq??fero aluvionar). Os estudos dos processos de intemperismo evidenciaram que nas transforma??es da rocha em solo, o Ca++ e Na+ s?o levados para as ?guas superficiais. O tratamento dos dados qu?mico mostrou que os teores de Na+, Ca++, Mg++ e Cl-s?o controlados pelo processo de evapora??o, a partir de uma ?gua ?nica que teria as qualidades das ?guas superficiais ou do po?o de baixa salinidade. J? os teores de HCO3 s?o controlados pela precipita??o da dolomita. A salinidade deste aq??fero seria conseq??ncia da alta taxa de evapora??o dos a?udes constru?dos em regi?es de topografia plana. Os sais precipitados nos fundos argilosos dos a?udes secos s?o levados para o aq??fero nas primeiras chuvas. A pesquisa sugere algumas recomenda??es para a utiliza??o e aproveitamento da ?gua salinizada em piscicultura, carcinicultura, cultivo da erva-sal (Atriplex sp), entre outras

Carbon fiber (CF) is predominantly produced from fossil-based sources and is therefore an area of interest for further development towards a more sustainable society. The purpose of this thesis work was to investigate the possibility of producing precursor fibers (PFs) for CF production from a blend of renewable cellulose andlignin. Cellulose, which is used to some extent for CF production, was chosen, while the possibility of adding lignin was investigated in hope of increasing the gravimetric yield of the CF production. Blends of softwood kraft cellulose pulp (SKP) and softwood kraft lignin (SKL) were dissolved in an alkaline (NaOH) solvent system at different cellulose/lignin ratios. A total of eight dopes were prepared (SKP/SKL ratios of 100/0–60/40 wt./wt.) with total dope concentrations ranging from 4.5 wt.% to 9.2 wt.%. The addition of SKL resulted in dark colored dopes with viscosities of which mainly appeared to depend on the SKP concentration. The dopes were wet spun, resulting in continuously spun PFs. The PFs showed on an increasing pyrolysis yield with increased SKL content but decreasing mechanical properties. However, process optimization was not included in the work, subsequently leading to the assumption that greater values on mechanical properties can be achieved. A pure SKP PF and a SKP-SKL (70/30 wt./wt.) PF were successfully thermally converted into CFs by carbonization at 1000 °C. The PF containing SKL had a total gravimetric yield more than twice as high as the pure SKP PF, 28 wt.% and 12 wt.%, respectively. Thereby, the addition of SKL seems to have a positive impact on the CF yield when utilizing a NaOH(aq) solvent system. This thesis work has become a base for the future work towards the development of CFs from wet spun cellulose-lignin PFs in the NaOH(aq) solvent system.

Palabras clave: materiales lignocelulósicos residuales, chopo, pino, paja de trigo, plantas anuales, abacá, sisal, yute, lino, Miscanthus sinensis, bagazo de caña de azúcar, henequén, pastas de cocción rápida sosa/AQ, pastas IRSP, carboximetilcelulosa, comportamiento reológico, grado de sustitución.El presente trabajo describe la preparación y caracterización de muestras de carboximetilcelulosa (CMC) a partir de diferentes materiales lignocelulósicos tanto residuales como no madereros, así como el estudio de la influencia de las condiciones de preparación de la materia de partida y sus características sobre las propiedades finales de las CMCs obtenidas. La producción de carboximetilcelulosa a partir de estos materiales supone una importante contribución ya que, en la mayoría de los casos, el derivado se obtiene a partir de linters de algodón y madera de pino y eucalipto. Las muestras de CMC fueron preparadas a partir de pastas procedentes de tres diferentes tipos de cocciones: &#61623; Pastas blanqueadas de pino, chopo y paja de trigo, provenientes de procesos de cocción con sosa/antraquinona con tiempos de residencia que abarcaban desde los convencionales de aproximadamente 90 min hasta tiempos de cocción rápidos del orden de 3 min.&#61623; Pastas blanqueadas de Miscanthus sinensis, bagazo de caña de azúcar y henequén cocidas mediante el método IRSP (Impregnation Rapid Steam Explosion Process)&#61623; Pastas papeleras comerciales y blanqueadas provenientes de procesos convencionales sosa/antraquinona de abacá, sisal, yute y lino La reacción de eterificación se llevó a cabo siguiendo el procedimiento Druvacell&#61650; a escala laboratorio para la obtención de CMC con alto grado de pureza. Esta se realizó utilizando siempre las mismas condiciones de operación y relación cuantitativa de los materiales presentes. Los productos purificados fueron caracterizados en función de su grado de sustitución (DS), pureza, solubilidad, viscosidad intrínseca &#61531;&#61544;&#61533; de soluciones de CMC en NaCl 0.1M, peso molecular y comportamiento reológico de soluciones de CMC a diferentes concentraciones. Se encontró que el DS de las CMCs sintetizadas en el laboratorio dependen en gran medida de la morfología del material lignocelulósico del cual provienen. El método usado para la eterificación de las pastas, da como resultado DS cercanos a 1 después de una eterificación y alrededor de 2 si se aplica un segundo tratamiento de eterificación. Con excepción de las CMCs fabricadas a partir de Miscanthus sinensis y bagazo de caña de azúcar, se obtuvieron DS de 0.75 y 1.45 después de una y dos eterificaciones respectivamente. La pureza de todas las muestras de CMC superaba el 98%. Los valores del peso molecular y el comportamiento reológico de las soluciones de CMC están relacionados con la viscosidad de las pastas de partida. De esta manera, las pastas que tenían un valor menor de viscosidad generaban CMCs con un comportamiento reológico cercano al newtoniano y por el contrario las CMCs que fueron sintetizadas a partir de pastas con mayor viscosidad, presentaban comportamientos pseudoplásticos. Los resultados relacionados con la caracterización reológica de las muestras de CMC, muestran que es posible obtener derivados de celulosa de pastas no madereras con propiedades diferentes a las obtenidas por materiales comunes como la madera o linters de algodón. Estos nuevos materiales presentan un potencial importante para la producción de derivados de celulosa con características innovadoras para aplicaciones industriales específicas, especialmente la estabilidad de la viscosidad con la temperaturaEn general, los experimentos realizados mostraron la viabilidad de obtener CMCs similares a las comerciales partiendo de materiales no convencionales. Además, se confirma la posibilidad de producir derivados de celulosa a partir de pastas de cocción rápida y explosión con vapor, ampliándose de esta manera las opciones de estudio de otros derivados de celulosa de interés industrial. / Keywords: waste lignocellulosic materials, poplar, pine, wheat straw, annual plants, abaca, sisal, jute, linen, Miscanthus sinensis, sugar cane, henequen, fast soda/AQ pulps, IRSP pulps, carboxymethylcellulose, rheological behavior, degree of substitution.In this manuscript we describe the synthesis and characterization of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) samples from different lignocellulosic residual and non-wood materials. We also describe how the condition of the raw materials affects the preparation and final properties of the CMCs produced. The production of carboxymethylcellulose from these materials is an important contribution because, currently, it is produced from cotton linters and pine and eucalyptus wood.The CMC samples were prepared from three kinds of cellulose pulps: &#61623; Soda/anthraquinone bleached pine, poplar and wheat straw pulps with cooking residence times ranging from 3 to 90 min.&#61623; Steam exploded Miscanthus sinensis, sugar cane and henequen pulps cooked by IRSP (Impregnation Rapid Steam Explosion Process).&#61623; Commercial bleached paper pulps cooked by the soda/anthraquinone process of abaca, sisal, jute and linen.High purity carboxymethylcellulose was obtained by the etherification Druvacell&#61650; process on a laboratory scale, always under the same conditions and with the same chemical amounts.The final purified products were characterized in terms of their degree of substitution (DS), purity and solubility in concentrated NaOH, CMC intrinsic viscosity &#61531;&#61544;&#61533; in 0.1M NaCl solutions, molecular weight and rheological behavior of CMC samples at different concentrations.We found that the DS depended on the raw material morphology and properties and not on the cooking temperature of the pulp source. The method we used for the etherification reaction yielded CMCs whose degree of substitution was close to 1 after one etherification reaction, and around 2 when a second etherification reaction was performed at the same conditions. Miscanthus sinensis and sugar cane were the only exceptions because they yielded CMCs with a DS of around 0.75 and 1.45 after one and two etherification treatments. All CMC samples had purities of over 98%. The molecular weights and the rheological behavior of the CMC solutions were directly related to the viscosity of the pulps. Pulps of lower viscosity therefore produced CMCs whose rheological behavior was similar to Newtonian behavior. On the other hand, the pseudoplastic behavior was obtained from pulps of higher viscosity.The rheological characterization of the CMC samples shows the viability of obtaining carboxymethylcellulose from non-conventional materials whose characteristics are different from those obtained from common materials such as wood or cotton. These new materials have great potential for producing cellulose derivatives with novel characteristics like temperature stability that make them suitable for specific and tailor-made industrial applications. Overall, our results show that carboxymethylcelluloses can be obtained from non-conventional materials having similar characteristics to commercial CMC. We also confirm the production of CMC from rapid soda/AQ and IRSP pulps, being posible to extend this study for other cellulose derivatives of industrial interest.

Four different trials of stratified three-layered fine paper, of sulphate pulp, were performed to investigate if stratified fine fraction or fibres from birch can improve the properties of a paper compared to a reference sheet. All trials had five different scenarios and each scenario was calendered with different linear load. All sheets had a grammage of 80 g/m2.In the first trial, the paper contained birch, pine and filler of calciumcarbonate (marble), and was manufactured with the pilot paper machine XPM and the stratified headbox Formator at RCF (Stora Enso Research Center in Falun). The furnish consisted of 75% birch and 25% pine.The second trial contained coated sheets with paper from trial one as the base paper. The coating slip contained calciumcarbonate and clay and the amount was approximately 10-12 g/m2.The third trial, also with birch and pine but without filler, was performed at STFI (Skogsindustrins Tekniska Forskningsinstitut in Stockholm) with the laboratory scaled paper machine StratEx and the stratified headbox AQ-vanes. The furnish consisted of 75% birch and 25% pine, except for one scenario which contained of 75% pine and 25% birch.The last trial contained fractionated pulp of birch and pine and was performed at STFI. 50% was fine fraction and 50% was coarse fraction.This test does not show any clear benefits of making stratified sheets of birch and pine when it comes to properties such as bending stiffness, tensile index and surface smoothness. The retention can be improved with birch in the surface plies. It is possible that the formation can be improved with birch in the surface plies and pine in the middle ply. It is also possible that fine fraction in the surface plies and coarse fraction in the middle ply can improve both surface smoothness and bending stiffness. The results in this test are shown with confidence intervals which points out the difficulties of analysing sheets manufactured with a pilot paper machine or a laboratory scaled paper machine.