A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar as atividades do professor com gêneros argumentativos em sala de aula e analisar em que medida a preparação dessas atividades contribuem com a escrita do gênero artigo de opinião por alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública do Estado de São Paulo. Seguindo os preceitos dos PCNs e do Currículo do Estado de São Paulo, adotou-se a língua como objeto de estudo da disciplina de Língua Portuguesa, assim como as concepções de gêneros discursivos apoiadas em Bakthin (2003), Marcuschi (2008) e Rojo (2000). Em relação à organização do trabalho pedagógico, apoiados nas orientações de Schneuwly e Dolz (2004) planejou-se uma sequência didática para a produção de artigo de opinião. Tomou-se como produção inicial e produção final as avaliações externas aplicadas, respectivamente, no primeiro e segundo semestre, as AAP (Avaliação de Aprendizagem em processo). As atividades dos materiais didático-pedagógicos utilizados foram selecionadas procurando atender a reflexão sobre as características do gênero formuladas por Rodrigues (2000) Brakling (2000) e outros autores pesquisados. Quanto às estratégias de ensino de produção textual escrita, recorremos a Antunes (2003) e Geraldi (1991), evidenciando as etapas de planejamento e preparo para a produção escrita. A análise das produções, dentro de uma perspectiva enunciativa e interacionista da língua, procurou evidenciar os recursos linguísticos-discursivo empregados pelos alunos para a construção da argumentação. Para melhor compreender o uso desses recursos argumentativos recorreu-se à Retórica de Aristóteles associando-se aos estudos da Nova Retórica de PERELMAN & OLBRECHTS-TYTECA (1996). Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram que há uma relação direta entre as escolhas teóricas para a organização do trabalho pedagógico e a melhora da qualidade de escrita dos alunos. Confirmou-se também a hipótese da relevância do ensino dos gêneros argumentativos, pois os alunos-autores demonstraram um posicionamento crítico em relação aos temas abordados nas produções textuais. Houve ganhos quanto à organização e produtividade textual, efeito das atividades de leitura e alimentação temática, mas por outro lado, as fragilidades das atividades específicas para a construção do gênero, aliados aos problemas relativos às propostas sugeridas apontam para uma reorientação do trabalho com o gênero artigo de opinião. / This research aims to investigate teacher-proposed classroom activities involving argumentative genres and analyze the extent up to which the preparation of those activities contribute to the writing of opinion articles of 9th-graders of a public school run by São Paulo state. Based on the National Curriculum Parameters and on the Curriculum of the State of São Paulo, language was embraced as the study object of the discipline Portuguese, along with the conceptions of discourse genres by Bakhtin (2003), Marcuschi (2008), and Rojo (2000). Regarding the organization of the pedagogical work, a didactic sequence based on Schneuwly and Dolzs (2004) guidelines was planned aiming at the writing of an opinion article. The external Evaluations of Learning in Process in the first and in the second semesters were taken respectively as initial and final production. The activities in the didactic-pedagogical materials were selected when in keeping with the reflections on the characteristics of the genre opinion article proposed by Rodrigues (2000), Brakling (2000), among others. As to the teaching strategies of written production, the research resorted to the works of Antunes (2003) and Geraldi (1991), making evident the planning and preparation stages of the written production. The analysis of the productions, from an enunciative and interactional perspective of language, sought to reveal the linguistic-discursive strategies used by students in the construction of argumentation. In order to better understand the use of those strategies, Aristotles Rhetoric was resorted to, as well as the New Rhetoric, by Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1996). The results of the research suggest that there is a direct relation between the theoretical choices for the organization of the pedagogical work and the improvement observed in student writing. The teaching of argumentative genres proved relevant, as student-authors were able to take a critical stand towards the topics of the written assignments. Improvements were observed regarding text organization and productivity an effect of the reading and topic-related activities; on the other hand, the weak points of the specific activities for genre construction, alongside the problems related to the suggested plans, point to the reorientation of the work with opinion articles.

O discurso da moda faz uso de estratégias argumentativas que, com a intenção de seduzir o público leitor, provocam uma identificação entre a mulher e a moda. Tendo a teoria da argumentação da nova retórica como horizonte teórico, este trabalho utilizou como corpus artigos de moda retirados das revistas Elle e Marie Claire em publicações francesas e brasileiras. Na análise do discurso da moda, do ponto de vista da argumentação, os princípios da nova retórica atualizados por Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca serviram como base para explicar os recursos persuasivos desse discurso. Na tentativa de alcançar a adesão da leitora/consumidora, o enunciador do discurso da moda revela um ethos sedutor que incorpora estereótipos da mulher moderna para despertar o fascínio do público feminino. / The fashion speech makes use of argumentation strategies that, in intention to seduce the public reader, cause an indentification between the woman and the fashion. Having the theory of the argumentation of the new rhetoric as horizontes theoreticians, this work used as corpus the articles of fashion removed of the French and Brazilian magazines Elle and Marie Claire. In the analysis of the fashion speech, of the point of view of the argument, the principles of the new rhetoric, brought up to date for Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, had served as base to explain the persuasives resources of this speech. In the attempt to attain the adhesion of the reader/consumer the speaker of the fashion speech shows a seducer ethos that incorporates the stereotypes of the modern woman to make up the fascination of the feminine public.

Orientador: Anna Christina Bentes da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T08:56:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rezende_RenatoCabral_M.pdf: 1084663 bytes, checksum: e27825804c58170f8888d65ed15607f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar de que forma funciona a progressão tópica e como são empregados os articuladores textuais nas/das Quarta, Quinta e Sexta narrativas da obra Relações, do escritor goiano Heleno Godoy. Nossa hipótese é a de que cada narrativa apresenta um narrador que possui um ethos próprio, isto é, cada narrador, enquanto participante ativo da progressão textual, revela ¿sua personalidade (¿) através de sua maneira de se exprimir¿ (Maingueneau, 1995:138). Já que a progressão textual (seqüenciação) responde pelos procedimentos lingüísticos por meio dos quais se estabelecem, entre segmentos do texto de dimensões variadas, diversos tipos de relações semânticas e/ou pragmático-discursivas (Koch, 2002: 121), é durante o desenrolar dessa progressão que é possível perceber, por meio do ¿tom¿ como cada narrativa é construída, a manifestação desse ethos discursivo do narrador na materialidade lingüística do texto. Portanto, sendo o ethos passível de ser percebido por intermédio de índices de natureza lingüística e discursiva, faremos da progressão tópica e dos articuladores textuais ¿ e da inter-relação entre ambos ¿ objetos de nossa atenção no intuito de entender e explicar, mas sem querer esgotar, a construção da subjetividade da voz narrativa no três textos a serem analisados / Abstract: The aim of this work is to analyse how topic progression works and how textual connectives are used in the Fourth, Fith and Sixth narratives that compose Relações, by Heleno Godoy. Our hypothesis is that each narrative displays a narrator and his own ethos, that means, each narrator ¿ being an active participant of textual progression ¿ reveals ¿his personality according to his particular way of expressing himself¿ (Maingeuenau, 1995: 138). Considering that textual progression is linked to the linguistic proceedings that stablish both semantic and pragmatic-discursive (Koch, 2002:121) relations among the parts of a text, it is during the development of textual progression that readers can understand, according to the different ¿tunes¿ in which each narrative is built, the manifestation of the discursive ethos of a narrator. Therefore, since ethos can be inferred from some elements of linguisticdiscursive nature, we will try to explain the way topic progression and textual connectives work in order to build the discursive subjectiviness of each narrator from the three selected narratives / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Abstract The topic of my study is the text type of alcohol education and the changes in it between the years 1755 and 2001. I had two research goals. The primary aim was to find out what kind of a text type alcohol education is. The secondary aim was to outline the changes in alcohol education during the study period. The data consisted of 55 texts, which were divided into five stages based on the changes in the Finnish alcohol policies. One underlying assumption of the study was that written alcohol education is a text type that specifically aims to influence the readers. I therefore utilized Chaïm Perelman's theory of argumentation along with the text type theory. I especially aimed to describe the different techniques of argumentation. In addition to this, I discussed the contents and cognitive key metaphors of the texts, the relationship between the writer and the reader and the use of hedging. I present a synthesis of the text type of alcohol education, aiming to describe as comprehensively as possible the alcohol education texts published at different times. The following textual features are characteristic of this text type: 1) Alcohol education texts refer explicitly to the reader, whereas explicit references to the writer are rare. 2) Readers' actions are guided implicitly by providing information about the effects of alcohol that is likely to negatively influence their attitudes towards alcohol. Readers are guided explicitly by using imperative verb forms and necessive constructions. 3) Alcohol education is targeted communication, and the most important criteria for defining the audience are age and gender. 4) Argumentation is mainly based on the demonstration of causes and consequences. The most typical indicators of the course of argumentation are connectors indicating causal and argumentative relationships. 5) The content of alcohol education typically pivots on the themes of health and family. 6) Alcohol education is based the personifying key metaphor ALCOHOL IS KING. 7) Alcohol education texts contain a lot of hedging, to show that the claims do not necessarily hold in all cases, but that they are valid in most individual cases. Alcohol education changed in many ways during the study period. Few of these changes were linear. The changes in alcohol educations texts could probably best be described as fluctuation. Some features also seemed to change cyclically. The changes in alcohol education were usually closely associated with extratextual reality. One of the most important changes was the institutionalisation of alcohol education and the increasing mildness of its style. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimukseni käsittelee alkoholivalistuksen tekstilajia ja sen muuttumista vuosien 1755 ja 2001 välisenä aikana. Sen tavoitteet ovat pääosin kahtalaiset: ensimmäisenä päätavoitteena on selvittää, millainen tekstilaji alkoholivalistus on. Toisena päätavoitteena on hahmottaa, miten alkoholivalistus muuttuu tarkastelujakson aikana. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu 55 tekstistä, jotka on jaoteltu viiteen vaiheeseen suomalaisessa alkoholipolitiikassa tapahtuneiden muutosten perusteella. Tutkimuksen yhtenä lähtökohtana on oletus alkoholivalistuksesta tekstilajina, jossa lukijaan vaikuttaminen on erityisen keskeistä. Siksi tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään tekstilajiteorian lisäksi Chaïm Perelmanin argumentaatioteoriaa. Tutkimuksen keskiössä on erilaisten argumentaatiotekniikoiden kuvaaminen. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan tekstien sisältöä ja kognitiivisia perusmetaforia, kirjoittajan ja lukijan suhdetta sekä varausten käyttöä. Tutkimuksessa luodaan alkoholivalistuksen tekstilajista synteesi, joka kuvaa mahdollisimman kattavasti eri aikoina julkaistuja alkoholivalistustekstejä. Tekstilajin keskeisimpiä ominaispiirteitä ovat seuraavat: 1) Alkoholivalistustekstissä viitataan eksplisiittisesti lukijaan, kun taas suora viittaaminen kirjoittajaan on harvinaista. 2) Lukijan toimintaa ohjaillaan implisiittisesti tarjoamalla lukijalle alkoholin vaikutuksista sellaista tietoa, joka oletettavasti vaikuttaa hänen alkoholiasenteisiinsa kielteisesti. Eksplisiittisesti lukijan toimintaa ohjaillaan käyttämällä imperatiivimuotoisia käskyjä ja nesessiivirakenteita. 3) Alkoholivalistus on kohdistettua viestintää, ja tärkeimpiä yleisön rajaamisen kriteerejä ovat ikä ja sukupuoli. 4) Argumentointi perustuu pitkälti syy- ja seurausargumenttien käyttöön. Tyypillisimmät argumentoinnin kulun indikaattorit ovat kausaalisia ja perustelevia suhteita osoittavia konnektoreita. 5) Alkoholivalistuksen sisällössä korostuvat terveys- ja perheteema. 6) Alkoholivalistuksen alkoholiajattelu pohjautuu alkoholia elollistavaan perusmetaforaan ALKOHOLI ON HALLITSIJA. 7) Alkoholivalistusteksteissä käytetään paljon varauksia osoittamaan, että esitetyt väitteet eivät pidä välttämättä paikkaansa kaikissa tapauksissa mutta että ne pätevät kuitenkin useimpiin yksilöihin. Alkoholivalistus myös muuttuu monin tavoin tarkastelujakson aikana. Muutokset ovat suhteellisen harvoin lineaarisia. Tavallisimmin alkoholivalistustekstien muutosta voisi kuvata aaltoilevaksi. Muutamia piirteitä tarkasteltaessa muutos näyttää myös sykliseltä. Tavallisesti alkoholivalistuksen muuttuminen on tiiviissä yhteydessä tekstinulkoiseen todellisuuteen. Keskeisimpiä muutoksia on alkoholivalistuksen institutionaalistuminen sekä sen sävyn lieveneminen.

Syftet med arbetet är att identifiera svårigheter med att argumentera för den agila projektmetodiken till en beställare. Arbetet har även till syfte att ge rekommendationer på hur en organisation kan stärka sin argumentation för den agila metoden ut mot beställaren. För att uppnå arbetets syfte har den kvalitativ forskningsintervju och en litteraturgenomgång tillämpats. Resultatet visade att svårigheterna är att alla yrkesroller internt inom organisationen inte har en och samma definition över vad den agila metoden innebär. Den nuvarande agila modellen ansågs också av flertalet respondenter inte vara tillräckligt utarbetad. Det behövs utbildning, engagemang och en skräddarsydd prissättningsmodell som är anpassad efter den agila metoden för att stärka argumentationen om val av den agila projektmetodiken.

Cette recherche porte sur les mécanismes cognitifs à l’origine de la persévération lors de la conduite de systèmes dynamiques à risques. La thèse défendue est que la persévération dans l’application d’un plan d’actions inadapté résulte d’un compromis cognitif orienté vers un « mode de pensée automatique », amenant à une représentation incorrecte de la situation et à une sous-estimation des ressources nécessaires à sa gestion. L’activation d’un « mode de pensée contrôlé », essentielle à l’adaptation à une nouvelle situation, serait favorisée par la discussion argumentée d’avis divergents au sein de l’équipe.Afin de le vérifier, trois études sont menées dans le cadre du pilotage militaire. Elles portent sur les analyses : de rapports d’accident, des processus de décision en simulation de vol statique et des interactions verbales en simulation dynamique.Elles montrent que la persévération est liée à l’implication d’un mode de pensée automatique intervenant à trois niveaux du processus de décision : le défaut de détection des informations, l’interprétation incorrecte de la situation et le recours aux procédures. Le faible niveau de ressources disponibles, induit par une charge de travail élevée, joue un rôle important dans la survenue de la persévération tandis que l’argumentation de ses points de vue favorise la flexibilité. Ainsi, lorsque la gestion d’événements imprévus requiert un coût cognitif élevé, la gestion des ressources est un élément clé de la persévération. Des pistes de recherche relatives aux communications verbales sont proposées afin d’améliorer l’exploitation des ressources du collectif et ainsi favoriser la récupération des comportements de persévération. / This research deals about the cognitive mechanisms of perseveration during management of dynamic and risky systems. The thesis asserted is that perseveration in the application of an inadequate plan of actions results from a cognitive compromise oriented toward “automatic thinking” leading to incorrect representation of the situation and under-estimation of the resources needed to handle it. The activation of “controlled thinking”, essential to new situation adaptation, would be favoured by argued discussion about divergent opinions within the team. In order to test it, three studies have been conducted within military piloting. They were based on analyses of: accident reports, decision processes during static flight simulation and verbal interactions during dynamic simulation.They showed that perseveration is linked to the implication of automatic thinking which operates at three levels of the decision process: Information non-detection, incorrect interpretation of the situation and use of procedures. The limited resources available, induced by high workload, play an important role in the occurrence of perseveration whereas argumentation about its viewpoints improves flexibility. Hence, when the management of unexpected events requires a high cognitive cost, resources management is a key element of perseveration. Avenues of research concerning verbal communication are proposed in order to improve exploitation of the collective resources and thus improve perseveration behaviours recovery.

Este trabalho é voltado para o estudo do desenvolvimento do Conhecimento Pedagógico do Conteúdo (PCK) de duas professoras no ensino de Ciências para crianças do 3º ano do Ensino Fundamental a partir de uma intervenção formativa sobre argumentação. Olhamos para a gravação de duas sequências de aulas realizadas em uma escola privada situada na cidade de São Caetano do Sul, região metropolitana de São Paulo. As professoras receberam o nome fictício de Ana e Sara e participaram, no ano de 2012, na unidade de trabalho, de um curso sobre argumentação. No início dessa formação, uma sequência de aulas com seus alunos sobre o tópico ciclo da água foi registrada em áudio e vídeo. No ano de 2015 uma segunda sequência de aulas foi gravada com alunos do mesmo ano escolar ensinando o mesmo tópico. Nossos objetivos foram, conhecer a formação inicial e a trajetória docente das professoras, analisar se a formação a que foram submetidas agregou elementos que pudessem subsidiá-las na implementação da argumentação em suas aulas e acessar o PCK das professoras para o tópico ciclo da água. Para analisar o desenvolvimento do PCK das professoras nos pautamos no Modelo proposto por Padilla. As principais conclusões foram: o conhecimento do conteúdo tem forte influência no PCK e; a formação que as professoras participaram reverberou em suas práticas docentes. Apontamos como contribuições mais importantes em suas aulas, o aumento da voz e da autonomia intelectual dos alunos. Contudo, quando olhamos para as duas sequências de aulas percebemos que a formação não foi condição suficiente para que abandonassem o formato das aulas que estavam habituadas e passassem a propor aos alunos o ensino numa perspectiva da argumentação. / The aim of this work is to study the development of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) of two elementary school science teachers at K-3 level from an educational intervention on argumentation. We looked at the recording of two sequences of classes held at a private school located in the city of São Caetano do Sul, metropolitan region of São Paulo. The teachers were given the fictitious name of Ana and Sara and participated of a course on argumentation in the year 2012, in the unit of work. At the beginning of this training, a sequence of classes with their students on the topic water cycle was recorded in audio and video. In the year of 2015 a second sequence of classes teaching the same topic was recorded with students of the same level. Our objectives were to know about initial education and the teaching trajectory of the teachers, to analyze if the training to which they were submitted added elements that could subsidize them in the implementation of the argumentation in their classes and to access the PCK of the teachers for the topic water cycle. In order to analyze the development of the PCK of the teachers we based on the Model proposed by Padilla. The main conclusions were that content knowledge has a strong influence on PCK and the training they participated reverberated in their teaching practices. We point out as the most important contributions in their classes, the increasing of the voice and the intellectual autonomy of students. However, when we looked at the two learning sequences we realized that the training was not enough condition for them to abandon the format of the classes they were using to and to propose to the students the teaching from an argumentative perspective.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka två svenska djurrättsorganisationers argumentation mot konsumtion av animaliska produkter. Materialet utgörs av 6 texter från Djurens Rätt och Djurrättsalliansen. Texterna handlar om tre olika djurslag: grisar, kycklingar och fiskar. Frågor som ställs är vilka språkliga argumentationsstrategier organisationerna använder sig av, vilka likheter och skillnader som finns i deras argumentation och om argumentationen skiljer sig åt beroende på vilka djur texterna handlar om. Argumentationsteori efter bland andra Björnsson m.fl. (2009) används som teoretiskt och metodiskt ramverk för studien. Analysen fokuserar på 5 språkliga strategier som används för att legitimera varför animalisk konsumtion ses som fel: orsaks- och konsekvensargument, exempelargument, auktoritetsargument, analogiargument och regelargument. Resultatet visar att det finns både likheter och skillnader i de båda organisationernas sätt att språkligt argumentera mot konsumtion av animaliska produkter. En likhet mellan organisationerna är att ingen av dem explicit skriver ut att det är fel att konsumera djur; denna övergripande tes tas för givet. Djurens Rätt använder främst exempelargument för att legitimera varför det är fel att konsumera djur, medan Djurrättsalliansen i högre utsträckning använder sig av analogiargument, exempelvis jämförelser mellan djur och människor. Det märks också skillnad i hur argumentationen utformas beroende på vilka djurarter texterna handlar om, exempelvis innehåller båda organisationernas texter om fiskar färre känsloladdade analogiargument än texterna om landlevande djur som grisar och kycklingar.

This study was conducted to better understand how teachers use an argument-based inquiry technique known as the Science Writing Heuristic (SWH) approach to address issues on teaching, learning, negotiation, argumentation, and elaboration in an elementary science classroom. Within the SWH framework, this study traced the progress of promoting argumentation and negotiation (which led to student-generated questions) during a discussion in an elementary science classroom. Speech patterns during various classroom scenarios were analyzed to understand how teacher-student interactions influence learning. This study uses a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative aspect of the study is an analysis of teacher-student interactions in the classroom using video recordings. The quantitative aspect uses descriptive statistics, tables, and plots to analyze the data. The subjects in this study were fifth grade students and teachers from an elementary school in the Midwest, during the academic years 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. The three teachers selected for this study teach at the same Midwestern elementary school. These teachers were purposely selected because they were using the SWH approach during the two years of the study. The results of this study suggest that all three teachers moved from using teacher-generated questions to student-generated questions as they became more familiar with the SWH approach. In addition, all three promoted the use of the components of arguments in their dialogs and discussions and encouraged students to elaborate, challenge, and rebut each other's ideas in a non-threatening environment. This research suggests that even young students, when actively participating in class discussions, are capable of connecting their claims and evidence and generating questions of a higher-order cognitive level. These findings demand the implementation of more professional development programs and the improvement in teacher education to help teachers confidently implement argumentative practices and develop pedagogical strategies to help students use them.

Der Einzug des Rechners in den Mathematikunterricht hat eine Vielzahl neuer Möglichkeiten der Darstellung mit sich gebracht, darunter auch multiple, dynamisch verbundene Repräsentationen mathematischer Probleme. Die Arbeit beantwortet die Frage, ob und wie diese Repräsentationsarten von Schülerinnen und Schüler in Argumentationen genutzt werden. In der empirischen Untersuchung wurde dabei einerseits quantitativ erforscht, wie groß der Einfluss der in der Aufgabenstellung gegebenen Repräsentationsform auf die schriftliche Argumentationen der Schülerinnen und Schüler ist. Andererseits wurden durch eine qualitative Analyse spezifische Nutzungsweisen identifiziert und mittels Toulmins Argumentationsmodell beschrieben. Diese Erkenntnisse wurden genutzt, um Konsequenzen bezüglich der Verwendung von multiplen und/oder dynamischen Repräsentationen im Mathematikunterricht der Sekundarstufe zu formulieren.